The Tocharian subjunctive

0 B ? 0 I = B ; L C ; H M O < D O H = N C P ?

,.+!"/$.%"0

N?LP?LELCDACHAP;H

>?AL;;>P;H I=NIL;;H>?1HCP?LMCN?CN(?C>?H

IJA?T;AP;H.?=NIL);AHC@C=OMJLI@GL,"P;H>?L$?CD>?H

PIFA?HM<?MFOCNP;HB?NIFF?A?PIIL,LIGINC?M

N?P?L>?>CA?HIJ>CHM>;AM?JN?G<?L

EFIEE?OOL

>IIL

)C=B;xF,?SLIN

A?<IL?HN?GMN?L>;G

CH

JLIGINIL ,LI@>L)(O<INMES

IP?LCA?F?>?H ,LI@>L$#T?FF;

,LI@>L+$;=EMN?CH(O>QCA);RCGCFC;HM1HCP?LMCNsN)‚H=B?H ,LI@>L"$$'ILNF;H>N

,LI@>L#&,CH;OFNn=IF?,L;NCKO?>?M$;ON?MnNO>?M ,;LCDM

,LI@>L2?LB;A?H

@LIHN=IP?L PC?QIH/O<?C?;MNMCN?HILNBI@'O;JBINI<S'LCMNCH)?C?L <;=E=IP?L @L;AG?HNI@;GOL;F@LIG/CGMCGALINNI…64-JF;N?

JL?@;=?

;<<L?PC;NCIHM;H>MSG<IFM

CHNLI>O=NCIH

0I=B;LC;H

NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?

%H>I!OLIJ?;HMIOL=?M

;CG

MNLO=NOL?

GILJBIFIAS

CHNLI>O=NCIH

NL;>CNCIH;F;H;FSMCM

JLI<F?G

G?NBI>

MNLO=NOL?

=;N?AILC?MI@NB?P?L<

J?LMIH;H>HOG<?LI@NB?MO<D?=N

N?HM?

;MJ?=N

GII>

PIC=?

P;F?H=S

JLIHIOHMO@@CR

NB?MN?GJ;NN?LH

<;MC=MN?GM

>?LCP?>MN?GM

>?LCP?>@ILGM

IP?LPC?Q

NB?LIIN

NVfLIINM

NV7LIINM

ªVNLIINM

7VNLIINM

.LIINM;H>.LIINM

Q?;E=IHMIH;HNLIINMCH0I=B;LC;H

GILJBIFIAC=;F>CMNCH=NCIHM

;@@CR;NCIH

AL;>;NCIH

;@@?=NCIH

J;F;N;FCM;NCIH

MOJJF?NCIH

L?>OJFC=;NCIH

;==?HN

A?GCH;NCIH

MN?G>?LCP;NCIHCH0I=B;LC;H

IP?LPC?Q

JLCG;LSJL?N?LCN?M

>?LCP?>JL?N?LCN?M

T?LIJL?N?LCN?M

JLCG;LSMO<DOH=NCP?M

>?LCP?>MO<DOH=NCP?M

T?LIMO<DOH=NCP?M

JLCG;LSJL?M?HNM

>?LCP?>JL?M?HNM

T?LIJL?M?HNMILCHN?LH;FFS>?LCP?>JL?M?HNM

MN?G>?LCP;NCIHCH0I=B;LC;H

IP?LPC?Q

JLCG;LSJL?N?LCN?M

>?LCP?>JL?N?LCN?M

T?LIJL?N?LCN?M

JLCG;LSMO<DOH=NCP?M

>?LCP?>MO<DOH=NCP?M

T?LIMO<DOH=NCP?M

JLCG;LSJL?M?HNM

>?LCP?>JL?M?HNM

NB?CGJ?L;NCP?

0I=B;LC;H

0I=B;LC;H

NB?JL?N?LCN?J;LNC=CJF?

0I=B;LC;H

0I=B;LC;H

MOGG;LS

MSHN;R;H>G?;HCHA

CHNLI>O=NCIH

@ILG?L>?M=LCJNCIHM

;CG

JL?M?HN;NCIHI@?R;GJF?M

MNLO=NOL?

NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?CHG;CH=F;OM?M

<CFCHAO;FM

MO<D?=N

@CLMNJ?LMIH

MJ?;E?L

B?;L?L

H?ONL;FJL?>C=NCIH

KO?MNCIHM

=IGJ;L?>NINB?JL?M?HN

=IGJ;L?>NINB?IJN;NCP?

=IGJ;L?>NINB?CGJ?L;NCP?

NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?CHMO<=F;OM?M

=IH>CNCIH;FMQCNBMO<DOH=NCP?;JI>IMCM

=IH>CNCIH;FMQCNBJL?M?HN;JI>IMCM

=IH>CNCIH;FMQCNBCGJ?L;NCP?;JI>IMCM

?P?HNO;F

CN?L;NCP?

CH>?@CHCN?

AEID;:;M

=IH=?MMCP?

=IGJ;LCMIH

@CH;F

=IGJ;L?>NINB?JL?M?HN

=IGJ;L?>NIHIGCH;F=F;OM?M

=IGJ;L?>NINB?IJN;NCP?

INB?LOM?MI@NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?

MO<DOH=NCP?A?LOH>QCNBCGJ?L@?=N=IJOF;

MO<DOH=NCP?A?LOH>QCNBJL?M?HN=IJOF;

MO<DOH=NCP?A?LOH>QCNBMO<DOH=NCP?=IJOF;

JL?N?LCN?J;LNC=CJF?QCNBMO<DOH=NCP?=IJOF;

;>P?L<C;FM;H>J;LNC=F?M

NB?JL?M?HNMO<DOH=NCP?

NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?CHG;CH=F;OM?M

<CFCHAO;FM

HINCIHI@@ONOL?

MO<D?=N

@CLMNJ?LMIH

MJ?;E?L

B?;L?L

H?ONL;FJL?>C=NCP?

JF;>>L?MM

=IGJ;L?>NINB?JL?M?HN

=IGJ;L?>NINB?IJN;NCP?

=IGJ;L?>NINB?CGJ?L;NCP?

NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?CHMO<=F;OM?M

=IH>CNCIH;FMQCNBMO<DOH=NCP?;JI>IMCM

=IH>CNCIH;FMQCNBJL?M?HN;JI>IMCM

=IH>CNCIH;FQCNBCGJ?L;NCP?;JI>IMCM

INB?L=IH>CNCIH;FM

?P?HNO;F

CN?L;NCP?

CH>?@CHCN?

=IH=?MMCP?

@CH;F

=IGJ;L?>NINB?JL?M?HN

=IGJ;L?>NIHIGCH;F=F;OM?M

=IGJ;L?>NINB?IJN;NCP?

=IH>CNCIH;FMCHJLŒNCGIEÏ;N?RNM

INB?LOM?MI@NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?

MO<DOH=NCP?A?LOH>QCNBCGJ?L@?=N=IJOF;

MO<DOH=NCP?A?LOH>QCNBJL?M?HN=IJOF;

MO<DOH=NCP?A?LOH>QCNBMO<DOH=NCP?=IJOF;

JL?N?LCN?J;LNC=CJF?QCNBMO<DOH=NCP?=IJOF;

QCNB;>P?L<C;FM;H>J;LNC=F?M

JL?M?HNMO<DOH=NCP?

G?;HCHA

NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?CHG;CH=F;OM?M

NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?CHMO<=F;OM?M

NIQ;L>M;OHC@C?>G?;HCHA

NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?;H>;MJ?=N

ILCACH

CHNLI>O=NCIH

MO<DOH=NCP?

IJN;NCP?

JL?M?HN

ZJL?M?HNMO<DOH=NCP?b

J?L@?=N

CEB”NSJ?

J?L@?=NCP?JL?M?HN

;ILCMNCHDOH=NCP?

G?NBI>

?H>CHAM

JL?M?HN;=NCP?

JL?N?LCN?;=NCP?

JL?M?HNGC>>F?

JL?N?LCN?GC>>F?

=IH=FOMCIH

MIG?CLL?AOF;LP?L<M

:=IG?

:JON

:EHIQ

:AI

:AIION

:>LCHE

:A?N;H>:>I

=IH=FOMCIH

JL?M?HNMO<DOH=NCP?

ª_;MO@@CR

NVfLIINM

QCNBLIIN@CH;F7

““ª_{;>?HIGCH;NCP?M}

BO‰A7NSJ?

IA=;OM;NCP?M

=IH=FOMCIH

ªVfLIINMO<DOH=NCP?

CHNLI>O=NCIH

NB?JL?N?LCN?MO<DOH=NCP?

AL;>;NCIH;H>J;F;N;FCM;NCIH

I ;H> I7

;==?HN

NB?IJL?M?HN

DªIAª_;JL?M?HNM

$CNNCN?MA»?JLNz

MAJL?N?LCN?

EAL;>?

ªV7LIINMO<DOH=NCP?

AL;>CHAMO<DOH=NCP?

MN?GJ;NN?LH

=IGJ;L;NCP??PC>?H=?

JL?M?HNM

LIIN;ILCMN

NL;HM@?L

JL?N?LCN?JFOL;F

D7IAª_;JL?M?HNM

INB?LJL?M?HNM

;AL;>?JL?M?HNM

AB;F NSJ?

A’;MINSJ?

JªANSJ?

IF7H9MÆNSJ?

>C;=BLIHC=HIN?M

GCHILNSJ?M

ªOª_;MO<DOH=NCP?

wl_7MO<DOH=NCP?

;MO<DOH=NCP?

ª_;MO<DOH=NCP?

G?;HCHA

MO<DOH=NCP?

JL?M?HN

J?L@?=N

CHDOH=NCP?

M?G;HNC=MIOL=?MI@NB?0I=B;LC;HMO<DOH=NCP?

=IH=FOMCIHM

ILCACH

@ILG;NCIH

NIIFM;H>G?NBI>M

MOGG;LS

GILJBIFIAS

MSHN;R;H>G?;HCHA

ILCACH

IONFIIE

L?@?L?H=?M

CH>C=?M

0I=B;LC;H

0I=B;LC;H

+F>1SAOL

/;HMELCN

M;G?HP;NNCHACHB?N*?>?LF;H>M

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0B?L?@IL? CN CM BCAB NCG? NB? MO<DOH=NCP? Q?L? MNO>C?> CH CNM GILJBIFIAS CNM MSHN;R ;H> CNM ILCACHM 0BCM CM QB;N NB? JL?M?HN QILE ;CGM ;N )O=B Q?CABN CM ;NN;=B?>NICNMMSH=BLIHC=;H;FSMCM <INB@ILG;FFS;H>M?G;HNC=;FFS CHIL>?LNIMIFP? G;HSL?G;CHCHAJLI<F?GMI@>?N;CF <ONGIMNI@;FFNIOH>?LMN;H>NB?JLCH=CJF?M;H> J;NN?LHMI@NB?P?L<;FMSMN?G+HFSIHNB?<;MCMI@;NBILIOABOH>?LMN;H>CHAI@NB? MSH=BLIHC=@;=NM=;HQ?JLI=??>NINB?>C;=BLIHC=F?P?FCHMCABNCHNB?P;LCIOMGIL JBIFIAC=;FJ;NN?LHM;H>G;LE?LMCM;H?=?MM;LSJL?L?KOCMCN?@ILNB?OH=IP?LCHAI@NB? G;HS;H;FIAC=;FL?MNLO=NOLCHAM;H>L?J;CLG?HNM

0B? L?M?;L=B JL?M?HN?> B?L? Q;M =;LLC?> ION QCNBCH NB? @L;G?QILE I@ ;H 7II?IJ;DJ ?D EFB;?:?D= C+ JIMCNCIH ;N NB? ";=OFNS I@ LNM HIQ $OG;HCNC?M I@ (?C>?H 1HCP?LMCNS CH NB? S?;LM 3CNBION NBCM JIMCNCIH HINBCHA MCGCF;L =IOF>B;P?<??HJIMMC<F?%;GNB?L?@IL?AL;N?@OFNINB?MN;@@I@NB??HNL?I@*IH 3?MN?LH /NO>C?M QBI B;P? AL;HN?> G? NBCM IJJILNOHCNS ;H> NI &IM /=B;?E?H );;LN?H)IOM &?LI?HP;H>?3?CD?L;H>#?;$;EE?LQBIB;P?;FQ;SMMOJJILN?> G?QB?H%B;><?=IG?;G?G<?LI@NB?(?C>?H1HCP?LMCNS?HNL?@IL(CHAOCMNC=MCH GSM?=IH>S?;L

)SMCH=?L?NB;HEMAINI#?ILA?M&?;H,CH;OFN ,;LCM QBIB;MN;OABNG?0I=B;LC ;H @LIG NB? P?LS <;MC=M CH OJ NCFF ?H>F?MM G;NN?LM I@ GCHON? >?N;CF CH OLCHACHNIN;FNBL??FIHAMN;SMCH,;LCMB?B;MCHP?MN?>;HCH=L?>C<F?;GIOHNI@NCG? ;H>?@@ILN QBC=B%BIJ?;L?HINQ;MN?>$?B;MMBIQHG?BIQNIQILECH;@C?F>NB;N M??GM MI BIMNCF? NI <?ACHH?LM BIQ NI NL;HMF;N? 0I=B;LC;H J;MM;A?M ;H> BIQ NI JLI=??>C@SIO=;HNNL;HMF;N?NB?G

@ILNB=IGCHA<IIE,>;,E9>7H?7DL;H87BIOIJ;C@ILNB< QBC=B%B;P?<??HOMCHA MCH=?QCNBGO=BJLI@CN ;H>NIQBC=BCMI==;MCIH;FFSL?@?LL?>1H@ILNOH;N?FS % B;P?HIN<??H;<F?NI=IHMC>?L;H>CH=ILJIL;N?NB?G;CHN?RNI@B?L<IIE QBC=BMB? ECH>FSM?HNG?CH/?JN?G<?L

%HNB?F;MNNQIS?;LM %B;P?<??HGIMNECH>FSQ?F=IG?>IHM?P?L;FI==;MCIHM<S 3?LH?L 3CHN?L ,L??NT NB? @;NB?L I@ 0I=B;LC;H BCMNILC=;F FCHAOCMNC=M (IHA >CM =OMMCIH M?MMCIHM B;P? >CL?=N?> G? NI G;HS CGJILN;HN JLI<F?GM ?P?H C@ % >I HIN ;AL?? IH ;FF NIJC=M NB?M? >CM=OMMCIHM B;P? CH@FO?H=?> GS ;JJLI;=B CH ?MM?HNC;F JICHNM%NB;HEBCG@ILBCMCHN?L?MN;H>BCMBIMJCN;FCNS

0I/;MB;(O<INMES NB?MOJ?LPCMILI@GSNB?MCM %;GAL;N?@OF@ILBCM=IH@C>?H=? ;H> BCM KOC=E ;H> GCHON? =ILL?=NCIHM "OLNB?L % NB;HE .I<??E?M ;H> "LCNM 'ILNF;H>N QBI B;P? @ILG?> GS Q;S I@ NBCHECHA ;<ION F;HAO;A? ;H> F;HAO;A? =B;HA?;MGO=B;M/;MB;"LCNMB;M;FMIL?;>J;LNMI@;>L;@NP?LMCIH;N;H;G;TCHA MJ??>;H>BCM=IGG?HNMB;P?;FFF?>NICGJILN;HNCGJLIP?G?HNM

J;LN @LIG G;HS >CM=OMMCIHM ;<ION ,LINI%H>I!OLIJ?;H L?=IHMNLO=NCIH ;H> JBCFIFIAS GS@LC?H>M;H>=IFF?;AO?MFQCH'FI?EBILMN #OOM'LIIH?H (O=C?HP;H

??E;H>0CDG?H,LIHEB;P?MB;J?>NB?J;MN@CP?S?;LMQCNBG;HS>LCHECHAM?MMCIHM ;H>CH=L?>C<F?@OH;N=IH@?L?H=?M MOGG?LM=BIIFM ?N=1Q?FsMCHAB;M;FQ;SM<??H NB?L? @IL G;NN?LM I@ 0OLECMB IL M=;HHCHA ;H> MG;FF J?MMCGCMN M?MMCIHM IH H?;LFS ?P?LSNBCHA%;G@OLNB?LAL;N?@OFNI$;HHI(?=B?L QBIB;M<??H;<F?NIA?NBIF>I@; =IJSI@NB?1SAOL);CNLCMCGCN?>CNCIH

@N?L;FFNBCMFCHAOCMNC=M %GOMNHN@ILA?NGSMECG;N?MLHIO> ;PC> &ILCM;H> );LCDH ;H> HCN; "C?@ "L;HE &?MM? &OFC? );LNCDH ;H> ;FF INB?L =I@@?? ;H> <??L =IGJ;HCIHM(;MN<ONHINF?;MN%NB;HEGS@;GCFS GSJ;L?HNMII<E?;H>,C?N GS <LINB?LM3ION?L;H> ;PC> ;H>'LCMNCH

AL;GG;NC=;F;<<L?PC;NCIHM

"IL +F> 1SAOL FCHAOCMNC= N?LGM NB;N B;P? HI =F?;L J;L;FF?F CH 0I=B;LC;H IL %H>I!OLIJ?;H FCHAOCMNC=M L?@?L?H=?MNINB?AL;GG?LI@!L>;F;L?ACP?H ;<F ;<F;NCP? ;<M ;<MIFONCP? ;== ;==OM;NCP? ;=N ;=NCP?

;>D ;>D?=NCP? ;>D?=NCPCM?L ;AH ;A?HNHIOH ;FF ;FF;NCP? ;IL ;ILCMN =@;FMI!L>;F ;L=B ;L=B;C= =@,?SLIN; <?H <?H?@;=NCP?;ORCFC;LS =@!L>;F =F;MM =F;MMC=;F =@,?SLIN; =IFF =IFFIKOC;F =@,?SLIN; =IG =IGCN;NCP? =IH> =IH>CNCIH;F =@!L>;F =P< =IHP?L< =@!L>;F >;N >;NCP? >?G >?GIHMNL;NCP? >O >O;F ?GJB ?GJB;NC=J;LNC=F? ?KO ?KO;NCP? =@!L>;F @ @?GCHCH? @ON @ONOL? A?H A?HCNCP? A?L A?LOH> BOGCF BOGCFCNCP?;ORCFC;LS !L>;F CH>@ CH>?@CHCN? CH>?@CHCNCP?

CH@ CH@CHCNCP? CHMN CHMNLOG?HN;F CHN CHN?LD?=NCIH CJ@ CGJ?L@?=N CJP CGJ?L;NCP? FI= FI=;NCP? G G;M=OFCH? GC> GC>>F? H?A H?A;NCIH HIG HIGCH;NCP? I<F I<FCKO? IJN IJN;NCP? J?LF J?LF;NCP? J@ J?L@?=N JF JFOL;F JIMM JIMM?MMCP? JLCP JLCP;NCP? JLIB JLIBC<CNCP? JLIH JLIHIOH JLM JL?M?HN JLMM<D

F;HAO;A?;<<L?PC;NCIHM

F< F<;HC;H LG LG?HC;H BCH BCH?M? O ON=B "L "L?H=B

#E #L??E

#G #?LG;H

#INB #INBC= %%L %H>I%L;HC;H %L %LCMB %N %N;FC;H (;N (;NCH

(;NP (;NPC;H (?M< (?M<C;H#L??E (CNB (CNBO;HC;H ) )C>>F?

)$# )C>>F?$CAB#?LG;H )I )I>?LH

+ +F> +P +F>P?MN;H +/ +F>BOL=B/F;PIHC= +$# +F>$CAB#?LG;H +M= +M=;H

,%! ,LINI%H>I!OLIJ?;H

,LOMM ,LOMMC;H ,0 ,LINI0I=B;LC;H ,0 ,L?0I=B;LC;H ,0 ,L?0I=B;LC;H .OMM .OMMC;H /L /?L<ILI;NCIH /EN /;HMELCN 0 0I=B;LC;H 0 0I=B;LC;H 1S 1SAOL 2?> 2?>C=

5P 5IOHAP?MN;H

MSG<IFM

R JBIHIFIAC=;F@ILG

7R8 `JBIH?NC=@ILG

`OH=?LN;CHL?;>CHACH;0I=B;LC;H N?RN `L?MNIL;NCIHCHINB?L+F>1SAOL ;H>/;HMELCNN?RNM `;>>CNCIHCHNL;HMF;NCIHNIG;N=B !HAFCMBAL;GG;L R `L?MNIL;NCIHCH;0I=B;LC;HN?RN `;>>?>>?@?=NCP?PIQ?FCH+F> 1SAOLN?RNM URW GILJBIFIAC=;F@ILG \R] CH@CRCH;GILJBIFIAC=;F@ILG R L?=IHMNLO=N?>>C;=BLIHC=@ILG R >?>O=?>MSH=BLIHC=@ILG

>?P?FIJ?>JBIHIFIAC=;FFSCH

>?P?FIJ?>JBIHIFIAC=;FFS@LIG

R ILNBIAL;JBC=@ILG

>?P?FIJ?><S;H;FIASCH >?P?FIJ?><S;H;FIAS@LIG Ô SC?F>MNBLIOABT?LI>?LCP;NCIH Ó T?LI>?LCP?>@LIG Ö SC?F>MNBLIOAB>?LCP;NCIH Õ >?LCP?>@LIG ˆ LIIN

h =;?MOL; ;>>?>NINB?ILCACH;FN?RN

NVN LIINNSJ?

=IP?LMSG<IF@IL=IHMIH;HNM 2 =IP?LMSG<IF@ILPIQ?FM Ø M;H>BC

0I=B;LC;HMJ?FFCHA

/NLC=NFSMJ?;ECHA NB?JLIHOH=C;NCIHI@0I=B;LC;HCMOHEHIQH<?=;OM?NB?F;HAO;A?CM>?;> 0B?L?@IL? NB? =B;L;=N?LM I@ NB? %HN?LH;NCIH;F ,BIH?NC= FJB;<?N ACP?H <?FIQ ;L? HI GIL? NB;H;H;JJLIRCG;NCIH

MJ?FFCHA %, 7 7¸8

‰ 7;8 JIMMC<FS7;Â8

l 7º8

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MJ?FFCHA %,

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