TABLE OF CONTENTS
Below it’s a complete list of the standard contents of Airway Manual. Limited or special coverages may not contain all items,but that material which is included should be arranged in the order outlined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... EH-I METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3
CHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS ... 1
1.1 Definitions ... 1
1.2 Terms used with a limited Meaning ... 2
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROVISIONS ... 3
2.1 Objective, Determination and Provision of Meteorological Service ... 3
2.2 Supply, Quality Assurance and Use of Meteorological Information ... 3
2.3 Notifications required from Operators... 4
CHAPTER 3 – WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES... 4
3.1 Objectives of the World Area Forecast System ... 4
3.2 World Area Forecast Centres ... 4
3.3 Meteorological Offices ... 4
3.4 Meteorological Watch Offices ... 5
3.5 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres... 5
3.6 State Volcano Observatories ... 6
3.7 Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres... 6
CHAPTER 4 – METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS ... 6
4.1 Aeronautical Meteorological Stations and Observations ... 6
4.2 Agreement between Air Traffic Services Authorities and Meteorological Authorities ... 7
4.3 Routine Observations and Reports ... 7
4.4 Special Observations and Reports ... 8
4.5 Contents of Reports... 8
4.6 Observing and Reporting Meteorological Elements ... 8
4.7 Reporting of Information from Automatic Observing Systems... 9
4.8 Observation and Reports of Volcanic Activity... 9
CHAPTER 5 – AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS... 10
5.1 Obligations of States... 10
5.2 Types of Aircraft Observations... 10
5.3 Routine Aircraft Observations - Designation... 10
5.4 Routine Aircraft Observations - Exemptions ... 10
5.5 Special Aircraft Observations ... 10
5.6 Other Non-Routine Aircraft Observations ... 11
5.7 Reporting of Aircraft Observations during Flight... 11
5.8 Relay of Air-Reports by ATS Units... 11
5.9 Recording and Post-Flight Reporting of Aircraft Observations of Volcanic Activity ... 11
CHAPTER 6 – FORECASTS ... 11
6.1 Interpretation and use of Forecasts ... 11
6.2 Aerodrome Forecasts ... 11
6.3 Landing Forecasts ... 12
6.4 Forecasts for Take-Off ... 12
6.5 Area Forecasts for Low-Level Flights... 12
CHAPTER 7 – SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION, AERODROME WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS AND ALERTS ... 12
7.1 SIGMET Information ... 12
7.2 AIRMET Information ... 13
7.3 Aerodrome Warnings... 13
7.4 Wind Shear Warnings and Alerts ... 13
CHAPTER 8 – AERONAUTICAL CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION... 13
8.1 General Provisions ... 13
8.2 Aerodrome Climatological Tables ... 14
8.3 Aerodrome Climatological Summaries ... 14
METEOROLOGY
EH-II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
19 DEC 08
CHAPTER 9 – SERVICE FOR OPERATORS AND FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS ... 14
9.1 General Provisions ... 14
9.2 Briefing, Consultation and Display... 15
9.3 Flight Documentation... 15
9.4 Automated Pre-Flight Information Systems for Briefing, Consultation, Flight Planning and Flight Documentation ... 16
9.5 Information for Aircraft in Flight... 16
CHAPTER 10 – INFORMATION FOR AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES, SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES AND AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES ... 16
10.1 Information for Air Traffic Services Units... 16
10.2 Information for Search an Rescue Services Units ... 16
10.3 Information for Aeronautical Information Services Units... 17
CHAPTER 11 – REQUIREMENTS FOR AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS... 17
11.1 Requirements for Communications ... 17
11.2 Use of Aeronautical Fixed Service Communications -Meteorological Bulletins in Alphanumeric Format... 17
11.3 Use of Aeronautical Fixed Service Communications -World Area Forecast System Products... 18
11.4 Use of Aeronautical Mobile Service Communication... 18
11.5 Use of Aeronautical Data Link Service - Contents of D-VOLMET ... 18
11.6 Use of Aeronautical Broadcast Service - Contents of VOLMET Broadcasts... 18
APPENDIX 1 – FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION - MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS ... 21
MODEL A - OPMET INFORMATION ... 22
MODEL IS - UPPER WIND AND TEMPERATURE CHART FOR ISOBARIC SURFACE... 23
MODEL IS - UPPER WIND AND TEMPERATURE CHART FOR STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACE.... 24
MODEL SWH - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (HIGH LEVEL)... 25
MODEL SWM - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (MEDIUM LEVEL)... 26
MODEL SWL - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (LOW LEVEL) Example 1 ... 27
MODEL SWL - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (LOW LEVEL) Example 2 ... 28
MODEL VAG - VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY INFORMATION IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT ... 29
MODEL SVA - SIGMET FOR VOLCANIC ASH IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT ... 30
MODEL SGE - SIGMET FOR PHENOMENA OTHER THAN TROPICAL CYCLONE AND VOLCANIC ASH IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT ... 31
MODEL SN - NOTATIONS USED IN FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION ... 33
1. SYMBOLS FOR SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ... 33
2. FRONTS AND CONVERGENCE ZONES AND OTHER SYMBOLS USED ... 34
3. ABBREVIATIONS USED TO DESCRIBE CLOUDS ... 34
3.1 Type ... 34
3.2 Amount ... 34
3.3 Heights... 35
4. DEPICTING OF LINES AND SYSTEMS ON SPECIFIC CHARTS ... 35
4.1 SWH and SWM - Significant Weather Charts (High and Medium) ... 35
4.2 SWL - Significant Weather Chart (Lower Level) ... 35
4.3 Arrows, Feathers and Pennants... 35
APPENDIX 2 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES... 41
Table A2-1 - Template for advisory message for volcanic ash... 41
Example A2-1 - Advisory message for volcanic ash ... 44
Table A2-2 - Template for advisory message for tropical cyclones... 45
Example A2-2 - Advisory message for tropical cyclones ... 47
APPENDIX 3 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS ... 51
Table A3-1 - Template for local routine (MET REPORT) and local (SPECIAL) reports ... 51
Table A3-2 - Template for METAR and SPECI ... 56
Table A3-3 - Use of change indicators in trend forecast... 60
Table A3-4 - Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in local reports ... 60
Table A3-5 - Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI ... 61
Example A3-1 - Routine report... 62
Example A3-2 - Special report ... 62
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX 4 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS ... ...71
1. CONTENTS OF AIR-REPORTS ... 71
1.1 Routine air-reports by air-ground data link ... 71
1.2 Special air-reports by air-ground data link ... 71
1.3 Routine air-reports by voice communications... 71
1.4 Special air-reports by voice communications ... 71
2. CRITERIA FOR REPORTING ... 72
2.2 Wind direction ... 72
2.3 Wind speed... 72
2.4 Wind quality flag ... 72
2.5 Temperature... 72
2.6 Turbulence ... 72
Table A4-1 - Time of occurrence of the peak value to be reported ... 72
Table A4-2 - Template for special air-report (downlink) ... 72
Table A4-3 - Ranges and resolutions for the meteorological elements included in air-reports ... 73
APPENDIX 5 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO FORECASTS ... 81
1. CRITERIA RELATED TO TAF... 81
1.1 TAF format ... 81
1.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in TAF ... 81
1.3 Use of change groups... 81
1.4 Use of probability groups ... 83
1.5 Numbers of change and probability groups ... 83
1.6 Dissemination of TAF... 83
2. CRITERIA RELATED TO TREND FORECASTS... 83
2.1 Format of trend forecasts... 83
2.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in trend forecasts ... 83
2.3 Use of change groups... 84
2.4 Use of probability indicator ... 84
3. CRITERIA RELATED TO FORECASTS FOR TAKE-OFF ... 85
3.1 Format of forecasts for take-off... 85
3.2 Amendments to forecasts for take-off ... 85
4. CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA FORECASTS FOR LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS ... 85
4.1 Format and content of GAMET area forecasts ... 85
4.2 Amendments to GAMET area forecasts ... 85
4.3 Content of area forecasts for low-level flights in chart form ... 85
4.4 Exchange of area forecasts for low-level flights... 85
Table A5-1 - Template for TAF ... 85
Table A5-2 - Use of change and time indicators in TAF... 89
Table A5-3 - Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in TAF ... 90
Table A5-4 - Template for GAMET... 90
Example A5-1 - TAF ... 94
Example A5-2 - Cancellation of TAF ... 94
Example A5-3 - GAMET area forecast ... 94
APPENDIX 6 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION, AERODROME WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS AND ALERTS... 101
1. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET INFORMATION... 101
1.1 Format of SIGMET messages ... 101
1.2 Dissemination of SIGMET messages ... 102
2. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRMET INFORMATION... 102
2.1 Format of AIRMET messages ... 102
2.2 Dissemination of AIRMET messages ... 103
3. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS ... 103
4. DETAILED CRITERIA RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET MESSAGES AND SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS (UPLINK) ... 103
4.1 Identification of the flight information region ... 103
4.2 Criteria related to phenomena included in SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-reports (uplink)... 103
5. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AERODROME WARNINGS ... 104
5.1 Format and dissemination of aerodrome warnings... 104
5.2 Quantitative criteria for aerodrome warnings... 104
6. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO WIND SHEAR WARNINGS... 104
6.1 Detection of wind shear ... 104
METEOROLOGY
EH-IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
19 DEC 08
Table A6-1 - Template for SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-reports (uplink) ... 105
Table A6-2 - Template for aerodrome warnings... 110
Table A6-3 - Template for wind shear warnings... 111
Table A6-4 - Ranges and resolutions for numerical elements included in volcanic ash and tropical cyclone advisory messages, SIGMET/AIRMET messages and aerodrome and wind shear warnings ... 112
Example A6-1 - SIGMET and AIRMET message and the corresponding cancellations ... 113
Example A6-2 - SIGMET message for tropical cyclone ... 113
Example A6-3 - SIGMET message for volcanic ash ... 113
Example A6-4 - SIGMET message for severe turbulence... 113
Example A6-5 - AIRMET message for moderate mountain wave ... 113
DECODE OF EIGHT FIGURE GROUP APPENDED TO MOTNE/OPMET BROADCASTS ... 201
AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITION REPORTS THROUGH SNOWTAM/MOTNE ... 205
AERODROME WEATHER REPORT - METAR AND SPECI DECODE ... 211
AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST - TAF DECODE ... 221
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - AFRICA
Availability of Met Broadcast - Africa ...A-5 Met Broadcast in RTF and RTG - Africa...A-11 Communication Pilot to Meteorologist ...A-19 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) - Africa ...A-21 Telephone/Fax Numbers and Hours of Operation of Met Stations - Africa...A-51
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - ATLANTIC
Availability of Met Broadcast - Atlantic ...AT-3 Met Broadcast in Plain Language - Atlantic ...AT-7 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) - Atlantic...AT-21 Automated and Centralized Meteorological Service - Atlantic ...AT-41 Telephone/Fax Numbers and Hours of Operation of Met Stations - Atlantic ...AT-51
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - CHINA
National Differences to International Forms - China ... CH-1 Availability of Met Broadcast - China ... CH-3 Met Broadcast in Plain Language - China... CH-4 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) - China ... CH-21 Telephone/Fax Numbers and Hours of Operation of Met Stations - China ... CH-51
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - EUROPE
National Differences to International Forms - Europe ...E-1 Availability of Met Broadcast - Europe...E-5 Met Broadcast in Plain Language - Europe...E-11 Communication Pilot to Meteorologist ...E-19 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) - Europe ...E-21 Automated and Centralized Meteorological Service - Europe...E-41 Telephone/Fax Numbers and Hours of Operation of Met Stations - Europe ...E-51
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - EASTERN EUROPE
National Differences to International Forms - Eastern Europe... EE-1 Availability of Met Broadcasts - Eastern Europe ... EE-5 Met Broadcasts in Plain Language - Eastern Europe ... EE-11 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) - Eastern Europe... EE-21 Automated and Centralized Meteorological Services - Eastern Europe ... EE-41 Telephone/Fax Numbers and Hours of Operations of Met Stations - Eastern Europe ... EE-51
METEOROLOGICAL DATA - MIDDLE EAST/SOUTH ASIA
Availability of Met Broadcast - Middle East/South Asia ...ME-3 Met Broadcast in Plain Language - MIddle East/South Asia...ME-5 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) - Middle East/South Asia ...ME-21 Automated and Centralized Meteorological Service - Middle-East/South Asia ...ME-41 Telephone/Fax Numbers and Hours of Operation of Met Stations - Middle East/South Asia...ME-51
Below is a complete list of the standard contents of Airway Manual. Limited or special coverages may not
con-tain all items, but that material which is included should be arranged in the order outlined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . WH-I
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION – ANNEX 3
CHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS . . . 1
1.1 Definitions . . . 1
1.2 Terms Used With a Limited Meaning . . . 2
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROVISIONS. . . 2
2.1 Objective, Determination and Provision of Meteorological Service . . . 2
2.2 Supply, Quality Assurance and Use of Meteorological Information . . . 3
2.3 Notifications Required from Operators . . . 3
CHAPTER 3 – WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES. . . 4
3.1 Objectives of the World Area Forecast System . . . 4
3.2 World Area Forecast Centres . . . 4
3.3 Meteorological Offices . . . 5
3.4 Meteorological Watch Offices . . . 5
3.5 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers . . . 6
3.6 State Volcano Observatories . . . 6
3.7 Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres . . . 6
CHAPTER 4 – METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS . . . 6
4.1 Aeronautical Meteorological Stations and Observations . . . 6
4.2 Agreement between Air Traffic Services Authorities and Meteorological Authorities. . . 7
4.3 Routine Observations and Reports . . . 7
4.4 Special Observations and Reports . . . 8
4.5 Contents of Reports. . . 8
4.6 Observing and Reporting Meteorological Elements . . . 8
4.7 Reporting of Information from Automatic Observing Systems. . . 9
4.8 Observation and Reports of Volcanic Activity . . . 9
CHAPTER 5 – AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS . . . 10
5.1 Obligations of States . . . 10
5.2 Types of Aircraft Observations. . . 10
5.3 Routine Aircraft Observations - Designation . . . 10
5.4 Routine Aircraft Observations - Exemptions . . . 10
5.5 Special Aircraft Observations . . . 10
5.6 Other Non-Routine Aircraft Observations . . . 11
5.7 Reporting of Aircraft Observations During Flight . . . 11
5.8 Relay of Air-Reports by ATS Units . . . 11
5.9 Recording and Post-Flight Reporting of Aircraft Observations of Volcanic Activity . . . 11
CHAPTER 6 – FORECASTS . . . 11
6.1 Interpretation and Use of Forecasts . . . 11
6.2 Aerodrome Forecasts . . . 11
6.3 Landing Forecasts . . . 12
6.4 Forecasts for Take-Off . . . 12
6.5 Area and Route Forecasts, Other Than Forecasts Issued within the Framework of the World Area Forecast System . . . 12
TABLE OF CONTENTS
II
CHAPTER 7 – SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION, AERODROME
WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS . . . 12
7.1 SIGMET Information . . . 12
7.2 AIRMET Information . . . 13
7.3 Aerodrome Warnings. . . 13
7.4 Wind Shear Warnings . . . 13
CHAPTER 8 – AERONAUTICAL CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION . . . 13
8.1 General Provisions . . . 13
8.2 Aerodrome Climatological Tables . . . 14
8.3 Aerodrome Climatological Summaries . . . 14
8.4 Copies of Meteorological Observational Data . . . 14
CHAPTER 9 – SERVICE FOR OPERATORS AND FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS . . . 14
9.1 General Provisions . . . 14
9.2 Information for Operators for Pre-Flight Planning and for In-Flight Re-Planning Under Centralized Operational Control . . . 14
9.3 Briefing, Consultation and Display. . . 15
9.4 Flight Documentation – General . . . 15
9.5 Automated Pre-Flight Information Systems for Briefing, Consultation, Flight Planning and Flight Documentation . . . 16
9.6 Information for Aircraft in Flight . . . 16
CHAPTER 10 – INFORMATION FOR AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES, SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES AND AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES . . . 16
10.1 Information for Air Traffic Services Units . . . 16
10.2 Information for Search and Rescue Services Units . . . 17
10.3 Information for Aeronautical Information Services Units . . . 17
CHAPTER 11 – REQUIREMENTS FOR AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS . . . 17
11.1 Requirements for Communications . . . 17
11.2 Use of Aeronautical Fixed Service Communications – Meteorological Bulletins in Alphanumeric Format. . . 17
11.3 Use of Aeronautical Fixed Service Communications – World Area Forecast System Products . . . 18
11.4 Use of Aeronautical Mobile Service Communication. . . 18
11.5 Use of Aeronautical Data Link Service – Contents of D-VOLMET . . . 18
11.6 Use of Aeronautical Broadcast Service – Contents of VOLMET Broadcasts . . . 18
APPENDIX 1 – FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION – MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS . . . 19
MODEL A – Aerodrome Forecasts – Example 1 – Tabular Form . . . 20
MODEL A – Aerodrome Forecasts – Example 2 – TAF . . . 21
MODEL TA – Tabular Forecast of Enroute Conditions – Example 1 – Low Level. . . 22
MODEL TA – Tabular Forecast of Enroute Conditions – Example 2 – Medium Level . . . 23
MODEL TB – Tabular Forecast of Upper Winds and Upper Air Temperatures. . . 25
MODEL IS – Upper Wind and Temperature Chart for Isobaric Surface . . . 26
MODEL IS – Upper Wind and Temperature Chart for Standard Isobaric Surface . . . 27
MODEL SWH – Significant Weather Chart (High Level) – Example – Mercator Projection . . . 28
MODEL SWH – Significant Weather Chart (High Level) – Polar Stereographic Projection . . . 29
MODEL SWM – Significant Weather Chart (Medium Level). . . 31
MODEL SWL – Significant Weather Chart (Low Level) . . . 32
MODEL VAG – Volcanic Ash Advisory Information in Graphic Format. . . 34
APPENDIX 1– MODEL SN – NOTATIONS USED IN FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION. . . 35
1 Symbols for Significant Weather . . . 35
2 Fronts and Convergence Zones and Other Symbols Used . . . 36
3 Abbreviations Used to Describe Clouds . . . 37
APPENDIX 2 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM
AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES . . . 39
Table A2-1 – Template for advisory message for volcanic ash . . . 39
Example A2-1 – Advisory message for volcanic ash . . . 43
Table A2-2 – Template for advisory message for tropical cyclones . . . 44
Example A2-2 – Advisory message for tropical cyclones . . . 46
APPENDIX 3 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS . . . 47
Table A3-1 – Template for local routine (MET REPORT) and local (SPECIAL) reports . . . 47
Table A3-2 – Template for METAR and SPECI . . . 51
Table A3-3 – Use of change indicators in trend forecast . . . 54
Table A3-4 – Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in local forecasts . . . 54
Table A3-5 – Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI . . . 55
Example A3-1 – Routine report . . . 56
Example A3-2 – Special report. . . 56
Example A3-3 – Volcanic activity report . . . 56
APPENDIX 4. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS . . . 57
1 CONTENTS OF AIR-REPORTS . . . 57
1.1 Routine air-reports by air-ground data link . . . 57
1.2 Special air-reports by air-ground data link . . . 58
1.3 Routine air-reports by voice communications . . . 58
1.4 Special air-reports by voice communications . . . 59
2 CRITERIA FOR REPORTING . . . 59
2.2 Wind direction . . . 59
2.3 Wind speed . . . 59
2.4 Wind quality flag . . . 59
2.3 Temperature. . . 59
2.3 Turbulence . . . 59
Table A4-1 – Turbulence index to be reported . . . 60
Table A4-2 – Time of occurrence of the peak value to be reported . . . 60
Table A4-3 – Template for the special air-report (downlink) . . . 60
Table A4-4 – Ranges and resolutions for the meteorological elements included in air-reports . . . 62
APPENDIX 5. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO FORECASTS . . . 63
1 CRITERIA RELATED TO TAF. . . 63
1.1 TAF format . . . 63
1.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in TAF . . . 63
1.3 Use of change groups . . . 64
1.4 Use of probability groups . . . 65
1.5 Numbers of change and probability groups . . . 66
1.6 Dissemination of TAF . . . 66
2 CRITERIA RELATED TO TREND FORECASTS . . . 66
2.1 Format of trend forecasts. . . 66
2.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in trend forecasts . . . 66
2.3 Use of change indicators . . . 67
2.4 Use of the probability indicator . . . 68
3 CRITERIA RELATED TO FORECASTS FOR TAKEOFF . . . 68
3.1 Format of forecasts for takeoff . . . 68
3.2 Amendments to forecasts for take-off . . . 68
4 CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA AND ROUTE FORECASTS, OTHER THAN FORECASTS ISSUED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM . . . 68
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.1 Format of area and route forecasts . . . 68
4.2 Amendments to area and route forecasts . . . 68
5 CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA FORECASTS FOR LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS . . . 69
5.1 Format and content of GAMET area forecasts . . . 69
5.2 Amendments to GAMET area forecasts . . . 69
5.3 Exchange of area forecasts for low-level flights. . . 70
Table A5-1 – Template for TAF . . . 71
Table A5-2 – Use of change and time indicators in TAF . . . 75
Table A5-3 – Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in TAF . . . 75
Example A5-1 – TAF. . . 76
Example A5-2 – Cancellation of TAF . . . 76
Example A5-3 – GAMET area forecast . . . 77
APPENDIX 6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION, AERODROME WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS . . . 79
1 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET INFORMATION. . . 79
1.1 Format of SIGMET messages . . . 79
1.2 Dissemination of SIGMET messages . . . 80
2 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRMET INFORMATION. . . 81
2.1 Format of AIRMET messages . . . 81
2.2 Dissemination of AIRMET messages . . . 82
3 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS . . . 82
4 DETAILED CRITERIA RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET MESSAGES AND SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS (UPLINK) . . . 82
4.1 Identification of the flight information region . . . 82
4.2 Criteria related to phenomena included in SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-report (uplink). . . 82
5 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AERODROME WARNINGS . . . 83
5.1 Format and dissemination of aerodrome warnings . . . 83
5.2 Quantitative criteria for aerodrome warnings. . . 84
6 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO WIND SHEAR WARNINGS. . . 84
6.1 Detection of wind shear . . . 84
6.2 Format and dissemination of wind shear warnings . . . 84
Table A6-1 – Template for SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-reports (uplink) . . . 85
Table A6-2 – Template for aerodrome warnings . . . 91
Table A6-3 – Template for wind shear warnings . . . 92
Table A6-4 – Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in volcanic ash and tropical cyclone advisory messages, SIGMET/AIRMET messages and aerodrome and wind shear warnings . . . 93
Example A6-1 – SIGMET and AIRMET message and the corresponding cancellations . . . 93
Example A6-2 –SIGMET message for tropical cyclone . . . 94
Example A6-3 – SIGMET message for volcanic ash . . . 94
Example A6-4 – SIGMET message for severe turbulence . . . 94
Example A6-5 – AIRMET message for moderate mountain wave . . . 95
DECODE OF EIGHT FIGURE GROUP APPENDED TO MOTNE/OPMET BROADCASTS . . . 97
REPORTS ON AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITIONS VIA MOTNE METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE (MOTNE) BROADCAST. . . 101
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – ALASKA
Flight Service Stations and National Weather Service – Legend . . . AK-1 Services and Telephone Numbers – Alaska . . . AK-3
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – AUSTRALASIA
Services and Telephone Numbers – Australasia . . . AS-1 Availability of VOLMET Broadcasts – Australasia. . . AS-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – AUSTRALIA
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1 DEFINITIONS . . . AU-1 2 ABBREVIATIONS . . . AU-1
METEOROLOGY SERVICES
1 METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY . . . AU-5 2 AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY . . . AU-5 3 METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES . . . AU-5 3.4 ATS Meteorological Information Service . . . AU-5 4 METEOROLOGICAL BRIEFING . . . AU-5 5 AVAILABILITY OF METEOROLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION . . . AU-5 6 NOTIFICATION REQUIRED FROM OPERATORS . . . AU-6 6.1 International Operations . . . AU-6 6.2 Domestic Operations . . . AU-6 6.3 Forecasts for Flights – Valid Area Forecasts Not Available . . . AU-6
AVIATION FORECASTS
1 AREA FORECAST (ARFOR) BOUNDARIES. . . AU-11 2 AREA FORECASTS FOR OPERATIONS AT OR BELOW FL 200. . . AU-11 3 FORECASTS FOR OPERATIONS ABOVE A100 . . . AU-12 3.1 General . . . AU-12 3.2 Documentation. . . AU-12 3.3 Significant Weather Charts . . . AU-12 3.4 Significant Weather Charts – Symbols . . . AU-13 3.5 Example — Significant Weather Prognosis . . . AU-14 3.6 Wind and Temperature Charts. . . AU-14 3.7 Grid Point Forecasts . . . AU-16 3.8 Route Sector Winds and Temperatures . . . AU-17 4 AERODROME FORECASTS . . . AU-19 4.3 Aerodromes and Categories for which TAF will be Available. . . AU-19 5 TREND-TYPE FORECAST (TTF) . . . AU-22 6 PROVISIONAL FORECASTS. . . AU-22 7 SIGNIFICANT FORECAST ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS. . . AU-22
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8 CLOUD HEIGHT DATUM . . . AU-23 9 FORECAST AMENDMENTS . . . AU-23 10 WIND SHEAR WARNING SERVICE . . . AU-23 10.1 General . . . AU-23 10.2 Wind Shear – Pilot Reporting . . . AU-23 11 AERODROME WEATHER AND FORECAST DECODE . . . AU-23 11.1 Identifier . . . AU-23 11.2 Location . . . AU-23 11.3 Origination Time . . . AU-24 11.4 Validity Period . . . AU-24 11.5 Auto . . . AU-24 11.6 Wind. . . AU-24 11.7 Visibility . . . AU-24 11.8 Automatic Visibility Information . . . AU-24 11.9 Runway Visual Range (RVR). . . AU-24 11.10 Present Weather . . . AU-25 11.11 Automatic Present Weather Information . . . AU-25 11.12 Cloud . . . AU-25 11.13 CAVOK. . . AU-25 11.14 Automatic Weather Stations with Cloud Information . . . AU-26 11.15 Significant Variation . . . AU-26 11.16 Temperature. . . AU-26 11.17 QNH. . . AU-26 11.18 Supplementary Information . . . AU-26 11.19 Remarks Section . . . AU-26 11.20 Elements Not Available . . . AU-26 11.21 Trend Type Forecast (TTF) . . . AU-26 11.22 Examples . . . AU-27 12.1 Weather Code and Translation . . . AU-27
METEOROLOGY REPORTS AND ADVISORIES
1 METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS . . . AU-31 1.1 Aerodrome Weather Reports. . . AU-31 1.2 Approved Observers . . . AU-31 1.3 Observing Point . . . AU-31 1.4 Aircraft Weather Reports . . . AU-32 2 METEOROLOGICAL ADVICES . . . AU-32 2.1 SIGMET . . . AU-32 2.2 SIGMET Format. . . AU-33 2.3 AIRMET . . . AU-34 2.4 Volcanic Activity . . . AU-35 3 HAZARDOUS WEATHER. . . AU-35 3.1 Responsibility. . . AU-35 3.2 Pilot Action. . . AU-36 4 AUTOMATIC METEOROLOGICAL BROADCASTS . . . AU-36 4.1 Automatic Enroute Information Service (AERIS) . . . AU-36 4.2 VOLMET . . . AU-37 4.3 Aerodrome Weather Information Service (AWIS) and
Weather and Terminal Information Reciter (WATIR) . . . AU-37 4.4 Hazard Alerts. . . AU-38
5 POSITION REPORTS — AIREPS . . . AU-38 5.1 AIREPs Section 3 Required from Operators . . . AU-38 5.2 AIREP Special . . . AU-38 5.3 Short AIREP . . . AU-38 5.4 AIREP Format . . . AU-38 6 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY . . . AU-40 6.1 Special Air Reports Containing Information on Volcanic Activity (ICAO Model VAR) . . . AU-40 6.2 Airways Clearances – Volcanic Ash. . . AU-41 6.3 ICAO Model VAR Format. . . AU-42 AUTOMATED BRIEFING SYSTEMS . . . AU-53 1 INTRODUCTION . . . AU-53 1.1 General . . . AU-53 1.2 Help Desk . . . AU-53 2 DECTALK / AVFAX SINGLE LOCATION CODES . . . AU-53 3 DECTALK . . . AU-59 3.1 System Access . . . AU-59 3.2 How to use Dectalk . . . AU-59 3.3 DECTALK TTF Selection Codes . . . AU-60 3.4 DECTALK Group Selection Codes . . . AU-60 4 AVFAX . . . AU-61 4.1 General . . . AU-61 4.2 System Access . . . AU-61 4.3 Product Selection. . . AU-62 4.4 Product Codes . . . AU-63 5 AVFAX NOTAM AND SIGMET PRODUCT CODES . . . AU-64 5.1 General . . . AU-64 5.2 FIR NOTAM . . . AU-64 5.3 FIR NOTAM Codes . . . AU-64 5.4 Head Office NOTAM . . . AU-64 5.5 Prohibited / Restricted / Danger (PRD) Area NOTAM – Single Area . . . AU-64 5.6 Military Airspace Group NOTAM . . . AU-64 5.7 Low Jet Route . . . AU-65 5.8 GPS NOTAM . . . AU-65 5.9 GPS RAIM . . . AU-65 5.10 First and Last Light . . . AU-65 5.11 Domestic SIGMET . . . AU-65 5.12 International SIGMET and Volcanic Ash Advice . . . AU-65 6 AVFAX GROUP PRODUCT CODES . . . AU-65 7 METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS – DOMESTIC AND
INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT CODES . . . AU-72 7.1 Special Information – Requests for ROFORS/SIGWX . . . AU-72 7.2 Satellite Images . . . AU-72 7.3 Mean Sea Level Charts . . . AU-72 7.4 Significant Weather Prognosis. . . AU-72 8 METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS – DOMESTIC PRODUCT CODES . . . AU-72 8.1 Upper Chart Analysis (Wind Strength and Distribution) . . . AU-72 8.2 Prognosis (Forecast) Upper Chart (Wind Strength and Distribution). . . AU-72 8.3 Forecast Route Sector Winds and Temperatures . . . AU-72 8.4 Grid Point Wind and Temperatures Charts . . . AU-72 9 METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS – INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT CODES . . . AU-73 9.1 Wind and Temperature Charts. . . AU-73
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10 INTERNATIONAL TAF BULLETINS . . . AU-73 11 INTERNATIONAL AREA FORECAST BULLETINS . . . AU-76 11.1 AVFAX Code and Area . . . AU-76 12 ROUTINE ROUTE FORECASTS (ROFOR). . . AU-76 12.1 Routine Route Forecasts – Domestic . . . AU-76 12.2 Routine Route Forecasts – International . . . AU-76
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – CANADA
SECTION 1: GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 General . . . .CA 1-1 1.2 Meteorological Observation and Reports . . . .CA 1-3 1.3 Meteorological Forecasts and Charts . . . .CA 1-4 1.4 VOLMET . . . .CA 1-6 SECTION 2: PILOT REPORTS
2.1 General . . . .CA 2-1 2.2 Clear Air Turbulence . . . .CA 2-1 2.3 Wind Shear . . . .CA 2-1 2.4 Airframe Icing. . . .CA 2-1 2.5 Volcanic Ash . . . .CA 2-1 2.6 Pilot Estimation of Surface Wind . . . .CA 2-2 SECTION 3: APPENDICES
3.1 Location of Canadian Weather Offices . . . .CA 3-1 3.2 Canadian Weather Information . . . .CA 3-1 3.3 Graphic Area Forecast. . . .CA 3-2 3.4 AIRMET . . . .CA 3-8 3.5 Meteorological Reference Points Map . . . .CA 3-10 3.6 Abbreviations – Aviation Forecasts . . . .CA 3-12 3.7 Turbulence Reporting Criteria Table . . . .CA 3-14 3.8 Aerodrome Forecast Locations . . . .CA 3-15 3.9 Aerodrome Forecasts – TAF . . . .CA 3-15 3.10 Canadian Forecast Winds and Temperatures Aloft Network . . . .CA 3-19 3.11 Upper Level Wind and Temperature Forecasts (FD) . . . .CA 3-20 3.12 Upper Level Charts . . . .CA 3-20 3.13 Significant Weather Prognostic High Level Charts (SIGWX HI LVL) . . . .CA 3-21 3.14 Significant Weather Prognostic Charts – CMC . . . .CA 3-23 3.15 Aviation Routine Weather Report – METAR . . . .CA 3-25 3.16 EC/DND Weather Radar Network . . . .CA 3-35 3.17 PIREP . . . .CA 3-36 3.18 SIGMET . . . .CA 3-36 3.19 Surface Weather Maps . . . .CA 3-37 3.20 Upper Level Charts – ANAL . . . .CA 3-38 3.21 Volcanic Ash Prognostic Charts . . . .CA 3-38
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – CANADA
LEGEND . . . CA-101 WEATHER SERVICE LEVELS . . . CA-102 SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS BY PROVINCE . . . CA-103 (Listed Alphabetically by Location)
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – FAR EAST
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – FAR EAST . . . FE-1 AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – FAR EAST . . . FE-7
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – HAWAII
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – HAWAII . . . HW-1 AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – HAWAII . . . HW-3 VOLMET BROADCAST IN PLAIN LANGUAGE – HAWAII . . . HW-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – LATIN AMERICA
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – LATIN AMERICA . . . LA-1 VOLMET BROADCAST IN PLAIN LANGUAGE – LATIN AMERICA . . . LA-7 MEXICO DOMESTIC WEATHER REPORTS . . . LA-11
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – MEXICO
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – MEXICO. . . MX-1
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – PACIFIC BASIN
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – PACIFIC BASIN . . . PB-1 AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – PACIFIC BASIN . . . PB-7 LOCATIONS OF MET BROADCAST STATIONS – PACIFIC . . . PB-13
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – SOUTH AMERICA
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – SOUTH AMERICA. . . SA-1 AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – SOUTH AMERICA. . . SA-3 VOLMET BROADCAST IN PLAIN LANGUAGE – SOUTH AMERICA. . . SA-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – UNITED STATES
SECTION 1. METEOROLOGY . . . US-1 7-1-1 National Weather Service Aviation Products . . . US-1 7-1-2 FAA Weather Services. . . US-1 Jeppesen Weather Services . . . US-3 7-1-3 Use of Aviation Weather Products . . . US-3 7-1-4 Preflight Briefing . . . US-5 7-1-5 En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) . . . US-7 7-1-6 Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories . . . US-7 7-1-7 Categorical Outlooks . . . US-17 7-1-8 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) . . . US-17 7-1-9 Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska only) . . . US-18
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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7-1-10 Inflight Weather Broadcasts. . . US-18 7-1-11 Flight Information Services (FIS) . . . US-19 7-1-12 Weather Observing Programs . . . US-21 7-1-13 Weather Radar Services . . . US-28 7-1-14 ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance . . . US-31 7-1-15 Runway Visual Range (RVR). . . US-33 7-1-16 Reporting of Cloud Heights . . . US-34 7-1-17 Reporting Prevailing Visibility . . . US-34 7-1-18 Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets . . . US-34 7-1-19 Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) . . . US-35 7-1-20 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) . . . US-35 7-1-21 PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing . . . US-36 7-1-22 Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms . . . US-37 7-1-23 PIREPs Relating to Turbulence . . . US-38 7-1-24 Wind Shear PIREPs . . . US-40 7-1-25 Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs . . . US-40 7-1-26 Microbursts . . . US-40 7-1-27 PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity . . . US-48 7-1-28 Thunderstorms . . . US-48 7-1-29 Thunderstorm Flying . . . US-49 7-1-30 Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) . . . US-50 7-1-31 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats . . . US-52 CONTINUOUS AUTOMATIC TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST SERVICE . . . US-91 SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS FLIGHT SERVICE STATIONS AND NATIONAL
WEATHER SERVICE LEGEND . . . US-101 SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – UNITED STATES . . . US-103
SAFETY OF FLIGHT
SECTION 1. METEOROLOGY . . . US 7-1-1 7-1-1 National Weather Service Aviation Products . . . US 7-1-1 7-1-2 FAA Weather Services. . . US 7-1-1 Jeppesen Weather Services . . . US 7-1-3 7-1-3 Use of Aviation Weather Products . . . US 7-1-3 7-1-4 Preflight Briefing . . . US 7-1-4 7-1-5 En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) . . . US 7-1-6 7-1-6 Inflight Weather Advisories . . . US 7-1-7 7-1-7 Categorical Outlooks . . . US 7-1-16 7-1-8 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) . . . US 7-1-16 7-1-9 Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska only) . . . US 7-1-17 7-1-10 Inflight Weather Broadcasts. . . US 7-1-17 7-1-11 Flight Information Services (FIS) . . . US 7-1-18 7-1-12 Weather Observing Programs . . . US 7-1-20 7-1-13 Weather Radar Services . . . US 7-1-27 7-1-14 National Convective Weather Forecast (NCWF) . . . US 7-1-30 7-1-15 ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance . . . US 7-1-33 7-1-16 Runway Visual Range (RVR). . . US 7-1-35 7-1-17 Reporting of Cloud Heights . . . US 7-1-36 7-1-18 Reporting Prevailing Visibility . . . US 7-1-36 7-1-19 Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets . . . US 7-1-37 7-1-20 Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) . . . US 7-1-37 7-1-21 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) . . . US 7-1-37 7-1-22 PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing . . . US 7-1-38 7-1-23 Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms . . . US 7-1-39 7-1-24 PIREPs Relating to Turbulence . . . US 7-1-41
7-1-24 PIREPs Relating to Turbulence . . . US 7-1-41 7-1-25 Wind Shear PIREPs . . . US 7-1-42 7-1-26 Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs . . . US 7-1-43 7-1-27 Microbursts . . . US 7-1-43 7-1-28 PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity . . . US 7-1-50 7-1-29 Thunderstorms . . . US 7-1-50 7-1-30 Thunderstorm Flying . . . US 7-1-51 7-1-31 Key to Aviation Weather Reports (METAR)
and Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) . . . US 7-1-52 7-1-32 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats . . . US 7-1-53 SECTION 2. ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES . . . US 7-2-1 7-2-1 General . . . US 7-2-1 7-2-2 Procedures . . . US 7-2-1 7-2-3 Altimeter Errors . . . US 7-2-2 7-2-4 High Barometric Pressure . . . US 7-2-3 7-2-5 Low Barometric Pressure . . . US 7-2-3 SECTION 3. WAKE TURBULENCE . . . US 7-3-1 7-3-1 General . . . US 7-3-1 7-3-2 Vortex Generation . . . US 7-3-1 7-3-3 Vortex Strength . . . US 7-3-1 7-3-4 Vortex Behavior . . . US 7-3-2 7-3-5 Operations Problem Areas . . . US 7-3-3 7-3-6 Vortex Avoidance Procedures . . . US 7-3-3 7-3-7 Helicopters. . . US 7-3-4 7-3-8 Pilot Responsibility. . . US 7-3-4 7-3-9 Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations . . . US 7-3-5 SECTION 4. BIRD HAZARDS, AND FLIGHT OVER NATIONAL
REFUGES, PARKS AND FORESTS . . . US 7-4-1 7-4-1 Migratory Bird Activity . . . US 7-4-1 7-4-2 Reducing Bird Strike Risks . . . US 7-4-1 7-4-3 Reporting Bird Strikes . . . US 7-4-1 7-4-4 Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities . . . US 7-4-1 7-4-5 Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards . . . US 7-4-1 7-4-6 Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas . . . US 7-4-1 SECTION 5. POTENTIAL FLIGHT HAZARDS . . . US 7-5-1 7-5-1 Accident Cause Factors. . . US 7-5-1 7-5-2 VFR in Congested Areas . . . US 7-5-1 7-5-3 Obstructions to Flight. . . US 7-5-1 7-5-4 Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons . . . US 7-5-2 7-5-5 Unmanned Aircraft Systems . . . US 7-5-2 7-5-6 Mountain Flying . . . US 7-5-2 7-5-7 Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports . . . US 7-5-4 7-5-8 Seaplane Safety . . . US 7-5-5 7-5-9 Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash . . . US 7-5-6 7-5-10 Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft . . . US 7-5-7 7-5-11 Precipitation Static . . . US 7-5-7 7-5-12 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Operations and
Reporting Illumination of Aircraft . . . US 7-5-8 7-5-13 Flying in Flat Light and White Out Conditions . . . US 7-5-8 7-5-14 Operations in Ground Icing Conditions . . . US 7-5-10 SECTION 6. SAFETY, ACCIDENT AND HAZARD REPORTS . . . US 7-6-1 7-6-1 Aviation Safety Reporting Program . . . US 7-6-1 7-6-2 Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting . . . US 7-6-1 7-6-3 Near Midair Collision Reporting . . . US 7-6-2 7-6-4 Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports . . . US-7-6-2 CONTINUOUS AUTOMATIC TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST SERVICE . . . US-91
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SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS FLIGHT SERVICE STATIONS
AND NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LEGEND . . . US-101 SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – UNITED STATES . . . US-103
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – JAPAN
In this part of the METEOROLOGY section, selected Chapters and paragraphs have been extracted from ICAO Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation. Chapter and paragraph numbers reflect those contained in the Annex.
CHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS
1.1
DEFINITIONS
When the following terms are used in the Standards and Recommended Practices for Meteorological Ser-vice for International Air Navigation, they have the fol-lowing meanings:
AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY —
Concise summary of specified meteorological ele-ments at an aerodrome, based on statistical data.
AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLE —Table providing statistical data on the observed occurrence of one or more meteorological elements at an aero-drome.
AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE —An
office, located at an aerodrome, designated to pro-vide meteorological service for international air navi-gation.
AERONAUTICAL FIXED TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK (AFTN) — A world-wide system of aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of mes-sages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed stations having the same or compatible communica-tions characteristics.
AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGICAL
STA-TION —A station designated to make observations and meteorological reports for use in international air navigation.
AIRCRAFT OBSERVATION —The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements made from an air-craft in flight.
AIRMET INFORMATION — Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occur-rence or expected occuroccur-rence of specified en route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level aircraft operations and which was not already included in the forecast issued for low-level flights in the flight information region concerned or sub-area thereof.
AIR-REPORT — A report from an aircraft in flight prepared in conformity with requirements for position, and operational and/or meteorological reporting. NOTE: Details of the AIREP form are given in PANS-ATM (Doc 4444).
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE
(ADS) — A surveillance technique in which air-craft automatically provide, via a data link, data derived from on-board navigation and position-fixing systems, including aircraft identification, four-dimen-sional position and additional data as appropriate.
BRIEFING — Oral commentary on existing and/or expected meteorological conditions.
CLOUD OF OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE — A
cloud with the height of cloud base below 1500m (5000ft) or below the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, or a cumulonimbus cloud or a towering cumulus cloud at any height.
CONSULTATION — Discussion with a meteorolo-gist or another qualified person of existing and/or expected meteorological conditions relating to flight operations; a discussion includes answers to ques-tions.
EXTENDED RANGE OPERATION —Any flight by an aeroplane with two turbine power-units where the flight time at the one power-unit inoperative cruise speed (in ISA and still air conditions), from a point on the route to an adequate alternate aerodrome, is greater than the threshold time approved by the State of the Operator.
FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION — Written or printed documents, including charts or forms, containing meteorological information for a flight.
FORECAST —A statement of expected meteorolog-ical conditions for a specified time or period, and for a specified area or portion of airspace.
GAMET AREA FORECAST —An area forecast in abbreviated plain language for low-level flights for a flight information region or sub-area thereof, pre-pared by the meteorological office designated by the meteorological authority concerned and exchanged with meteorological offices in adjacent flight informa-tion regions, as agreed between the meteorological authorities concerned.
GRID POINT DATA IN DIGITAL FORM — Computer
processed meteorological data for a set of regularly spaced points on a chart, for transmission from a meteorological computer to another computer in a code form suitable for automated use.
NOTE: In most cases such data are transmitted on medium or high speed telecommunications channels. HUMAN FACTORS PRINCIPLES — Principles
which apply to aeronautical design, certification, training, operations and maintenance and which seek safe interface between the human and other system components by proper consideration to human performance.
INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH (IAVW) —International arrangements for monitoring and providing warnings to aircraft of volcanic ash in the atmosphere.
NOTE: The IAVW is based on the co-operation of avi-ation and non-aviavi-ation operavi-ational units using infor-mation derived from observing sources and networks that are provided by States. The watch is coordinated by ICAO with the co-operation of other concerned international organizations.
METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY —The authority providing or arranging for the provision of meteorolog-ical service for international air navigation on behalf of a Contracting State.
METEOROLOGICAL BULLETIN — A text
compris-ing meteorological information preceded by an appro-priate heading.
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION —
Meteo-rological report, analysis, forecast and any other statement relating to existing or expected meteoro-logical conditions.
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3
q$iMETEOROLOGICAL OFFICE — An office desig-nated to provide meteorological service for interna-tional air navigation.
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT — A statement of observed meteorological conditions related to a specified time and location.
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE — An artificial Earth satellite making meteorological observations and transmitting these observations to Earth.
OBSERVATION (Meteorological) —The evaluation of one or more meteorological elements.
PREVAILING VISIBILITY — The greatest visibility value, observed in accordance with the definition “vis-ibility”, which is reached within at least half the hori-zon circle or within at least half of the surface of the aerodrome. These areas could comprise contiguous or non-contiguous sectors.
NOTE: This value may be assessed by human observation and/or instrumented systems. When instruments are installed, they are used to obtain the best estimate of the prevailing visibility.
PROGNOSTIC CHART —A forecast of a specified meteorological element(s) for a specified time or period and a specified surface or portion of airspace, depicted graphically on a chart.
REGIONAL AIR NAVIGATION AGREEMENT —
Agreement approved by the Council of ICAO nor-mally on the advice of a regional air navigation meeting.
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE —The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line.
SIGMET INFORMATION — Information issued by a meteorological watch office concerning the occur-rence or expected occuroccur-rence of specified en route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations.
STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACE — An isobaric surface used on a world-wide basis for representing and analyzing the conditions in the atmosphere.
TROPICAL CYCLONE — Generic term for a
non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone originating over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized con-vection and definite cyclonic surface wind circulation.
TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY CENTRE
(TCAC) — A meteorological centre designated by regional air navigation agreement to provide advisory information to meteorological watch offices, world area forecast centres and international OPMET databanks regarding the position, forecast direction and speed of movement, central pressure and maxi-mum surface wind of tropical cyclones.
UPPER-AIR CHART —A meteorological chart relat-ing to a specified upper-air surface or layer of the atmosphere.
VISIBILITY —Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of:
a. the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognized when observed against a bright background;
b. the greatest distance at which lights in the vicin-ity of 1,000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit background.
NOTE: The two distances have different values in air of a given extinction coefficient, and the latter b. varies with the background illumination. The former a. is represented by the meteorological optical range (MOR).
VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY CENTRE (VAAC) —A meteorological centre designated by regional air nav-igation agreement to provide advisory information to meteorological watch offices, area control centres, flight information centres, world area forecast cen-tres, relevant regional area forecast centres and inter-national OPMET data banks regarding the lateral and vertical extent and forecast movement of volcanic ash in the atmosphere following volcanic eruptions.
VOLMET BROADCAST — Provision of current aerodrome meteorological reports (METAR) and special meteorological reports (SPECI), aerodrome forecasts (TAF), SIGMET by means of continuous and repetitive voice broadcasts for aircraft in flight.
VOLMET DATA LINK SERVICE (D-VOLMET) —
Provision of current METAR, SPECI, TAF, SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by SIGMET and, where available, AIRMET via data link.
WORLD AREA FORECAST CENTRE (WAFC) —
A meteorological centre designated to prepare and issue significant weather forecasts and upper-air fore-casts in digital and/or pictorial form on a global basis direct States by appropriate means as part of the aeronautical fixed service.
WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM (WAFS) —
A world-wide system by which world area forecast centres provide aeronautical meteorological en-route forecasts in uniform standardized formats.
1.2
TERMS USED WITH A LIMITED
MEANING
For the purpose of Annex 3, the following terms are used with a limited meaning as indicated below:
a. to avoid confusion in respect of the term “ser-vice” between the meteorological service con-sidered as an administrative entity and the ser-vice which is provided, “meteorological author-ity” is used for the former and “service” for the latter;
b. “provide” is used solely in connection with the provision of service;
c. “issue” is used solely in connection with cases where the obligation specifically extends to sending out the information to a user;
d. “make available” is used solely in connection with cases where the obligation ends with mak-ing the information accessible to a user; and e. “supply” is used solely in connection with cases
where either c. or d. applies.
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROVISIONS
2.1
OBJECTIVE, DETERMINATION AND
PROVISION OF METEOROLOGICAL
SERVICE
2.1.1 The objective of meteorological service for international air navigation shall be to contribute towards the safety, regularity and efficiency of inter-national air navigation.
2.1.2 This objective shall be achieved by sup-plying the following users: operators, flight crew mem-bers, air traffic services units, search and rescue ser-vices units, airport managements and others con-cerned with the conduct or development of interna-tional air navigation, with the meteorological informa-tion necessary for the performance of their respective functions.
2.1.3 Each Contracting State shall determine the meteorological service which it will provide to meet the needs of international air navigation. This determination shall be made in accordance with the provisions of this Annex and with due regard to regional air navigation agreements; it shall include the determination of the meteorological service to be provided for international air navigation over interna-tional waters and other areas which lie outside the territory of the State concerned.
2.1.4 Each Contracting State shall designate the authority, hereinafter referred to as the meteo-rological authority, to provide or to arrange for the provision of meteorological service for international air navigation on its behalf. Details of the meteo-rological authority so designated shall be included in the State aeronautical information publication, in accordance with Annex 15, Appendix 1, GEN 1.1 (not published herein).
2.1.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the designated meteorological authority complies with the requirements of the World Meteorological Organization in respect of qualifications and training of meteorological personnel providing services for international air navigation.
2.2
SUPPLY, QUALITY ASSURANCE
AND USE OF METEOROLOGICAL
INFORMATION
2.2.1 Close liaison shall be maintained between those concerned with the supply and those con-cerned with the use of meteorological information on matters which affect the provision of meteorological service for international air navigation.
2.2.2 Recommendation –In order to meet the objective of meteorological service for international air navigation, the Contracting State should ensure that the designated meteorological authority referred to in 2.1.4 establishes and implements a properly organized quality system comprising procedures, processes and resources necessary to provide for the quality management of the meteorological infor-mation to be supplied to users listed in 2.1.2.
2.2.3 Recommendation – The quality sys-tem established in accordance with 2.2.2 should be in conformity with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series of quality assurance standards, and certified by an approved organization.
NOTE: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series of quality assurance standards pro-vide a basic framework for the development of a qual-ity assurance programme. The details of a successful programme are to be formulated by each State and in most cases are unique to the State organization. 2.2.4 Recommendation – The quality system should provide the users with assurance that the meteorological information supplied complies with the stated requirements in terms of the geographical and spatial coverage, format and content, time and frequency of issuance and period of validity, as well as the accuracy of measurements, observations and forecasts. Where the quality system indicates that the meteorological information to be supplied to the users does not comply with the stated requirements, and automatic error correction procedures are not appropriate, such information should not be supplied to the users unless it is validated with the originator. NOTE 1: Requirements concerning the geographical and spatial coverage, format and content, time and frequency of issuance and period of validity of mete-orological information to be supplied to aeronautical users are given in Chapters 3, 4, 6 to 10 and Appen-dices 2, 3, 5 to 9 of Annex 3 and the relevant regional air navigation plans. Guidance concerning the accu-racy of measurement and observation, and accuaccu-racy of forecasts is given in Attachments A and B respec-tively to Annex 3.
2.2.5 Recommendation – In regard to the exchange of meteorological information for opera-tional purposes, the quality system should include verification and validation procedures and resources for monitoring adherence to the prescribed trans-mission schedules for individual messages and/or bulletins required to be exchanged, and at the times of their filing for transmission. The quality system should be capable of detecting excessive transit times of messages and bulletins received.
NOTE: Requirements concerning the exchange of operational meteorological information are given in Chapter 11 and Appendix 10 of Annex 3.
2.2.6 Recommendation – Demonstration of compliance of the quality system applied should be by audit. If non-conformity of the system is iden-tified, action should be initiated to determine and correct the cause. All audit observations should be evidenced and properly documented.
2.2.7 The meteorological information supplied to the users listed in 2.1.2 shall be consistent with Human Factors principles and shall be in forms which require a minimum of interpretation by users, as spec-ified in the following chapters.
NOTE: Guidance material on the application of Human Factors principles can be found in the Human Factors Training Manual (DOC 9683).
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3
q$i2.3
NOTIFICATIONS REQUIRED
FROM OPERATORS
2.3.1 An operator requiring meteorological ser-vice or changes in existing meteorological serser-vice shall notify, sufficiently in advance, the meteorological authority or the meteorological office(s) concerned. The minimum amount of advance notice required shall be as agreed between the meteorological authority or meteorological office(s) and the opera-tor.
2.3.2 The meteorological authority shall be noti-fied by the operator requiring service when:
a. new routes or new types of operations are planned;
b. changes of a lasting character are to be made in scheduled operations; and
c. other changes, affecting the provision of meteo-rological service, are planned.
Such information shall contain all details necessary for the planning of appropriate arrangements by the meteorological authority.
2.3.3 The aerodrome meteorological office, or the meteorological office concerned, shall be notified by the operator or a flight crew member:
a. of flight schedules;
b. when non-scheduled flights are to be operated; c. when flights are delayed, advanced or
can-celled.
2.3.4 Recommendation – The notification to the aerodrome meteorological office, or the meteoro-logical office concerned, of individual flights should contain the following information except that, in the case of scheduled flights, the requirement for some or all of this information may be waived by agreement between the meteorological office and the operator:
a. aerodrome of departure and estimated time of departure;
b. destination and estimated time of arrival; c. route to be flown and estimated times of arrival
at, and departure from, any intermediate aero-drome(s);
d. alternate aerodromes needed to complete the operational flight plan and taken from the rele-vant list contained in the regional air navigation plan;
e. cruising level;
f. type of flight, whether under visual or instrument flight rules;
g. type of meteorological information requested for a flight crew member, whether flight documen-tation and/or briefing or consuldocumen-tation;
h. time(s) at which briefing, consultation and/or flight documentation are required.
CHAPTER 3 – WORLD AREA
FORECAST SYSTEM AND
METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria related to this chapter are given in Appendix 2.
3.1
OBJECTIVES OF THE WORLD
AREA FORECAST SYSTEM
The objective of the world area forecast system shall be to supply meteorological authorities and other users with global aeronautical meteorological en-route forecasts in digital form. This objective shall be achieved through a comprehensive, integrated, worldwide and, as far as practicable, uniform system, and in a cost-effective manner, taking full advantage of evolving technologies.
3.2
WORLD AREA FORECAST
CENTRES
3.2.1 A Contracting State, having accepted the responsibility for providing a WAFC within the frame-work of the world area forecast system, shall arrange for that centre:
a. to prepare for grid points for all required levels global forecasts of:
1. upper wind;
2. upper-air temperature and humidity; 3. geopotential altitude of flight levels; 4. flight level and temperature of tropopause;
and
5. direction, speed and flight level of maxi-mum wind;
b. to prepare global forecasts of significant weather (SIGWX) phenomena;
c. to issue the forecasts referred to in a. and b. in digital form to meteorological authorities and other users, as approved by the Contracting State on advice from the meteorological author-ity;
d. to receive information concerning the accidental release of radioactive materials into the atmos-phere, from its associated WMO regional spe-cialized meteorological centre (RSMC) for the provision of transport model products for radi-ological environmental emergency response, in order to include the information in SIGWX fore-casts; and
e. to establish and maintain contact with VAACs for the exchange of information on volcanic activity in order to coordinate the inclusion of informa-tion on volcanic erupinforma-tions in SIGWX forecasts.
3.2.2 In case of interruption of the operation of a WAFC, its functions should be carried out by the other WAFC.
NOTE: Back-up procedures to be used in case of interruption of the operation of a WAFC are updated by the World Area Forecast System Operations Group (WAFSOPSG) as necessary; the latest revi-sion can be found at the WAFSOPSG website at: www.icao.int/anb/wafsopsg.
3.3
METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
3.3.1 Each Contracting State shall establish one or more aerodrome and/or meteorological office which shall be adequate for the provision of mete-orological service required to satisfy the needs of international air navigation.
3.3.2 An aerodrome meteorological office shall carry out all or some of the following functions as necessary to meet the needs of flight operations at the aerodrome:
a. prepare and/or obtain forecasts and other rele-vant information for flights with which it is con-cerned; the extent of its responsibilities to pre-pare forecasts shall be related to the local avail-ability and use of en-route and aerodrome fore-cast material received from other offices; b. prepare and/or forecasts of local meteorological
conditions;
c. maintain a continuos survey of meteorological conditions over the aerodromes for which it is designated to prepare forecasts;
d. provide briefing, consultation and flight docu-mentation to flight crew members and/or flight operations personnel;
e. supply other meteorological information to aero-nautical users;
f. display the available meteorological information; g. exchange meteorological information with other
meteorological offices; and
h. supply information received on pre-eruption vol-canic activity, a volvol-canic eruption or volvol-canic ash cloud, to its associated air traffic services unit, aeronautical information service unit and meteorically watch office as agreed between the meteorological, aeronautical information service and ATS authorities concerned.
3.3.3 The aerodrome meteorological office at
which flight documentation is required, as well as the areas to be covered, shall be determined by regional air navigation agreement.
3.3.4 The aerodromes for which landing fore-casts are required shall be determined by regional air navigation agreement.
3.3.5 For aerodromes without meteorological
offices
a. the meteorological authority concerned shall designate one or more meteorological offices to supply meteorological information as required; and
b. the competent authorities shall establish means by which such information can be supplied to the aerodromes concerned.
3.4
METEOROLOGICAL WATCH
OFFICES
3.4.1 A Contracting State, having accepted the responsibility for providing air traffic services within a flight information region or control area, shall establish one or more meteorological watch offices. or arrange for another Contracting State to do so.
3.4.2 A meteorological watch office shall:
a. maintain watch over meteorological conditions affecting flight operations within its area of responsibility;
b. prepare SIGMET and other information relating to its area of responsibility;
c. supply SIGMET information and, as required, other meteorological information to associated air traffic services units;
d. disseminate SIGMET information;
e. when required by regional air navigation agree-ment, in accordance with 7.2.1;
1. prepare AIRMET information related to its area of responsibility;
2. supply AIRMET information to associated air traffic services units; and
3. disseminate AIRMET information; f. supply information received on pre-eruption
vol-canic activity, a volvol-canic eruption and volvol-canic ash cloud for which a SIGMET has not already been issued, to its associated ACC/FIC, as agreed between the meteorological and ATS authorities concerned, and to its associated VAAC as determined by regional air navigation agreement; and
g. supply information received concerning acci-dental release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere, in the area for which it main-tains watch or adjacent areas, to its associated ACC/FIC, as agreed between the meteoro-logical and ATS authorities concerned, and to aeronautical information service units, as agreed between the meteorological and appro-priate civil aviation authorities concerned. The information shall comprise location, date and time of the accident, and forecast trajectories of the radioactive materials.
NOTE: The information is provided, at the request of the delegated authority in a State, by WMO regional specialized meteorological centers (RSMC) for the provision of transport model products for radiological environmental emergency response. The information is sent by the RSMC to a single contact point of the national meteorological service in each State. This contact point has the responsibility of redistributing the RSMC products within the State concerned. 3.4.3 Recommendation – The boundaries of
the area over which meteorological watch is to be maintained by a meteorological watch office should, is so far as is practicable, be coincident with the boundaries of a flight information region or a control area or a combination of flight information regions and/or control areas.
3.4.4 Recommendation – Meteorological
watch should be maintained continuously; however, in areas with a low density of traffic the watch may be restricted to the period relevant to expected flight operations.
3.5
VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY
CENTERS
3.5.1 A Contracting State, having accepted, by
regional air navigation agreement, the responsibility for providing VAAC within the framework of the inter-national airways volcano watch, shall arrange for that center to respond to a notification that a volcano has erupted, or is expected to erupt or volcanic ash is reported in its area of responsibility, by arranging for that center to:
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3
q$ia. monitor relevant geostationary and polar-orbit-ing satellite data to detect existence and extent of volcanic ash in the atmosphere in the are con-cerned;
b. activate the volcanic ash numerical trajectory/ dispersion model in order to forecast the move-ment of any ash ‘cloud’ which has been detected or reported;
NOTE: The numerical model may be its own or, by agreement, that of another VAAC.
c. issue advisory information regarding the extent and forecast movement of the volcanic ash ‘cloud’ to:
1. meteorological watch offices, area control centers and flight information centers serv-ing flight information regions in its area of responsibility which may be affected; 2. other VAACs whose areas of responsibility
may be affected;
3. world area forecast centers, international OPMET data banks, international NOTAM offices, and centers designated by regional air navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service satellite distri-bution systems; and
4. airlines requiring the advisory information through the AFTN address provided specif-ically for this purpose; and
NOTE: The AFTN address to be used by the VAACs is given in the Handbook on the Inter-national Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW) (Doc 9766) and at: http://www.icao.int/icao/en/anb/ met/index.html
d. issue updated advisory information to the mete-orological watch offices, area control centers, flight information centers and VAACs referred to in c. as necessary, but at least six hours until such time as the volcanic ash ‘cloud’ is no longer identifiable from satellite data, no further reports of volcanic ash are received from the area, and no further eruptions of the volcano are reported.
3.5.2 Volcanic ash advisory centers shall
main-tain a 24-hour watch.
3.5.3 In case of interruption of the operation of a VAAC, its functions shall be carried out by another VAAC or another meteorological center, as desig-nated by the VAAC Provider State concerned. NOTE: Back-up procedures to be used in case of interruption of the operation of a VAAC are included in the Handbook on the International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW) (Doc 9766).
3.6
STATE VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES
Contracting States that maintain volcano observato-ries monitoring active volcanoes shall arrange that selected State volcano observatories, as designated by regional air navigation agreement, observing:
a. significant pre-eruption volcanic activity, or a cessation thereof;
b. a volcanic eruption, or a cessation thereof; and/or
c. volcanic ash in the atmosphere
shall send this information as quickly as practicable to its associated ACC, MWO and VAAC.
NOTE: Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity which could presage a volcanic eruption.
3.7
TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY
CENTERS
A contracting State having accepted, by regional air navigation agreement, the responsibility for providing a TCAC shall arrange for that center to:
a. monitor the development of tropical cyclones in its area of responsibility, using geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite data, radar data and other meteorological information;
b. issue advisory information concerning the posi-tion of the cyclone center, its direcposi-tion and speed of movement, central pressure and maximum surface wind near the center, in abbreviated plain language to:
1. meteorological watch offices in its area of responsibility;
2. other TCACs whose area of responsibility may be affected; and
3. world area forecast centers, international OPMET databanks, and centers desig-nated by regional air navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed ser-vice satellite distribution systems; and c. issue updated advisory information to
meteoro-logical watch offices for each tropical cyclone, as necessary, but at least every six hours.
CHAPTER 4 – METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria related to this chapter are given in Appendix 3.4.1
AERONAUTICAL
METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS
AND OBSERVATIONS
4.1.1 Each Contracting State shall establish, at aerodromes in its territory; such aeronautical mete-orological stations as it determines to be necessary. An aeronautical meteorological station may be a sep-arate station or may be combined with a synoptic sta-tion.
NOTE: Aeronautical meteorological stations may include sensors installed outside the aerodrome, where considered justified, by the meteorological authority to ensure the compliance of meteorologi-cal service for international air navigation with the provisions of Annex 3.
4.1.2 Recommendation – Each Contracting
State should establish, or arrange for the estab-lishment of, aeronautical meteorological stations on off-shore structures or at other points of signifi-cance in support of helicopter operations to off-shore structures, if required by regional air navigation agreement.
