French Rev- 2014- For Upload.ppt

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Simulation Debrief

•

How did your group feel about the vote?

Was it fair?

•

Why did people eventually “rebel”?

•

Which Enlightenment thinkers would have

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Focus Questions

• What caused the French Revolution?

• What happened during the first events of the Revolution? • How did the French create a new nation?

Main Idea

Problems in French society led to a revolution, the formation of a new government, and the end of the monarchy.

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Basic Overview

France

France is in Europe

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INEQUALITY IN SOCIETY

•Varied widely in what they contributed in terms of work and taxes

• Made of Clergy • One percent of the

population

• Exempt from taxes • Owned 10 percent of

the land

– Collected rents and fees

– Bishops and other clergy grew wealthy

First Estate

• Made of Nobility

• Less than 2 percent of the population

• Paid few taxes

• Controlled much wealth • Held key positions

– Government – Military

• Lived on country estates

Second Estate

• Made up of the Peasants (including the Merchants) • Largest group—97% of the

population

•Bourgeoisie—city-dwelling merchants, factory owners, and professionals

•Sans culottes—artisans and workers

•Peasants—poor with little hope, paid rents and fees

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Causes of the Revolution

II. THE KING

There were long-standing resentments against the monarchy

•_{King at the top and estates under him}

– _{King Louis XVI}_{, shy and indecisive}

– _{Unpopular, self-indulgent queen,}_{Marie-Antoinette}

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The Necklace Scandal

• _{Worth 1,600,000 Livre} • _{Today about $100}

million

• _{Marie Antoinette}

refused to buy it—but people assumed she was guilty and it

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• Severe economic problems affected much of the country • France in debt, spending

lavishly, borrowing money, and facing bankruptcy

IV. Financial Crisis • Inspiring new ideas from

Enlightenment philosophers • Great Britain’s government

limiting the king’s power

• American colonists rebelled successfully against British king • New ideas changed

government and society in other countries

III. Enlightenment Ideas

Further Causes

• Hailstorm and drought ruined harvest; harsh winter limited flour production

• People hungry and angry; clergy and nobility no help

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Bread is too Expensive

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

% of Income Spent on Bread

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Leading up to the Revolution

• _{King decides the three Estates needs to pay higher}

taxes

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In response to the crisis…

• _{The wealthy and powerful classes demanded that}

the King call the Estates General – they had not been called in over 175 years

• _{Louis calls the Estates General in early 1789}

• _{Louis needed more money to fund his lavish lifestyle,}

foreign wars and correct the national debt

• _{Each estate prepared a Cahiers – notebooks and lists}

of the grievances (fairer taxes, freedom of press, & regular meetings of the Estates General)

• _{When it comes to voting on things (like who will pay}

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Voting Problems in France

Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate 1 1 1

Traditional Voting by Estate

# of Votes 300

300 Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Clergy

1st Estate

648

# of Representatives at Assembly

Commoners 3rd Estate

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The Third Estate Rebels

• _{Third Estate insisted on counting votes based on total}

people.

• _{King Louis the XVI did nothing}

• _{Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly- with}

the right to make new laws for France.

– _{So King Louis decides to lock them out} •The Tennis Court

Oath: “pledge never to separate until they have written a new constitution for

France.”

•_{Louis backs down—}

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The Wrong Move by the King

• _{King Louis the XVI orders troops to}

Paris and Versailles in case he needed to preserve the monarchy by force.

• _{Paris decides to arm itself.}

• _{When the Paris streets start buzzing}

with rumors that royal troops were going to occupy the capital, 800

Parisians assembled outside the

Bastille (medieval fortress that was used as a prison)

• _{Commander of the Bastille refused to}

open the gates and began to fire upon the Parisian

• _{The angry mob broke through the}

gates and killed five of his guards.

• _{This event is referred to as the}

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THE AFTERMATH

• _{18 Died} • ₇₃

Wounded

• _{1 head on}

stick

• _{7 Guards}

Died

• _{Held 7}

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Spread of Revolutionary Spirit

The Tricolor is the

Fashion!

Revolutionary

Playing Cards

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Spread of Fear – Louis Revenge?

• _{Peasants wreak havoc and burn paperwork showing}

their debt.

• _{Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen}

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

• _{The Declaration of the Rights of Man –}

document that was modeled after the

Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson was in Paris at the time)

• _{all men were free and equal in rights}

• _{all men should enjoy natural rights to liberty,}

property, security and resistance to oppression

• _{the government should exist to protect the}

people

• _{every man had the right to hold office based on}

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The King is moved to Paris

• _{King Louis the XVI orders 7,000 troops to guard him.}

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In 1791, the Legislative Assembly is formed. Citizens gained broad voting rights, but rights were not universal. Constitution restricted power of king and ended distinctions of birth. King and queen feared they would be harmed.

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• _{August 10, 1792 royal family imprisoned by mob}

• _{Radicals (Jacobins and San-Culottes) take full control of}

the legislative and create a new body called The National Convention

• _{National Convention completely abolished the}

monarchy and declared France a republic – they seized lands of nobles and abolished all titles of nobility

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Radical Leaders Take Charge of the

National Convention

• Jean-Paul Marat: violence is the answer

• George Danton: Originally argued for violence but

eventually says the Revolution goes too far.

• Maximilien Robespierre: Led the Revolution during it’s

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How is the Year 1790?

• _{People still hungry} • _{France still in debt…} • _Nobles

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1791

• _{Recall- 1789- Fish ladies}

force royals back to Paris (basically prisoners)

• _{King Louis—wants to leave} – _{Blue skies}

– _{Clean air}

– _{No threat of death in}

other country

• _{Couldn’t leave because}

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King Finally Makes a Decision

• _{Dress like servants}

– _Captured

• _{Everyone lives happily in France} is outraged

That guy sure looks fat…

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Radical Leaders Take Charge of the

National Convention

• Jean-Paul Marat: violence is the answer

• George Danton: Originally argued for violence but

eventually says the Revolution goes too far.

• Maximilien Robespierre: Led the Revolution during it’s

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Frances Neighbors Get Nervous

• _{Holy Roman Empire}

– _{Leopold II}

• _{controlled Austria}

• _{Marie Antoinette’s brother}

• _{French People still hungry}

– _{And broke}

• _{New leadership decides to}

– _{invade Austria?}

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The King is Put on Trial

• _{King sentenced to death}

by the Guillotine.

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The King is Put on Trial

• _{Tries to make a speech, but}

the drum beat drowned him out.

• _{When the King was dead, a}

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Transforming Society

Leaders wanted to erase connections to old ways of life Clergy members lost positions; churches closed in Paris

The King’s Death marks the beginning of a Bloody Era

Committee of Public Safety set up to manage military

Drafted all able-bodied men between 18 and 45 for service

The 12 member Committee had almost absolute power as it battled to save the revolution – its main purpose was to crush opposition to the new

government

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Revolutionary leaders feared counterrevolution and took drastic actions with accusations, trials, and executions. This period was known as the Reign of Terror.

Accusations and Trials

Robespierre used the Revolutionary Tribunal to rid the country of dissent. It started with the rival factions in the government, but soon anyone who had ever criticized the Revolution, or who had connections to the Old Order, was in danger.

Role of Suspicion

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The Reign of

Terror

Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt,

Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt,

severe, inflexible.

-- -- RobespierreRobespierre

Committee of Public

Safety

c The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris _{The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris}

alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months (176 people a month).

months (176 people a month).

c The total number of victims _{The total number of victims}

nationwide was over 20,000! nationwide was over 20,000!

c Do you think these people were _{Do you think these people were}

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The De-Christianization

Program

1.

1. The adoption of a new Republican The adoption of a new Republican

Calendar

Calendar:_:

 abolished Sundays & religious holidays.abolished Sundays & religious holidays.  months named after seasonal features.months named after seasonal features.  7-day weeks replaced by 10-day 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day

decades. decades.

 the yearly calendar was dated fromthe yearly calendar was dated from

the creation of the Republic the creation of the Republic

[Sept. 22, 1792] [Sept. 22, 1792]

The Convention symbolically divorced the

state from the Church!!

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The New Republican

Calendar

New Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

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The De-Christianization

Program

2.

2. The public exercise of religion wasThe public exercise of religion was banned.

banned.

3.

3. The Paris Commune supported the:The Paris Commune supported the:

 destruction of religious & royal statues.destruction of religious & royal statues.  encouragement of the clergy to give up encouragement of the clergy to give up

their jobs. their jobs.

4.

4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the

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War of Resistance to the

Revolution

c After Peasants won their goal- the end of Feudal Dues, they _{After Peasants won their goal- the end of Feudal Dues, they}

went back to their normal lives. went back to their normal lives.

c When the Nat’l Assembly instituted a draft, their hatred for When the Nat’l Assembly instituted a draft, their hatred for

gov’t erupted. gov’t erupted.

c “_“They killed our _{They killed our}

king, chased away king, chased away our priests, sold our priests, sold the goods of our the goods of our church, eaten church, eaten everything we everything we

have and now they have and now they want to take our want to take our bodies… no, they bodies… no, they shall not have shall not have them!”

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The Reign of

Terror

cThe leaders think:The leaders think:

More Violence (Terror)= More Control_{More Violence (Terror)= More Control}

cThe accusations become absolutely out of controlThe accusations become absolutely out of control

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“

The Death of Marat”

by Jacques Louis David,

1793

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Maximilien Robespierre

• _{Maximilien Robespierre – leader of the}

Committee of Public Safety

• _{“Liberty could not be secured unless criminals lose}

their heads”

• _{He was the chief architects of the Reign of Terror} • _{Responsible for the death of thousands}

• _{“Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts}

absolutely”

• _{Robespierre had gotten completely out of}

hand and carried away.

• _{July- 1974}

– _{He gives a four hour speech about his suspicion}

about the people running the country. Says he has a list of names that he will release the next day.

• _{When he shows up to give the list, he is}

interrupted and accusations pile up against him.

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The Revolution

Consumes

Its Own Children!

Robespierre Lies Wounded Robespierre Lies Wounded

Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be

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The Directory

• _{France starts over with the third constitution}

since the Revolution started in 1789

• _{New Constitution set up a five man Directory}

and two - house legislative elected by male citizens of property

• _{The Directory was very corrupt and Dictatorial –}

it would end in 1799

• _{As the Directory began to lose power politicians}

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• _{John Greene Vid}

– _{http://www.youtube.com/watch?}

annotation_id=annotation_855379&feature=iv&sr c_vid=PyZsLYxaIuM&v=NTMFtLAS90Q

• _{French Rev Documentary}

• _{http://www.youtube.com/watch?}