Lecture 2d Hypothesis

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RESEARCH ON ELT I

Lecture II Lecture II Rida Wahyuningrum Rida Wahyuningrum English Department English Department Wijaya Kusuma Universi

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By the end of this course, you will

By the end of this course, you will bebe able to :

able to :

mention the definition mention the definition and

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What is

Hypothesis?

Hypo-thesis thesis

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A

A research hypothesis

research hypothesis

is the statement

created by

created by researchers

researchers

when they speculate

upon the outcome of a

research or

experiment.

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Hypothesis is a tentative

prediction about the nature

of the

of the relationsh

relationship between

ip between

two or more

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A

A research question is essentresearch question is essentiallyially a hypothesis asked in the form of a hypothesis asked in the form of a question.

a question.

Eve

Everyry trutrue expee experimrimentental desal designign must have this statement at the must have this statement at the core of its structure, as the

core of its structure, as the

ultimate aim of any experiment. ultimate aim of any experiment.

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Hypotheses are single tentative Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches

guesses, good hunches——assumed forassumed for use in devising theory or planning

use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a experiments intended to be given a

direct experimental test when possible direct experimental test when possible (Rogers, 1966)

(Rogers, 1966)

DEFINITION

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A

A hypothesis is ahypothesis is a

conjectural statement of conjectural statement of the relation between two the relation between two or more variables or more variables (Kerlinger, 1956) (Kerlinger, 1956)

DEFINITION

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Hypothesis is a formal statement that Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship

presents the expected relationship

between an independent and dependent between an independent and dependent variable variable (Creswell, 1994) (Creswell, 1994)

DEFINITION

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DEFINITION

A

A hypothesis can be defhypothesis can be defined as ained as a tentative explanation of the research tentative explanation of the research problem, a possible outcome of the problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about research, or an educated guess about the research outcome the research outcome (Sarantakos, 1993) (Sarantakos, 1993)

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DEFINITION

A

A hypothesis is ahypothesis is a

statement or explanation statement or explanation that is suggested by that is suggested by knowledge or observation knowledge or observation but has not yet been

but has not yet been proved or disproved proved or disproved (Clark & Hockey,1981)

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NATURE

OF

HYPOTHESIS

1.

1. It It cacan be n be teteststeded——

verifiable or falsifiable verifiable or falsifiable 2.

2. HypHypothotheseeses ars are ne notot moral or ethical

moral or ethical questions

questions 3.

3. It iIt is nes neitheither too r too specspecificific nor too general

nor too general 4.

4. It iIt is a ps a predredicictiotion ofn of consequences

consequences 5.

5. It It is is coconsinsiderdereded

valuable even if proven valuable even if proven false

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EXAMPLE

You are an English teacher teaching students of You are an English teacher teaching students of junior high sc

junior high school level. hool level. YYou would likou would like to know whate to know what motivates them to read. You know that students of motivates them to read. You know that students of that age love some characters of motion pictures that age love some characters of motion pictures and stories to be told.

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So you will offer some kinds of reading to So you will offer some kinds of reading to them. You design an experiment to find them. You design an experiment to find out which type of reading that

out which type of reading that attracts theattracts the students most that they will take to read. students most that they will take to read.

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Y

You can ou can formulaformulatete an experimental an experimental hypothesis :

hypothesis :

When offered all five types of

reading, the students will

preferentially take comics.

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When offered all five

types of reading, the

students will

preferentially take the

type they like best.

Incorrect

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TYPES OF

HYPOTHESES

NULL HYPOTHESES NULL HYPOTHESES It is designated by Ho or H It is designated by Ho or HNN AL

ALTERNATERNATIVE HYPOTHESESTIVE HYPOTHESES

It is designated by H1 or H It is designated by H1 or H A A

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The

The NullNull Hypothesis represents aHypothesis represents a theory that has been put forward, theory that has been put forward, either because it is believed to be either because it is believed to be true or because it is to

true or because it is to be usedbe used as a basis for argument, but has as a basis for argument, but has not yet been proved.

not yet been proved. Note

Note::

It has serious outcome if It has serious outcome if incorrect decision is made. incorrect decision is made.

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The

The Alternative Alternative Hypothesis is aHypothesis is a statement of what a

statement of what a hypothesishypothesis test is set up to establish.

test is set up to establish.

-- OppOpposiosite of te of NulNull Hypl Hypothothesiesiss -- OnlOnly reay reacheched if Ho d if Ho is reis rejecjectedted -- Frequently “alternative” is actualFrequently “alternative” is actual

desired conclusion of the desired conclusion of the researcher.

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EXAMPLE

In a trial

In a trial of new curriculum, the

of new curriculum, the

NULL HYPOTHESIS

might be that :

the new curriculum is no better, on

average, than the current

curriculum.

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The

The AL

AL

TERNA

TIVE HYPOTHESIS

might be that:

The new curriculum has a different

content, on average, compared to

that of the current curriculum.

We would write H1:

The two curriculums have different

contents, on average.

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The

The AL

AL

TERNA

TIVE HYPOTHE

SIS

might be that:

The new curriculum is better, on

average,

than

the

current

curriculum.

We would write H1:

The new curriculum is better than the

current curriculum, on average.

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Rida Wahyuningrum Rida Wahyuningrum

English Department English Department Wijaya Kusuma Universi