ccna

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CISCO 60% 40% D-Link 3 Com Nortel Cygnus Etc..

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Router is an internetworking component, that

connects networks which are at different

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Serial 1 _{Serial 0} AUI E 0 Console V.35 modem modem Telephone PC AUX Diagram of 2501 series Router

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1. Ethernet It is a LAN interface. Some of the models have an

RJ45 port for 10baseT or 10/100. And some other have a 15 pin female connector AUI (Attachment Unit Interface).

2. Serial It is a 60 pin female WAN interface for leased

line

3. BRI/PRI It is a RJ45 WAN interface for ISDN

4. Async It is a 37 pin female connector for dial ups. 5. Console It is a RJ45 Connector used to configure the

Router for the first time.

6. Auxiliary RJ45 Connector for remote access administration.

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Routers

Modular

Fixed

Modular Routers

These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the number of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots.

Fixed Routers

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Cisco Router’s Series

Cisco 700, 800, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600,

3600, 4000, 5000, 7000,10000, 12000.

Fixed Modular

700, 800,….2500 2600,….., 12000

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Access Layer 700, …, 2500 Distribution Layer 2600, …, 5000 Core Layer 7000, …, 12000

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Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internet work Operating

System) image (RX Boot) with extremely limited capabilities and POST routines and core level OS for maintenance.

FLASH : It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS

Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off.

RAM : RAM holds running IOS configurations and

provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its

information when router is turned off. The configuration present in RAM is called Running configuration.

NVRAM : It is a re-write able memory area that holds router‟s

configuration file. NVRAM retains the information when ever

router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved, it will be saved in NVRAM and this configuration is called Startup Configuration.

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Configuration of a Router

Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE

port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router with a console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a tool. In windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the router is powered on and accessed, the following things happen,

POST

BOOT STRAP

FLASH

NVRAM

Setup Mode

ROM (mini IOS) If IOS is Corrupted

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In Setup mode, there will be a message,

“Would You Like To Enter The Initial Configuration [Y/N]” : If “Y” then, initial configuration starts.

If “N” would you like to terminate the auto installation?

Press “RETURN” to get started……You will land on the default prompt of the Router “ ROUTER >”.

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Working Modes Of a Router

1. User Mode (Default mode)

2. Privilege or Administrative Mode 3. Global Configuration Mode

4. Interface Configuration Mode 5. Line Configuration Mode

6. Router Mode

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USER MODE

Router> is the user mode, I,e the default prompt. It

means that when ever a router boots successfully it

lands into the user mode. Router cannot be

configured from this mode, but it is used for just

monitoring purpose. Router> en

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PRIVILEGE MODE

Router# it is the administrating mode, we can check

whether the settings and configurations made have been

implemented or not. E.g. “Router # Sh int e0”. If it is

new router all the interfaces are by default shut down, so

the message will be, “ Ethernet 0 is administratively

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Router# Config t

Router (Config)#

Global Configuration Mode

As the name indicates, it is a global configuration mode

I,e. we can configure any interface from this mode, just

by entering into the interface mode.

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The “Clock” Command

The clock command is used to set the clock of Router.

Syntax.

Router# clock set hh:mm:ss Day of week Month Year

E.g.

Router#clock set 16:35:00 1 April 2003

Note* This is the only configuration which can be done from

privilege mode,every other configuration should be done at global configuration mode only.

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Some of the important show commands in privilege

mode

Router# sh clock

sh int (interface name eg e0)

Sh history

Sh memory

Sh running-config

Sh startup-config

To save configuration from RAM TO NVRAM

Router#Copy Running-config Startup-config (or)

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To configure Hostname (or) Identification of

Router over the network.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Hostname R_2503

Router(config)#^Z

To configure Logging banner.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Banner Motd #

Enter text message………….#

Router(config)#^Z

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Router Password Configuration

1. Previlege Password

2. Virtual Terminal Password

3. Console Password

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Previlege PASSWORDS

Enable Password

Enable Secret

Enable Password:- It is global command restricts access to

the previlege mode, the password is in clear text.

Router(config)#Enable password 123

Enable Secret:-Here the password is in encrypted form.

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Virtual Terminal Password

 It establishes a login password on incoming Telnet

sessions.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line vty 0 4

Router(config-line)#password cisco

Router(config-line)#login

Router(config-line)#^Z

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Console Password

It establishes a login password on the console terminal.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line Console 0

Router(config-line)#password cisco

Router(config-line)#login

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Auxillary Password

It establishes a login password to remote administration.

Router#conf t

Router(config)#Line Aux 0

Router(config-line)#Login

Router(config-line)#Password cisco

Router(config-line)#^Z

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CONFIGURING INTERFACES

LAN interface (ETHERNET Port)

WAN interface (SERIAL Port)

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ETHERNET

Router(config)#Interface Ethernet 0

Router(config-if)#Ip Address 200.150.1.254 255.255.255.0

Router(config-if)#no shutdown

Router(config-if)#^Z

Router#Show Int E0

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SERIAL

Router(config)#Interface Serial 0

Router(config-if)#Ip Address 150.10.1.1 255.255.0.0

Router(config)#clock rate 56000

Router(Config-if)# bandwidth 64

Router(config-if)#No shutdown

Router(config-if)#^Z

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Interpreting The Interface Status

Router# show int s0

Serial0 is up, line protocol is up. Is the messege if

the interface is operational.

Serial0 is up, line protocol is down….. This is if

there is any connection problem.

Serial0 is down, line protocol is down….. This is if

there is any interface problem.

Serial0 is administratively down, line protocol is

down….. This is if the interface is disabled.

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The “CDP”

It‟s a Cisco's proprietary protocol called the Cisco

Discovery Protocol, that gives you a summary of all the

directly connected Cisco devices. CDP is a L2 protocol,

that discovers neighbor regardless of which protocol suite

they are running. When a Cisco device boots up, the CDP

is loaded by default, but can be disabled at interface level.

* The CDP is limited to the immediate neighbors only…

The summary includes Device Identifier(e.g. Switch

configured name or domain name), Port Identifier (e.g.

Ethernet 0 and serial 0.), Capabilities list (e.g. The device

can act as a source route bridge as well as a router),

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Using CDP

Router# sh cdp neighbor (shows neighboring devices)

To disable CDP….,

Router(config)#no cdp run

Router(config)#int s0

Router(config-if)#no cdp enable

Router# sh cdp entry 192.168.10.1 (shows detailed

information about this perticular neighbor.)

Router# sh cdp interface(shows the details of the interface

of the local decive.)

Router# sh cdp traffic (shows the packet sent, received,

lost etc.)

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Backup & Restoring Routers IOS Image

Using TFTP

(Trivial File Transfer Protocol)

TFTP Server allows you to take backup, upload and save

your IOS Image and current configuration on it. TFTP is a

software program of 1.3Mb. This should be installed on that

TFTP server i.e., (Personnel Computer).

C:\Program files\cisco systems\cisco TFTP

* Note: Always while taking Backup or Restoration TFTP

software should execute on that particular computer.

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Backup Sources :

1. Through Telnet Session.

2. Through Console Session.

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Backup of IOS Image

Router#Copy Flash:(Press Tab key) Tftp

Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)

Destination file name [ ] ? (Press enter key or a name)

Backup of Configuration

Router#Copy Startup-config Tftp

Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)

Destination file name [ ] ? (Give a name)

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Upgrading IOS Image

Note: This process can only be done by Console Session.

Router#Copy tftp Flash:

Address or name of remote host []?

Source file name []?

Destination file name []?

Erase Flash: before copying [confirm]?

Erasing the Flash file system will remove all files: continue?

[confirm]

Erasing device eeeeeeee……….eeeeeee.eee.eeee.ee

Loading!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!…….!!!!…….!!!!!!

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Leased line WAN Setup

Case 1: The distance between the locations is greater than 5 Km. Requirements

A pair of Routers, Leased line, pair of leased line modems V.35, Pair of G.703 Modem.

Case 2: The distance between the two locations is less than 5Km. Requirements

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Internal Network Internal Network V.35 Cable Csu/ Dsu Switch/hub V.35 modem

Csu – channel service unit Dsu – data service unit

S0 – Serial port of router

E0 – Ethernet port of a router

G.703 G.703 Mux/ Dmux Mux/ Dmux S0 E0 S0 E0 Switch/hub Router V.35 modem

Leased line Setup( > 5km)

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Leased line Setup (< 5 km)

Internal Network Internal Network

V.35 Cable Csu/ Dsu Switch/hub V.35 modem S0 E0 S0 E0 Switch/hub Router V.35 modem Leased line Telephone Exchange

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Routing

Routing is of three types.

• Static

• Dynamic and

• Default

When the destination is known, static and dynamic

routing is done. For unknown destinations, default routing is

employed.

In dynamic routing, the path is fixed by the protocol.

The paths will be changing depending on the length of the

path. Always the shortest path is preferred. Static routing is

done by the users. These paths are stored in the routing table.

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Example:

Switch/hub

E 0

S 0

192.168.1.0/24

192.168.2.0/24

192.168.1.150/24

192.168.2.150/24

10.0.0.1/8

_10.0.0.2/8

Location A

Location B

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Router(config)# ip routing

Router# sh ip route (it shows all the directly connected

networks).

“ C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0”

“ C 10.0.0.0/8

“ „ „ „ S0”

“ C “ indicates connected networks.

Static Routing

Syntax

Router(config)# ip route (dest-network) (subnet mask)

(next hop address)

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Location A

Router(config)# ip routing

Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2

Note if we don’t know the address of next hop, we can just write*

the name of the hop.

Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0

Location B

Router(config)# ip routing

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Router# sh ip route

C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0

C 10.0.0.0/8

“

„

“

“ S0

S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2

•“S” represents static. [a/b] ~ [1/0], here a=1 is the

administrative distance value and b has no significance

in static routing. For static and default routing b can be

0 or 1.

• the lesser the administrative distance value, higher the

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“Tracert”, “Trace Route” and

“Route print”.

C:\> tracert

C:\> route print

Router# trace route (gives the complete route)

Router# sh arp (to check MAC addresses)

Default Routing

Router(config)# ip routing

Router(config)#ip route DA (S/N mask next) (next hop

address)

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Router# sh ip route

C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0

C 10.0.0.0/8 “ “ to S0

S* 0.0.0.0/0 “ “ to S0

Dynamic Routing

It is a type of routing where routing protocols( eg. RIP and

IGRP) are used between routers to determine the path and

maintain routing table. Once the path is determined a router

can route a routed protocol(IP). Dynamic routing uses broad

casts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. The

routing metric helps routers find the best path to each

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Classification Of Routing Protocols

 Distance Vector

 Hybrid Routing

 Link State

Distance Vector: the distance vector approach determines

the direction and the distance to any link in the internetwork.

When the topology in a distance vector routing protocol

changes, routing table updates in the router must occur. This

update process proceeds step-by-step router to router. Eg. RIP

and IGRP.

Link State : it recreates the exact topology of the entire

network(atleast the partion of the network where the router is

situated). Eg . OSPF.

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Functions of a distance vector routing

protocol.

 Identification of source of information

 Discovering routes

 Select the best route

 Maintain Route information

Hybrid Routing : it combines aspects of the link state and the

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Note:

• Maximum 6 paths (Default 4).

•“Hop count metric” selects the path

• Route updates are broadcast for every 30 seconds.

Router(config)# router rip

Router(config-router)# network (network ip)

Enabling RIP Configuration

Router# sh ip protocol (shows the current routing protocol)

Router# sh ip route

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172.16.1.0 E0

_{S2 S2}

S3

E0

192.168.1.0

172.16.1.1

10.1.1.1

10.1.1.2

10.2.2.2

10.2.2.3

192.168.1.1 Router rip

Network 172.16.0.0

Network 10.0.0.0

Router rip

Network 10.0.0.0

Router rip

Network 192.168.1.0

Network 10.0.0.0

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Autonomous Systems

An autonomous system is a collection of networks

under a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within

an autonomous system where as EGP connects different

autonomous systems.

Every autonomous system has a distinct number.The

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible

for allocating this number. Eg. Autonomous system 100.

We can use any number unless the organization plans

for an EGP.

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Configuring IGRP

Syntaxes.

Router(config)#router igrp autonomous number

This defines IGRP as the routing protocol.

Router(config-router)#Network network-ip

Selects directly connected networks.

Router(config-router)#variance multiplier

Configures unequal-cost load balancing by defining difference

between the best metric and the worst acceptable metric.

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Autonomous System 100

172.16.1.0 E0

_{S2 S2}

S3

E0

192.168.1.0

172.16.1.1

10.1.1.1

10.1.1.2

10.2.2.2

10.2.2.3

192.168.1.1 Router igrp 100

Network 172.16.0.0

Network 10.0.0.0

Router igrp 100

Network 10.0.0.0

Router igrp 100

Network 192.168.1.0

Network 10.0.0.0

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IP Classless Command

Router(config)# ip classless

A router by default assumes that all the subnets of a

directly connected network should be present in the

routing table. If a packet is received with a destination

address, of an unknown subnet of directly attached

network, the router assumes that the subnet does not

exists and drops the packet. This happens even if

routing table has a default route.For the above condition

if IP Classless is configured, and if any packet is

received, then the router will match it to the default

route and forword it to the next hop specified by the

default route.

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Calculation of Wildcard Mask

WCM = BCM-SNM 1. 192.168.1.0/24 255.255.255.255 - 255.255.255. 0 0 . 0 . 0 .255 2. 192.168.1.0/27 255.255.255.255 - 255.255.255.224 0 . 0 . 0 . 31 3. 192.160.1.10 0.0.0.0

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OSPF

OSPF(Open Short Path First) is of two types : 1) Single Area OSPF and 2) Multi Area OSPF.

Internal Routers

Area1

Area2

Area Border Router

IR IR ABR ABR Area0 S 0 S 0

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Router A Router B S 0 192.168.1.194/252 _{192.168.1.193/252 S 0} E 0 1.65 192.168.1.32/ 255.255.255.224 192.168.1.64/ _{255.255.255.224} E 0 1.33

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(Config)# ip routing

(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573

(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1

(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.32

255.255.255.224 (Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.192 0.0.0.3 area 1

(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.192

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(Config)# ip routing

(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573

(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1

(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.64

255.255.255.224 (Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.195 0.0.0.3 area 1

(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.195

255.255.255.252 Configuration of Router B

---

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OSPF under Different Areas Area 0 192.168.1.0 192.168.5.0 Area 1 Area 2 E0 E0 5.50 Router A Router B 1.50

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(Config)# ip routing

(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573

(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1

(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0

(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0

Configuration of Router A

---

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Configuration of Router B

---

(Config)# ip routing

(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573

(Config-Router)# network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 2

(Config-Router)# area 2 range 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0

(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0

(68)

Access Control List

It is also called Network Traffic Control

Management (NTCM). We can provide restrictions to

individual users, subnets and services etc.

ACL

Standard ACL

Extended ACL

Any access list is identified by its number.

S. A. L 1 – 99

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Rules for creating and implementing

Access List

1. Access list must begin with the Deny Statements (If

exists) then Permit Statements must follow.

2. There must be at least one Permit Statement as an

Implicit “Deny All” always exists.

3. While Implementation of Access list, There must be

only one Access list per Interface, per direction and

per protocol.

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Standard Access List

Router A Router B

S 0 172.16.1.1

_{172.16.1.2 S 0}

E 0 5.50

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3

E 0 1.50

Syntax

Router(config)# Access-list ALNO P/D Src Src-WCM Router(config)# Int <name of interface>

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Configuration Standard Access-list For

Router A

Restricting particular user

(Config)# Access-list 1 deny

192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0

(Config)# Access-list 1 permit

0.0.0.0

255.255.255.255 or

Access-list 1 permit any

Restricting a Network

(Config)# Access-list 1 deny

192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255

(Config)# Access-list 1 permit

any

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Extended Access List Router A Router B S 0 172.16.1.1 _{172.16.1.2 S 0} E 0 5.50 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 _5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 E 0 1.50 1.20

(73)

Configuration of Router A

(Config)# Access-list 101 deny TCP

192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255

192.168.1.20 0.0.0.0 eq FTP

(Config)# Access-list 101 permit IP any any

Implementation

(Config)#int E0

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(75)

NAT(Network Address Translation) Router A Router B S 0 172.16.1.1 _{172.16.1.2 S 0} E 0 5.50 1.1 1.2 192.168.1.3 1.4 _5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 E 0 1.50

Note : 192.168.1.3 is denied from entering the network of 5.0.So it will enter

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Configuration of Router A --- # Config t (Config)# int E 0 (Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# clock rate 56000

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip routing (Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2 (Config)# int E 0

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(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# ip nat outside

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0 (Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int S 0 overload

# Config t (Config)# int E 0 (Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# clock rate 56000

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

Configuration of Router B ---

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(Config)# ip routing

(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1

(Config)# access-list 10 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0 (Config)# access-list 10 permit any

(Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# ip access-group 10 out

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A Scenario of providing Net access to the IP's of Router B Natting Router A Router B Switch Routing Leased line Routing 5.0 5.50 1.50 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 192.168.1.99

(80)

Configuration of Router A --- # Config t (Config)# int E 0 (Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)

(Config-if)# exit

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(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# ip nat inside ((Config-if)# exit

(Config)# access-list 10 permit 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 (Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload (Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# ip nat outside (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit Configuration of Router B --- # Config t (Config)# int E 0 (Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit

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(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# clock rate 56000

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# ip nat inside (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# ip nat outside (Config-if)# exit

(Config-Router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.1

(Config)# access-list 10 permit 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 (Config)# ip nat inside source list 10 int E 0 overload

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PPP(Point-to-Point) using PAP protocol Router A (ISDN) Router B (Zoom) S 0 172.16.1.1 _{172.16.1.2 S 0} E 0 5.50 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 _5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 E 0 1.50

Internet based leased line

(84)

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip routing (Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2 (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# encapsulation ppp

(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP

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Configuration of Router B --- # Config t (Config)# int E 0 (Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)

(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP

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PPP(Point-to-Point) using CHAP protocol Router A (ISDN) Router B (Zoom) S 0 172.16.1.1 _{172.16.1.2 S 0} E 0 5.50 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 _5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 E 0 1.50

Internet based leased line

(87)

(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP (Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom (Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco

(88)

Configuration of Router B --- # Config t (Config)# int E 0 (Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)

(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP (Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname ISP (Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco

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DDR(Dial on Demand Routing) Router A Router B S 0 172.16.1.1 _{172.16.1.2 S 0} E 0 5.50 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 _5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 E 0 1.50 ISP

(90)

# Config t

(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3

(Config)# int E 0/1

(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/0

(Config-if)# no ip address

(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp (Config-if)# no cdp enable (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int dialer 1

(Config-if)# ip address negotiated (Config-if)# encapsulation ppp (Config-if)# no cdp enable

(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin (Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname unicomin@hd2 (Config-if)# ppp CHAP password password

(91)

(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username unicomin@hd2 password password (Config-if)# dialer in-band

(Config-if)# dialer string 3328400 (Config-if)# dialer idle-time out 180 (Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10 (Config-if)# exit

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 (Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

((Config)# int bri 1/0

(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1 (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(Config-if)# dialer-group 1 (Config-if)# exit

(92)

(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.2 (Config)# ip name-server 202.54.2.30

(Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/0

(Config-if)# ip nat outside (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(93)

Backup Interface for a Leased Line S 0 172.16.1.1 _{172.16.1.2 S 0} E 0 5.50 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 _5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 E 0 1.50 ISP ISP

CPE -Customer Premises Equipment

DTE -Data Communications & Circutary end

CPE/DTE Bri 0

(94)

# Config t

(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3

(Config)# int E 0/1 (Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0

(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0 (Config-if)# no ip address

(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp (Config-if)# no cdp enable (Config-if)# no shut

(95)

(Config-if)# ip address negotiated (Config-if)# encapsulation ppp (Config-if)# no cdp enable

(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin (Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom

(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco

(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username isp password cisco (Config-if)# dialer in-band

(Config-if)# dialer string 3328400 (Config-if)# dialer ideal-time out 180 (Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10 (Config-if)# exit

(Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 (Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

((Config)# int bri 1/ 0

(Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1 (Config-if)# no shut

(96)

(Config-if)# dialer-group 1 (Config-if)# exit

(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S 0

(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2

(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.1 (Config)# ip name-server 202.54.1.30

(Config)# int E 0

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0

(Config-if)# ip nat outside (Config-if)# no shut

(97)

(Config)# Access-list 2 permit 4 public 10

(Config)# ip nat inside source list 2 int dialer 1 overload

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# backup interface bri 1/0 (Config-if)# backup delay 30 60

(98)

Frame Relay Point - to - Point frame-relay Network Router A S 0 172.16.1.1 _{172.16.1.2 S 0} E 0 5.50 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 _5.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 E 0 1.50

Dlci 101 _{Dlci 102} Router B

Fr-Switch Fr-Switch

(99)

Config t

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point (Config-if)# bandwidth 64

(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# frame-relay interface DLC1 102 (or)

(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# exit

(100)

Point - to - Multi Point 10.0.0.4 101 102 A B C D 103 104 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.1 4.0 2.0 3.0 1.0

(101)

Config t

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# exit

(Config)# int S 0.1 multipoint (Config-if)# bandwidth 64

(Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0

(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.1 103 broadcast (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 102 broadcast (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.3 101 broadcast (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip routing (Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3 (Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 (Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2 Configuration of Router A ---

(102)

Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point 4.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.2 172.16.1.2 172.16.1.1 161.16.1.1 101 102 103 104

(103)

Config t

(Config)# int S 0

(Config-if)# exit

(Config-if)# clockrate 56000

(Config-if)# exit

Configuration of Router A ---

(104)

(Config)# int S 0.2 point-to-point

(Config-if)# ip address 161.16.1.1 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# no shut

(Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# clock rate 56000

(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 161.16.1.2 102 broadcast (Config-if)# exit

(Config-if)# clockrate 56000

(Config-if)# exit

(105)

Iso

International organization for standardization

Iso has designed a reference model called osi reference model (open system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says that

Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers 1. Application layer

The user uses application layer to send the data. The protocols @ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc.

2. Presentation layer

Presentation layer takes the data from application layer and present In different formats for securing reason. The services offered @ This layer are

Compression – decompression Coding – decoding

(106)

3. Session layer

Establishing the session or the conectivity n/w n/w 1 & n/w 2 is done By the session layer.

It 1. Establishes a session 2. maintains it &

3. Terminates it b/w the application

4. Transport layer

End-end connectivity during a session b/w two application is done By the transport layer. It also decides the type of connection like tcp or udp i.e. connection oriented or connection less.

Services: Sequencing

Flow ctrl, error detection & correction

(107)

5. Netwrok layer

Logical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address & destination address are attached to the data.

Protocols @network layer

Routed protocols routing protocols Eg: ip,ipx eg: rip,igrp,ospf

Routed protocols: they always carry the data along with them Routing protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol to carry the data

(108)

Data link layer

MAC LLC

Media access control logical link control framing of data

Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number. Here layer2 switches are used.

Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc. Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packets

(109)

7 physical layer

Takes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. here Frames are converted to bits (1‟s & 0‟s).

The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used at this layer.

I P Addressing

Now a days ip ver4 is followed. It is a 32-bit addressing scheme. 32bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each.

i.e 8-8-8-8. i.e (1‟s & 0‟s)-(1‟s & 0s)-(1‟s & 0‟s)-(1‟s & 0‟s). (binary format). The ip address is maximum of 255 & min of 0. In future ip ver 6 is expected. It is 128 bit scheme.

(110)

Class A 0 - 127 Class B 128 - 191 Class C 192 - 223 Class D 224 - 239 Class E 240 - 255 8-8-8-8

(111)

Through out class A, the MSB „0‟ is constant in class B the Msbs are „101‟ constant through out.

Class D & E are not used for internetworking class D is used for Multicast network.

“ E “ “ “ research. class A

0-0-0-0 should not be assigned for any divice 127-0-0-0 is reserved for loopback

127-0-0-1 127-0-0-”

127-0-0-” usually reserved for loopback 127-0-0-”

(112)

Hence 0 & 127 cannot be used for adressing so actual range will be 1 to 126.

All ip addresses are divided into two. 1.network I.d

2.host I.d

in class a address there is 1n\w I.d postion & 3 host I.d postion I,e N-H-H-H..

Class A N-H-H-H Class B N-N-H-H Class C N-N-N-H

(113)

Types of ip adresses IP address

public ip address private ip address

Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet.

Private network: for internal network I,e intranet, all the ip addresses Are governed by a body called INTERNIC. If we are a part of asia Pacefic then it is governed by APNIC.

We can run our private network with any ip addresses of our choice But it should not be connected to internet.

(114)

Range of addresses for private network

Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Private ip addresses donot have routing.

To meet the demand of no.of networks, the network is broken Into smaller networks called subnets.

Eg: find no.of subnets, hosts/s.n subnet mask & valid ip addresses For a class c address.

192.168.1.0/24

„24‟ shows the network bits

24= 3 octate position bits are enough, therefore no need to borrow Any bits from host position.

=24 network & no host

Default subet mask is 255.255.255.0 & valid ip addresses are 192.168.1.0 network

(115)

Switch

An essential component of lan. Switches are of different types like Layer 2 layer 3, layer 4, layer 5…..

Layer 2 switch :

Switch hub

•Layer 2 layer 1

•b.w is equal @ all ports b.w is shared

•Identifies source with MAC cannot identifiy the source

•Broad cast occur, till mac table alwaysbroad cast Is built

•Collision occur when both A&B Many collisions Wants to reach D.

•1 broad cast domain 4 collision 1 broad cast domain 1 collision

(116)

Switches

Access layer Distribution layer Core layer

Access layer swithc: catalyst 1912

Catalyst – manufacturer, but it is now owned by cisco. 12 port switch

(117)

Switch

standard edition enterprise edition

To configure VLANS,go for enterprose edition as standard edition Will not support VLAN.

For uplinking or cascading 100mbps is minimum required.

Functions of switch 1. Adress learning 2. Filter & forwarding 3. Loop avoidance

1. Address learning

Booting 1.blocking state (15 secs) 2.Listening state (15 secs) 3.Learning stage (20 secs) 4.Forwarding stage (20 secs)

(118)

The switch will always learn the MAC address from the source itself The source should atleast communicate once to learn the MAC address.

2. Filter & forwarding : store & forward

cut through fragment free

On access layer the default is fragment free we can change to any Of the3 mentioned above.

1.store & forward: it stores the whole information (1500 bytes Ethernet) into buffer, then checks for errors, looks for destination

In MAC table and then forward.

2. Cut through: no error checking.as soon as a packet arrives It looks into MAC table & forward.

(119)

3.loop avridance: consider a seenario whr pci wants to communicate To pc2. Switch a makes entry of pc1 in its MAC table as it is a new Switch. This looping is before the mac table I s made. This is called Initial flood or broad cast storm.

STP: spanning tree protocol. To avoid loops in case of a cascaded Switch stp is enabled by default.

Parameters to select a switch

1. Bridge priority (32768) default.(1-655355) 2. MAC address

Bridge id is calculated. Bridge id=bridge priority + mac address. Which ever the switch having least bridge ID will be elcted as root Bridge and others are non-root bridge. On root bridge the ports used For cascading are called designated ports. All the designated ports Will be at forwadingf state . In non root bridge from the two ports one will be selected as root port. This will be depending on the cost speed).least cost path (faster transmission) the other port will be blocked.

(120)

The “hello” packets that are sent by root bridge for every 2 sec to inform that it is working properly are called BPDUS;

(bridge protocol data limits). If non root bridge do no receive 10 BPDUs for next 20secs then it is clear that the root bridge has Failed.

20secs – max age time

Then a new root bridge is selected.

In the above eg:if switch A is selected as root bridge and ports A & B Of switch A are designated ports. Depending on the shortest paths

For high speed & low cost one port of switch B is selected as root port & the other will be blocked.

(121)

ISDN

Integreted services digital network.

It is a circuit switching technology approved by CCITT.

ISDN PSTN

•Digital analog

•More bandwidth less

•Multiple services like, •Voice,data,video etc.

ISDN

BRI PRI

(Basic rate interface

2b channels & id chennel)

european standard north american standard 30 bchannels 23 bchannels

& &

(122)

„B‟channel – it is a bearer channel for data.

„D‟channel – it is a delta channel for synchronization In bri each B channel = 64 kbps

d channel = 16kbps Max 128 kbps BW in isdn

In PRI both B & D channels _= 64kbps. European – 2mbps

North american – 1.54 mbps

(123)

SPID number : (service profile identifier) to identify the link. Types of ISDN switches

Euro-basic net3

U.S-basic 5 ess-at&t standard U.K-basic net3 & basic net5 France-vn3 & vn4

Ss7 (signalling system7)

Will be configured at the back bone side.

telco

vn3/vn4 basic net3

(124)

E-series, I-series & Q-series

E-tells about telephone network & ISDN network I-tells about concepts & interfaces of ISDN

Q-tells about signalling & switching of ISDN

DDR

Dail on Demand Routing

The main feature of ISDN is it dials & connects on request & Discounects when no data transfer is taking place.

nat (network address translation IP NAT inside

IP NAT out side overload

(125)

IPNAT inside: any request from th internal network will be NATED To public Ip address sending the request from internal network

To Bri interface is overloading.

When ever NAT is enable, the router will maintain a nat table. Nat table:

When nat t able is enabled nau request will be allocated a port

Number after 1024. Above 1024 port numbers are reserved for other Services. This allocation of port numbers is dynamic.

(126)

Configuring a DDR for ISDN Config#int e0

Config#ip adress 192.168.5.150 255.255.255.0 Config#ip nat inside

Config#exit

Config-if#int bri 0

Config-if#ip address negotiated Config-if#encapsulation PPP

Config-if#PPP authenticaiton PAP chap collin Config-if#PPP chap hostname (username)

Config-if#PPP chap password (password) Config-if#dialer string (tel.no.)

Config-if#dialer idle timeout (time in secs) Config-if#dialer group

Config-if#ip nat outside Config-if#exit

(127)

Ip address negotialted : this is when an ip adress is fetched kdynamically From ISP 7 donot have a permanent public I.P adress

Dialer – list range 1-10

to configure router as a DHCP server Config#ip pool <name> staring ip end ip.

Some ISDN command Sh int bri0

Sh isdn status

(layer 1 should be active. If not physical conectivity is lost)

Sh isdn active Sh isdn history