Practice Test 1. Activity 3 (p. 9) shareholder n A shareholder is a person who owns

4

Practice Test 1

Module 1 - Activity 1 (p. 6-7)

exempt v To exempt a person or thing from a partic-ular rule, duty, or obligation means to state officially that they are not bound or affected by it.äHis health

exempted him from military service.FáðáëëÜóóù Þ

åîáéñþ (âÜñïõò, õðï÷ñÝùóçò, êëð.)

ratify a treaty phr When national leaders or organiza-tions ratify a treaty or written agreement, they make it official by giving their formal approval to it, usually by signing it or voting for it.äThe parliaments of Australia

and Indonesia have yet to ratify the treaty.Fåðéêõñþíù

óýìöùíï

slash v To slash something such as costs, jobs or pol-lution means to reduce them by a large amount. ä

Everyone agrees that subsidies have to be slashed. Fðåñéêüðôù äñáóôéêÜ

output n Output is used to refer to the amount of something that a person or thing produces.äManual

workers need a good breakfast for high-energy output.F

óõíïëéêÞ ðáñáãùãÞ

incentive n If something is an incentive to do some-thing, it encourages you to do it.äThere is little or no

incentive to adopt such measures.Fêßíçôñï

raft(of sth) n A raft of people or things is a lot of them. äHe has surrounded himself with a raft of advisers

who are very radical.F μεγάλος αριθμός ατόμων ή πραγ-μάτων

closure n The closure of a place such as a business or factory is the permanent ending of the work or activity there.ä...the closure of the Ravenscraig steelworks.F κλείσιμο

sulphur n Sulphur is a yellow chemical which has a strong smell.äThe air reeks of sulphur.FèåéÜöé, èåßï

advocate n An advocate of a particular action or plan is someone who recommends it publicly.äHe was a

strong advocate of free market policies and a multi-party system.FõðåñáóðéóôÞò, õðÝñìá÷ïò

curb v If you curb something, you control it and keep it within limits.ä...advertisements aimed at curbing the

spread of Aids...FêáôáóôÝëëù

pledge n When someone makes a pledge, they make a serious promise that they will do something.äThe

meeting ended with a pledge to step up cooperation between the six states of the region.FäåóìåõôéêÞ

õðüó÷åóç

prompt v To prompt someone to do something means to make them decide to do it.äJapan’s recession

has prompted consumers to cut back on buying cars.F

ùèþ, ðñïôñÝðù, ðáñáêéíþ

adhere v If you adhere to a rule or agreement, you act in the way that it says you should.äAll members of

the association adhere to a strict code of practice.Fτηρώ (κατά γράμμα)

implementation n Something which is required in order to fulfil a purpose. äVery little has been achieved

in the implementation of the peace agreement signed last

January.FåöáñìïãÞ, ðñáãìáôïðïßçóç

emerge v If a fact or result emerges from a period of thought, discussion, or investigation, it becomes known as a result of it.äThe emerging caution over numbers is

perhaps only to be expected.Fáíáäýïìáé, îåðñïâÜëëù,

áíáöáßíïìáé

initiative n An initiative is an important act or state-ment that is intended to solve a problem.äGovernment

initiatives to help young people have been inadequate.F

ðñùôïâïõëßá

prior n You use prior to indicate that something has already happened, or must happen, before another event takes place. äHe claimed he had no prior knowledge of

the protest.Fðñüôåñïò, ðñïçãïýìåíïò, ðñïãåíÝóôåñïò

upcoming adj Upcoming events will happen in the near future.ä...the upcoming Asian Games in Peking...

Fåðåñ÷üìåíïò

withhold v If you withhold something that someone wants, you do not let them have it.äThe captain

decid-ed to withhold the terrible news even from his officers.F

áðïêñýðôù, áðïóéùðþ

Activity 2 (p.8)

merge v If one thing merges with another, or is merged with another, they combine or come together to make one whole thing. You can also say that two things merge, or are merged. äBank of America merged with a

rival bank.F(óõí)åíþíù-ïìáé, (ãéá åðé÷åéñÞóåéò)

óõã÷ùíåýù-ïìáé

resume v If you resume an activity or if it resumes, it begins again.äAfter the war he resumed his duties at

Emmanuel College.Fáñ÷ßæù åê íÝïõ, îáíáñ÷ßæù,

óõíå÷ßæù

ensuing adj Ensuing events happen immediately after other events.äThe ensuing argument had been

bit-ter.Fðïõ åðáêïëïõèåß Þ Ýðåôáé

forum n A forum is a place, situation, or group in which people exchange ideas and discuss issues, espe-cially important public issues.äMembers of the council

agreed that it still had an important role as a forum for dis-cussion.F(ìôö.) ôüðïò äçìüóéáò óõæÞôçóçò

preparedness n Preparedness is the state of being ready for something to happen, especially for war or a disaster.äThe situation in the capital forced them to

maintain military preparedness.Fðñïåôïéìáóßá

rife adj If you say that something, usually something bad, is rife in a place or that the place is rife with it, you mean that it is very common.äBribery and corruption

were rife in the industry.F(ãéá êÜôé áíåðéèýìçôï)

åõñýôáôá äéáäåäïìÝíïò, âñßèùí

get through phr.v If you get through to someone, you succeed in making them understand something that you are trying to tell them.äAn old friend might well be

able to get through to her and help her.FκάνωêÜðïéïõ

íá êáôáëÜâåé, áðåõèýíïìáé óôç íïçìïóýíç êÜðïéïõ

Activity 3 (p. 9)

5

êÜôï÷ïò ìåôï÷þí, ìÝôï÷ïò

brainstorming n The practice of trying to solve problems or develop new ideas and strategies, etc by intensive group discussion in which suggestions and thoughts are put forward spontaneously.äLe Shuttle

was chosen after hundreds of other ideas had been tried and discarded during two years of brainstorming.F

ðñïóðÜèåéá åðßëõóçò ðñïâëÞìáôïò ìå óõíå÷åßò êáé åðßðïíåò óõóêÝøåéò, ðñïâëçìáôéóìüò

courtesy of phr If you say that one thing happens courtesy of another or by courtesy of another, you mean that the second thing causes or is responsible for the first thing.äThe air was fresh, courtesy of three holes in the

roof.FêáôÜ ðáñá÷þñéóéí ôïõ, ìå ôçí åõãåíÞ ðñïóöïñÜ

booth n A booth is a small area separated from a larger public area by screens or thin walls where, for example, people can make a telephone call or vote in secret.äI called her from a public phone booth near the

entrance to the barFèáëáìßóêïò, ìéêñüò éäéáßôåñïò

÷þñïò

earpiece n The earpiece of a telephone receiver, hearing aid, or other device is the part that you hold up to your ear or put into your ear. Fáêïõóôéêü

ôçëåöþíïõ

inter-lingual adj Of, relating to, or involving two or more languages. F äéáãëùóóéêüò

Activity 4 (p. 9)

lure v To lure someone means to trick them into a particular place or to trick them into doing something that they should not do. äHe lured her to his home and

shot her with his father’s gun.Fóáãçíåýù, äåëåÜæù,

«ðáñáóýñù»

Activity 5 (p. 10-13)

forefront n If you are at the forefront of a campaign or other activity, you have a leading and influential posi-tion in it.äThey have been at the forefront of the

cam-paign for political change.Fóôçí ðñþôç ãñáììÞ

unscrupulous adj If you describe a person as unscrupulous, you are critical of the fact that they are prepared to act in a dishonest or immoral way in order to get what they want.ä...the unscrupulous use of

hostages.Fáíåíäïßáóôïò, áäßóôáêôïò, ðïõ äåí Ý÷åé

çèéêïýò öñáãìïýò

bondage n Bondage is the condition of being some-one’s property and having to work for them.äMasters

often hired out their slaves and sometimes allowed them to share in earnings and to buy their way out of bondage.F

äïõëåßá, óêëáâéÜ

molten adj Molten rock, metal, or glass has been heated to a very high temperature and has become a hot thick liquid.äThe molten metal is poured into the mould.

FëåéùìÝíïò, ôåôçãìÝíïò Þ áíáëýùôïò ìå èÝñìáíóç brassware n F“ìðñïýíôæá”, ïñåé÷Üëêéíá

áíôéêåßìåíá, óêåýç Þ åßäç

pesticide n Pesticides are chemicals which farmers

put on their crops to kill harmful insects. F

ðáñáóéôïêôüíï

legislation n Legislation consists of a law or laws passed by a government.ä...a letter calling for legislation

to protect women’s rights.Fíïìïèåóßá, éó÷ýïõóá Þ

êåßìåíç íïìïèåóßá

enforcement n If someone carries out the enforce-ment of an act or rule, they enforce it.äThe doctors

want stricter enforcement of existing laws, such as those banning sales of cigarettes to children.F(ãéá íüìïõò,

êëð.) åðéâïëÞ, åöáñìïãÞ

compulsory adj If something is compulsory, you must do it or accept it, because it is the law or because someone in a position of authority says you must.äIn

East Germany learning Russian was compulsory.F

õðï÷ñåùôéêüò, (åî)áíáãêáóôéêüò

lobby v If you lobby someone such as a member of a government or council, you try to persuade them that a particular law should be changed or that a particular thing should be done.ä...they lobbied Parliament last

week to demand a better financial deal.Fáóêþ

(ðáñáóêçíéáêÞ) ðïëéôéêÞ ðßåóç

unionise v To organize (a workforce) into a trade union or trade unions. Fóõíäéêáëßæù

exploitation n Exploitation is when somebody uses your work or ideas unfairly and gives you little in return. ä...the planned exploitation of its potential oil and natural

gas reserves.FåêìåôÜëëåõóç

hazardous adj Something that is hazardous is dan-gerous, especially to people’s health or safety.äThey

have no way to dispose of the hazardous waste they pro-duce.Fåðéêßíäõíïò

sanction n Sanctions are measures taken by countries to restrict trade and official contact with a country that has broken international law.äThe continued abuse of

human rights has now led the United States to impose sanctions against the regime.Fêýñùóç, ôéìùñßá

provision n A provision in a law or an agreement is an arrangement which is included in it.äHe backed a

provision that would allow judges to delay granting a divorce decree in some cases.FäéÜôáîç, üñïò, ñÞôñá

transnational adj Extending beyond national boundaries or being of concern to more than one nation.

Fõðåñåèíéêüò

signator n FêÜðïéïò ðïõ óõíõðïãñÜöåé óõìöùíßá, êëð.

apartheid n Apartheid was a political system in South Africa in which people were divided into racial groups and kept apart by law.äHe praised her role in the

struggle against apartheid.FöõëåôéêÝò äéáêñßóåéò

predominant adj If something is predominant, it is more important or noticeable than anything else in a set of people or things.äAmanda’s predominant emotion

was that of confusion.Fðïõ åðéêñáôåß Þ äåóðüæåé,

êõñßáñ÷ïò

federation n A federation is a group of societies or other organizations which have joined together, usually because they share a common interest.ä...the British

6

affiliate v If an organization is affiliated with another larger organization, it is officially connected with the larger organization or is a member of it.äTheir country

is not affiliated to the Organisation of African Unity.F

åíôÜóóù Þ åéóäÝ÷ïìáé, ãßíïìáé ìÝëïò

transit n If people or things are in transit, they are traveling or being taken from one place to another.ä

They halted transit of EC livestock.FäéÜâáóç, ìåôÜâáóç,

ìåôáöïñÜ

delegate n A delegate is a person who is chosen to be the representative for another person or group of people at a conference or meeting.äThe delegates met in

Geneva.FáðåóôáëìÝíïò, åêðñüóùðïò, áíôéðñüóùðïò

core n The core of an object, building, or city is the central part of it.äThe core of the city is a series of

ancient squares.FðõñÞíáò,κέντρο

legitimate adj Something that is legitimate is accept-able according to the law.äThe French government has

condemned the coup in Haiti and has demanded the restoration of the legitimate government.Fíüìéìïò

registration n The registration of something such as a person’s name or the details of an event is the record-ing of it in an official list.äThey have campaigned

strongly for compulsory registration of dogs.FåããñáöÞ, êáôá÷þñéóç

monitor v If you monitor something, you regularly check its development or progress, and sometimes com-ment on it.äOfficials had not been allowed to monitor

the voting.Fåðïðôåýù, ðáñáêïëïõèþ, åëÝã÷ù

conduct n Someone’s conduct is the way they behave in particular situations.äHe has trouble understanding

that other people judge him by his social skills and his con-duct.FóõìðåñéöïñÜ, äéáãùãÞ

tremendous adj You use tremendous to emphasize how strong a feeling or quality is, or how large an amount is.äI felt a tremendous pressure on my chest.F

ôåñÜóôéïò, ðåëþñéïò

urgency n If something is urgent, it needs to be dealt with as soon as possible.äThere is an urgent need for

food and water.Fðßåóç ÷ñüíïõ, ôï åðåßãïí, âéÜóç

comply v If someone or something complies with an order or set of rules, they are in accordance with what is required or expected.äThe commander said that the

army would comply with the ceasefire.Fóõììïñöþíïìáé,

ðåéèáñ÷þ, åðéäåéêíýù óõììüñöùóç Þ õðáêïÞ

Module 2 - Activity 1 (p.14)

mediation n If something mediates a particular process or event, it allows that process or event to hap-pen and influences the way in which it haphap-pens.ä...the

thymus, the organ which mediates the response of the white blood cells...FìåóïëÜâçóç, ðáñÝìâáóç

provoke v If something provokes a reaction, it causes it.äHis election success has provoked a shocked reaction.

Fðñïêáëþ, åîÜðôù, äéåãåßñù

rubble n When a building is destroyed, the pieces of brick, stone, or other materials that remain are referred to as rubble.äThousands of bodies are still buried under

the rubble.FõëéêÜ Þ ìðÜæá êáôåäÜöéóçò, êôë.,

÷áëÜóìáôá

weathering n The physical disintegration and chemi-cal decomposition of rocks on or just beneath the Earth’s surface, with little or no transport of the altered rock material, which occurs as a result of exposure to wind, rain, humidity, extremes of temperature (eg frost), atmospheric oxygen, etc. F áðïóÜèñùóç

perpetual adj A perpetual act, situation, or state is one that happens again and again and so seems never to end.äI thought her perpetual complaints were going to

prove too much for me.Fóõíå÷Þò, áäéÜêïðïò, áÝíáïò

integral adj Something that is an integral part of something is an essential part of that thing.äRituals

and festivals form an integral part of every human society. Fæùôéêüò, ðïõ áðáéôåßôáé ãéá ôçí áñôéüôçôá, ôçí

ðëçñüôçôá Þ ôçí áñôéìÝëåéá, ðïõ óõíáðïôåëåß Þ óõíáðáñôßæåé

Activity 2 (p.15)

premises n The premises of a business or an institu-tion are all the buildings and land that it occupies in one place.äThe business moved to premises in Brompton

Road.F(óôåãáóìÝíïò) ëåéôïõñãéêüò ÷þñïò Þ üñéá

êôßóìáôïò, (åðáããåëìáôéêÞ) «óôÝãç»

Module 4 - Activity 1 (p.18)

approximately adv Almost, about, around, just about, more or less, nearly, roughly.äApproximately

$150 million is to be spent on improvements.Fðåñßðïõ,

ðÜíù-êÜôù, ÷ïíäñéêÜ

prompt v If you prompt someone when they stop speaking, you encourage or help them to continue. If you prompt an actor, you tell them what their next line is when they have forgotten what comes next.ä‘You

wouldn’t have wanted to bring those people to justice any-way, would you?’ Brand prompted him.F παρακινώ κάποιον να πει ή να πράξει κάτι

Activity 2 (p.19)

with a view to phr Fìå (áðþôåñï) óêïðü íá…

hence adv You use hence to indicate that the state-ment you are about to make is a consequence of what you have just said.äThe trade imbalance is likely to rise

again in 1990. Hence a new set of policy actions will be required soon.FÜñá, ùò åê ôïýôïõ, óõíåðþò, Ýôóé

contradictory adj If two or more facts, ideas, or statements are contradictory, they state or imply that opposite things are true.äCustoms officials have made a

series of contradictory statements about the equipment.F

áíôéöáôéêüò

Practice Test 2

Module 1 - Activity 1 (p.22-23)

genre n A genre is a particular type of literature, painting, music, film, or other art form which people consider as a class because it has special characteristics.

7

ä...his love of films and novels in the horror genre.Fείδος (συγκεκριμένο) λογοτεχνίας κτλ.

intrigue v If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.äThe novelty of the situation intrigued

him.FåîÜðôù ôï åíäéáöÝñïí Þ ôçí ðåñéÝñãåéá,

«óêáíäáëßæù»

implode v If something implodes, it collapses into itself in a sudden and violent way.äThe engine

implod-ed.FåêñÞãíõìáé ðñïò ôá ìÝóá

pilot n A pilot scheme or a pilot project is one which is used to test an idea before deciding whether to intro-duce it on a larger scale.äThe service is being expanded

following the success of a pilot scheme.Fåíäåéêôéêüò

preconceived idea n If you have preconceived ideas about something, you have already formed an opinion about it before you have enough information or experi-ence.äFive minutes after he had arrived for the interview,

I had abandoned my preconceived ideas about boxers.F προκατειλημμένη ιδέα

authoritative adj Someone or something that is authoritative has a lot of knowledge of a particular sub-ject.äThe first authoritative study of polio was published

in 1840.FÝãêõñïò, äüêéìïò

irreverent adj If you describe someone as irreverent, you mean that they do not show respect for people or things that are generally respected.äShe’s irreverent, fun

and hugely popular.FáíåõëáâÞò, áóåâÞò

excerpt n An excerpt is a short piece of writing or music which is taken from a larger piece.ä...an excerpt

from Tchaikovsky’s Nutcracker.Fáðüóðáóìá (êåéìÝíïõ), ðáñÜèåìá, ðåñéêïðÞ

prominence n If someone or something is in a posi-tion of prominence, they are well-known and important. äHe came to prominence during the World Cup in Italy.

FáíÜäåéîç, «äéÜêñéóç»

medium n A medium is a substance or material which is used for a particular purpose or in order to pro-duce a particular effect.äHyatt has found a way of

creat-ing these qualities uscreat-ing the more permanent medium of oil paint.FìÝóï (åíçìÝñùóçò Þ êáëëéôå÷íéêÞò Ýêöñáóçò)

compelled adj If you feel compelled to do something, you feel that you must do it, because it is the right thing to do.äDickens felt compelled to return to the stage for a

final good-bye.Fùèïýìåíïò (áðü áíÜãêç)

budding adj If you describe someone as, for example, a budding businessman or a budding artist, you mean that they are starting to succeed or become interested in business or art.äThe forum is now open to all budding

entrepreneurs.F(ìôö) áíáöáéíüìåíïò, åêêïëáðôüìåíïò

Activity 2 (p.24)

avert v If you avert something unpleasant, you pre-vent it from happening.äTalks with the teachers’ union

over the weekend have averted a strike.Fáðïóïâþ, áðïôñÝðù, ðñïëáìâÜíù

certify v If someone in an official position certifies something, they officially state that it is true.äIt has

been certified as genuine.Fâåâáéþíù, ðéóôïðïéþ,

åîáêñéâþíù

soundly adv If a decision, opinion, or statement is soundly based, there are sensible or reliable reasons behind it.äAre today’s hopes more soundly based than

the false ones of 1990?Fåíôåëþò, ðëÞñùò

tone v Something that tones your body makes it firm and strong.äTry these toning exercises before you start

the day.Fôïíþíù, äõíáìþíù (ôïõò ìõò, ôï óþìá, êëð.)

Activity 3 (p.25)

humanitarian adj If a person or society has humani-tarian ideas or behaviour, they try to avoid making peo-ple suffer or they help peopeo-ple who are suffering.äAir

bombardment raised criticism on the humanitarian grounds that innocent civilians might suffer.F

áíèñùðéóôéêüò, ïõìáíéóôéêüò

integration n Combining, incorporation, mixing, uni-fication.äWith Germany, France has been the prime

mover behind closer European integration.FÝíôáîç,

åíóùìÜôùóç

logo n The logo of a company or organization is the special design or way of writing its name that it puts on all its products, notepaper, or advertisements. F λογότυπο

barbed wire n Barbed wire is strong wire with sharp points sticking out of it, and is used to make fences.ä

The factory was surrounded by barbed wire.Fáãêáèùôü

óõñìáôüðëåãìá

Activity 4 (p.26)

astounded adj If you are astounded by something, you are very shocked or surprised that it could exist or happen.äI was astounded by its beauty.FÝêðëçêôïò, åìâñüíôçôïò

culprit n When you are talking about a crime or something wrong that has been done, you can refer to the person who did it as the culprit.äAll the men were

being deported even though the real culprits in the fight have not been identified.FÝíï÷ïò, äñÜóôçò

Activity 5 (p.27-30)

contemporary adj Contemporary things are modern and relate to the present time.äShe writes a lot of

con-temporary music for people like Whitney Houston.F

óýã÷ñïíïò, ôçò óýã÷ñïíçò åðï÷Þò

lumber n Lumber consists of trees and large pieces of wood that have been roughly cut up.äIt was made of

soft lumber, spruce by the look of it.Fïãêþäç Ü÷ñçóôá

áíôéêåßìåíá Þ Ýðéðëá, «óáâïýñá»

emancipatory adj LiberatedäShe is an emancipatory

woman.F÷åéñáöåôçìÝíïò

credit unions n ðéóôùôéêüò óõíåôáéñéóìüò/ συνεταιρι-στική τράπεζα

practitioner n Someone who practises an art or pro-fession. FêÜðïéïò ðïõ áóêåß åðÜããåëìá Þ ôÝ÷íç, åðáããåëìáôßáò

curriculum n a particular curriculum is one particular course of study that is taught in a school college or

uni-8

versity ä ...the history curriculum F διδακτέα ύλη

prejudice n Prejudice is an unreasonable dislike of a particular group of people or things, or a preference for a one group of people or things over another.äHe said

he hoped the Swiss authorities would investigate the case thoroughly and without prejudice.FðñïêáôÜëçøç,

ìåñïëçðôéêüôçôá

monies n Monies is used to refer to several separate sums of money that form part of a larger amount that is received or spent.äWe drew up a schedule of payments

for the rest of the monies owed.Fχρηματικά ποσά

commentator n A commentator is also someone who often writes or broadcasts about a particular sub-ject.ä...a political commentator...F(ñáäéïöùíéêüò Þ

ôçëåïðôéêüò) ó÷ïëéáóôÞò, ðáñïõóéáóôÞò

indicator n An indicator is a measurement or value which gives you an idea of what something is like.äThe

number of wells is a fair indicator of the demand for water. Fáõôü(ò) ðïõ äåß÷íåé, äåßêôçò (ïñãÜíïõ, êëð)

inextricably adv If two or more things are inextrica-bly linked, they cannot be considered separately. (FOR-MAL)äOur survival is inextricably linked to the survival

of the rainforest.Fáíáðüóðáóôá, áëëçëÝíäåôá

steeped adj If a place or person is steeped in a quali-ty or characteristic, they are surrounded by it or deeply influenced by it.äThe castle is steeped in history and

leg-end.FâõèéóìÝíïò, âïõôçãìÝíïò

sound v If something such as a horn or a bell sounds or if you sound it, it makes a noise.äThe buzzer

sound-ed in Daniel’s office.Fêñïýù

sound the warning bell

undermine v If you undermine something such as a feeling or a system, you make it less strong or less secure than it was before, often by a gradual process or by repeated efforts.äOffering advice on each and every

problem will undermine her feeling of being adult.F

õðïíïìåýù, õðïóêÜðôù

mobility n A tendency to move.ä…class barriers

which prevented social mobility.Fêéíçôéêüôçôá

shift n Move, displacement, rearrangement, shifting. ä…a shift in government policy...Fâáèìéáßá ìåôáâïëÞ Þ

ìåôáóôñïöÞ

deteriorate v If something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way.äThere are fears that the situation

might deteriorate into full-scale war.Fåðéäåéíþíïìáé, ÷åéñïôåñåýù

corporate adj Corporate means relating to business corporations or to a particular business corporation.ä

This established a strong corporate image.F«åôáéñéêüò», óõëëïãéêüò

comprehensive adj Something that is comprehensive includes everything that is needed or relevant.äThe

Rough Guide to Nepal is a comprehensive guide to the region.Fáíáëõôéêüò, ðåñéåêôéêüò, åêôåíÞò

embodied adj If something is embodied in a particu-lar thing, the second thing contains or consists of the first.äThe proposal has been embodied in a draft

resolu-tion.FåíóùìáôùìÝíïò, ðåñéëáìâáíüìåíïò

reflection n Careful and thoughtful consideration; contemplation.äHe was lost in reflection.F

óõëëïãéóìüò, óôï÷áóìüò, (âáèéÜ) óêÝøç

interdisciplinary adj Interdisciplinary means involv-ing more than one academic subject.ä...interdisciplinary

courses combining psychology, philosophy and linguistics. Fðïõ êáëýðôåé äýï Þ ðåñéóóüôåñïõò åðéóôçìïíéêïýò

ôïìåßò

invigorate v If something invigorates you, it makes you feel more energetic.äTake a deep breath in to

invig-orate you.Fåíéó÷ýù, åíäõíáìþíù, ôïíþíù

instrumental adj Someone or something that is instrumental in a process or event helps to make it hap-pen.äIn his first years as chairman he was instrumental

in raising the company’s wider profile.Fðïõ áðïôåëåß ôï

ìÝóï åðßôåõîçò, óõíôåëåóôéêüò, áðïöáóéóôéêïý ñüëïõ converging adj If different ideas or societies con-verge, they stop being different and become similar to each other.äSpeeches delivered yesterday by Mr Dewar

and Mr Wallace indicated their views were converging.F

óõãêëßíïõóá (ðñïóåããßæïõóá)

globalisation n äTrends toward the globalization of

industry have dramatically affected food production in California.Fãåíßêåõóç óå ðáãêüóìéá êëßìáêá, ðáãêïóìéïðïßçóç

cross-trained adj Said of a person, animal, etc. having received training. Fðïëõ-åêðáéäåõìÝíïò

legitimisation n Said especially about conferring the rights and privileges of legitimate birth, making legitimate.ä…legitimization of a child.F

íïìéìïðïßçóç

prevalent adj A condition or belief that is prevalent is common.äThis condition is more prevalent in women

than in men.Fðïõ åðéêñáôåß, åðéêñáôþí, «êõñßáñ÷ïò»

drawback n a drawback is an aspect of something or someone that makes them less accaptsble than they would otherwise be. ä He felt the apartment’s only

draw-back was that it was too small.F μειονέκτημα

fulfilment n fulfilment is a feeling of satisfaction that you get from doing or achieving something, especially something useful.ä ...professional fulfilment F καταξίωση

current adj Current means happening, being used, or being done at the present time.äThe current situation is

very different to that in 1990.Fðáñþí, ôñÝ÷ùí, ôùñéíüò

trait n A trait is a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has.äThe study

found that some alcoholics had clear personality traits showing up early in childhood.F(éäéáßôåñï) ãíþñéóìá Þ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü ôçò ðñïóùðéêüôçôáò

inherent adj The inherent qualities of something are the necessary and natural parts of it.äStress is an

inher-ent part of dieting.FÝìöõôïò, åããåíÞò

remedy v If you remedy something that is wrong or harmful, you correct it or improve it.äA great deal has

been done internally to remedy the situation.F

áðïêáèéóôþ, åðáíïñèþíù, äéïñèþíù

9

Mr Dobson promised to widen the organisation’s scope of activity. Fðåäßï/öÜóìá, ðëáßóéï Þ óöáßñá åðÝìâáóçò Þ

áñìïäéüôçôáò, ðñïïðôéêÞ

Module 2 - Activity 1 (p.31)

arouse v If something arouses a particular reaction or attitude in people, it causes them to have that reaction or attitude.äHis revolutionary work in linguistics has aroused

intense scholarly interest.Fêéíþ, åìðíÝù, διεγείρω

speculate v If you speculate about something, you make guesses about its nature or identity, or about what might happen.äIt would be unfair to Debby’s family to

speculate on the reasons for her suicide.FåéêÜæù,

ðéèáíïëïãþ, «õðïèÝôù»

database n A database is a collection of data that is stored in a computer and that can easily be used and added to.äThey maintain a database of hotels that cater

for businesswomen.Fêåíôñéêü çëåêôñïíéêü áñ÷åßï, βάση δεδομένων

impact n The impact that something has on a situa-tion, process, or person is a sudden and powerful effect that it has on them.äThey say they expect the meeting to

have a marked impact on the future of the country.F

áíôßêôõðïò, åðßðôùóç

jointly adv Collectively, as one, in common, in part-nership, together.äThe Port Authority is an agency

joint-ly run by New York and New Jersey.Fáðü êïéíïý, åî

áäéáéñÝôïõ

vulnerability näTaking long-term courses of certain

medicines may increase vulnerability to infection.F

åõðÜèåéá

devastating adj If you describe something as devas-tating, you are emphasizing that it is very harmful or damaging.äAffairs do have a devastating effect on

mar-riages.Fêáôáóôñåðôéêüò, ïëÝèñéïò

infrastructure n The infrastructure of a country, society, or organization consists of the basic facilities such as transport, communications, power supplies, and buildings, which enable it to function.ä...improvements

in the country’s infrastructure...FõðïäïìÞ

grid n A grid is a network of wires and cables by which sources of power, such as electricity, are distrib-uted throughout a country or area.ä...breakdowns in

communications and electric power grids.Fäßêôõï,

óýóôçìá

premise n A premise is something that you suppose is true and that you use as a basis for developing an idea.ä

The premise is that schools will work harder to improve if they must compete.FâÜóç óõëëïãéóìïý, ðñïóõëëïãéóìüò

surveillance n Surveillance is the careful watching of someone, especially by an organization such as the police or the army.äHe was arrested after being kept

under constant surveillance.FåðéôÞñçóç, (óôåíÞ)

ðáñáêïëïýèçóç

authoritarian regime n áðïëõôáñ÷éêü êáèåóôþò cast (vote) v When you cast your vote in an election, you vote.äAbout ninety-five per cent of those who cast

their votes approve.Fñß÷íù ôçí øÞöï ìïõ

turnout n The turnout in an election is the number of people who vote in it, as a proportion of the number of people who have the right to vote in it.äIn 1988 the

turnout was 50%.FðëÞèïò óõíÜèñïéóçò, ðñïóÝëåõóç

polarization n If something polarizes people or if something polarizes, two separate groups are formed with opposite opinions or positions. äMissile

deploy-ment did much to further polarize opinion in Britain.F

ðüëùóç

interaction n Action or influence of people or things on each other.äThis can sometimes lead to somewhat

superficial interactions with other people.F

áëëçëåðßäñáóç, óõíåñãáóßá

via prep If you do something via a particular means or person, you do it by making use of that means or per-son.äThe technology to allow relief workers to contact the

outside world via satellite already exists.FäéáìÝóïõ, ìÝóù

Module 3 - Activity 1 (p.33)

gulf n A gulf is a large area of sea which extends a long way into the surrounding land.äHurricane Andrew

was last night heading into the Gulf of Mexico.Fêüëðïò

(ãåùãñáößá)

indispensable adj If you say that someone or some-thing is indispensable, you mean that they are absolutely essential and other people or things cannot function without them.äShe was becoming indispensable to him.

Fáðïëýôùò áðáñáßôçôïò, áíáãêáßïò

rudimentary adj Rudimentary things are very basic or simple and are therefore unsatisfactory.äThe earth

surface of the courtyard extended into a kind of rudimenta-ry kitchen.Fóôïé÷åéþäçò

poke fun at sb/sth phr If you poke fun at someone or something you laugh at them, tease them, or make jokes about them in a way that causes them to seem ridiculous.äDon’t poke fun of me.F«äïõëåýù»,

êïñïúäåýù êÜðïéïí/ êÜôé

Activity 2 (p.34)

exhilaration n Exhilaration is a strong feeling of excite-ment and happiness. Fåõöñïóýíç, éëáñüôçôá, ÷áñÜ

mountaineering n Mountaineering is the activity of climbing the steep sides of mountains as a hobby or sport. Fïñåéâáóßá, áëðéíéóìüò

Activity 3 (p.34)

awareness n Knowledge, consciousness, realization, recognition, understanding.äThere has been an

increas-ing awareness that many people are affected by crime.F

åðßãíùóç, óõíáßóèçóç, óõíåéäçôïðïßçóç

inevitable adj If something is inevitable, it is certain to happen and cannot be prevented or avoided.äIf the

case succeeds, it is inevitable that other trials will follow.F

áíáðüöåõêôïò, ìïéñáßïò

Module 4 - Activity 1 (p.36)

sta-10

tus, wealth, or opportunity between people or groups.ä

People are concerned about corruption and social inequali-ty.Fáíéóüôçôá

Practice Test 3

Module 1 - Activity 1 (p.40-41)

weighty adj If you describe something such as an issue or a decision as weighty, you mean that it is serious or important. (FORMAL)äSurely such weighty matters

merit a higher level of debate? Fâáñýò, âáñõóÞìáíôïò,

âáñýíùí

resolution n If you make a resolution, you decide to try very hard to do something.äThey made a resolution

to lose all the weight gained during the Christmas period.F

áðüöáóç

obesity n Fatness.ä...the excessive consumption of

sugar that leads to problems of obesity.Fðá÷õóáñêßá,

õðåñâïëéêü ðÜ÷ïò

index n An index is a system by which changes in the value of something and the rate at which it changes can be recorded, measured, or interpreted.äThe UK retail

price index for October is expected to show an increase of 0.8 per cent.FìÝãåèïò ðïõ ðñïóäéïñßæåé ôï óõãêñéôéêü

åðßðåäï, äåßêôçò

heart failure n Heart failure is a serious medical condition in which someone’s heart does not work as well as it should, sometimes stopping completely so that they die.äHe remained in a critical condition after

suffer-ing heart failure.FêáñäéáêÞ áíåðÜñêåéá Þ óõãêïðÞ

urinate v When someone urinates, they get rid of urine from their body. Fïõñþ

blood vessel n Blood vessels are the narrow tubes through which your blood flows. Fáéìïöüñï áããåßï cell membrane n A membrane is a thin piece of skin which covers parts of a person’s or animal’s body, especially the cells. FêõôôáñéêÞ ìåìâñÜíç

subsequent adj You use subsequent to describe something that happened or existed after the time or event that has just been referred to.ä...the increase of

population in subsequent years...Fåðáêüëïõèïò, ìåôáãåíÝóôåñïò

saturated fat n Saturated fats are types of fat that are found in some foods, especially meat, eggs, and things such as butter and cheese. They are believed to help cause heart disease and some other illnesses if eaten too often.ä...foods rich in cholesterol and

saturat-ed fats.FêïñåóìÝíï ëßðïò

hereditary adj A hereditary characteristic or illness is passed on to a child from its parents before it is born. äCystic fibrosis is the commonest fatal hereditary disease.

Fêëçñïíïìéêüò

Activity 2 (p.42)

oversee v If someone in authority oversees a job or an activity, they make sure that it is done properly.ä

Use a surveyor or architect to oversee and inspect the

dif-ferent stages of the work.Fåðéôçñþ, åðéóôáôþ, åðéâëÝðù

demonstrate v To demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.äThe study also demonstrated a direct link

between obesity and mortality.Fåðéäåéêíýù, αποδεικνύω

depreciate v If something such as a currency depreci-ates or if something deprecidepreci-ates it, it loses some of its original value.äInflation is rising rapidly; the yuan is

depreciating.FåðéöÝñù Þ õößóôáìáé õðïôßìçóç

initiate v If you initiate something, you start it or cause it to happen.äThey wanted to initiate a discussion

on economics.FèÝôù óå åöáñìïãÞ Þ ëåéôïõñãßá, «åãêáéíéÜæù»

commence v When something commences or you commence it, it begins.äThe academic year commences

at the beginning of October.Fðñïâáßíù óôçí Ýíáñîç, áñ÷ßæù

devise v If you devise a plan, system, or machine, you have the idea for it and design it.äWe devised a scheme

to help him.Fåðéíïþ, ìç÷áíåýïìáé, óêáñþíù

articulate v When you articulate your ideas or feel-ings, you express them clearly in words.äThe president

has been accused of failing to articulate an overall vision in foreign affairs.FðñïöÝñù ìå åõêñßíåéá, áñèñþíù utmost adj You can use utmost to emphasize the importance or seriousness of something or to emphasize the way that it is done.äIt is a matter of the utmost

urgency to find out what has happened to these people.F

ìÝãéóôïò, ýøéóôïò

illustration n An illustration is an example or a story which is used to make a point clear.äAn illustration of

China’s dynamism is that a new company is formed in Shanghai every 11 seconds.Fáðåéêüíéóç Þ ðáñÜèåóç

ðáñáäåßãìáôïò

block n If you have a mental block or a block, you are temporarily unable to do something that you can normally do which involves using, thinking about, or remembering something. Fåìðüäéï, öñáãìüò

equal v to equal something or someone means to be as good or as great as themä9 No amount of money can

equal memories like that F(åî)éóïýìáé (ðñïò), åßìáé

ßóïò ðñïò

perceptive adj If you describe a person or their remarks or thoughts as perceptive, you think that they are good at noticing or realizing things, especially things that are not obvious.äHe was one of the most perceptive

US political commentators.Fäéïñáôéêüò, ïîõäåñêÞò

Activity 3 (p.43)

query n A query is a question, especially one that you ask an organization, publication, or expert.äIf you have

any queries about this insurance, please contact Travel Insurance Services Limited.F(ôéèÝìåíç/õðïâáëëüìåíç) åñþôçóç, áðïñßá

overload v If you overload something such as a vehi-cle, you put more things or people into it than it was designed to carry.äDon’t overload the boat or it will

sink. Fõðåñöïñôþíù, ðáñáöïñôþíù

11

was slotting a CD into a CD player.FâÜæù, ôïðïèåôþ

rack n A rack is a frame or shelf, usually with bars or hooks, that is used for holding things or for hanging things on.äA luggage rack, which fits over the spare

wheel, is a sensible option.FñÜöé ãéá äéÜöïñá

áíôéêåßìåíá

suffocation n Suffocation is when sb is killed by a lack of air.äMany of the victims died of suffocation.F

áóöõîßá, ðíßîéìï

Activity 4 (p.43)

captivating adj Someone or something that is capti vating fascinates or attracts you.ä...her captivating smile

and alluring looks.Fóáãçíåõôéêüò

imperial adj Imperial is used to refer to things or people that are or were connected with an empire. ä

...the Imperial Palace in Tokyo...Fáõôïêñáôïñéêüò

maritime adj Maritime is used to describe things relating to the sea and to ships.ä...the largest maritime

museum of its kind.Fíáõôéêüò, íáõôéëéáêüò

Activity 5 (p.44-47)

redundancy n If you are made redundant, your employer tells you to leave because your job is no longer necessary or because your employer cannot afford to keep paying you.äMy husband was made redundant late

last year.F(áðïëõüìåíïò) õðåñÜñéèìïò åñãáæïìÝíùí

immerse v If you immerse yourself in something that you are doing, you become completely involved in it.ä

Their commitments do not permit them to immerse them-selves in current affairs as fully as they might wish.F

åìðëÝêù, εμποδίζω

jargon n You use jargon to refer to words and expres sions that are used in special or technical ways by partic ular groups of people, often making the language diffi cult to understand.äThe manual is full of the jargon and

slang of self-improvement courses.FåîåéäéêåõìÝíç Þ

åðáããåëìáôéêÞ öñáóåïëïãßá

gadget n A gadget is a small machine or device which does something useful. You sometimes refer to something as a gadget when you are suggesting that it is complicated and unnecessary.ä...sales of kitchen gadgets

including toasters, kettles and percolators.Fìéêñü

åñãáëåßï Þ óõóêåõÞ

spam n In computing, spam is unwanted e-mails sent to large numbers of people or organisations, usually as advertising.ä...programmes that let you spam the news

papers.F(μτφ) ηλεκτρονικά μηνύματα με ανεπιθύμητο περ ιεχόμενο

pantry n A pantry is a small room or large cupboard in a house, usually near the kitchen, where food is kept.

FêåëÜñé

intensify v If you intensify something or if it intensi-fies, it becomes greater in strength, amount, or degree. äBritain is intensifying its efforts to secure the release of

three British hostages.Fåíôåßíù-ïìáé, åðéôåßíù-ïìáé

enterprise n An enterprise is a company or business,

often a small one.äThere are plenty of small industrial

enterprises.Fåðé÷åßñçóç

out-source v If a company out-sources work or things, it pays workers from outside the company to do the work or supply the things.äIncreasingly, corporate

clients are seeking to outsource the management of their facilities.Fεξωτερική ανάθεση

evermore adv Ever more means for all the time in the future. äThey will bitterly regret what they have done

for ever more.Fãéá ðÜíôá, (ðáíôïôéíÜ) óôï ìÝëëïí hotspot n χώρος πρόσβασης σε ασύρματο δίκτυο take in phr.v If you take something in, you pay atten-tion to it and understand it when you hear it or read it.ä

Lesley explains possible treatments but you can tell she’s not taking it in.Fðáñáôçñþ, ðáñáêïëïõèþ,καταλαβαίνω prominent adj Something that is prominent is very noticeable or is an important part of something else.ä

Here the window plays a prominent part in the design.F

äéáêåêñéìÝíïò, åîÝ÷ùí, óçìáíôéêüò

intranet n An intranet is a network of computers, similar to the Internet, within a particular company or organization. Fκλειστό δίκτυο (γραφείου, εταιρείας κλπ.)

interconnectivity n ability to connect or join things together Fäéáóýíäåóç

revolutionise v When something revolutionises an activity, it causes great changes in the way that it is done. äOver the past forty years plastics have revolutionised the

way we live.FöÝñíù ôçí åðáíÜóôáóç óå, áëëÜæù ñéæéêÜ rural adj Rural places are far away from large towns or cities.äThese plants have a tendency to grow in the

more rural areas.Fáãñïôéêüò

bypass v If you bypass someone or something that you would normally have to get involved with, you ignore them, often because you want to achieve some-thing more quickly.äA growing number of employers are

trying to bypass the unions altogether.Fðñïóðåñíþ (ð.÷.

ðñüâëçìá), ðáñáêÜìðôù, áãíïþ

copper adj Copper is reddish brown metal that is used to make things such as coins and electrical wires.ä

Chile is the world’s largest producer of copper.F÷Üëêéíïò

flourish v If something flourishes, it is successful, active, or common, and developing quickly and strongly. äBusiness flourished and within six months they were

earning 18,000 roubles a day.FáêìÜæù, åõçìåñþ

downloadable adj If data is downloadable it means you are able to transfer it to or from a computer along a line such as a telephone line, a radio link, or a computer network.äMost music on the internet is downloadable.F

äéáâιβάσιμος

bundle v To make it into a bundle or bundles.äHe

cut and bundled the sticks together.FóõóêåõÜæù óå äÝìá Þ ðáêÝôï

rush v If people rush to do something, they do it as soon as they can, because they are very eager to do it.ä

Russian banks rushed to buy as many dollars as they could.Fóðåýäù, âéÜæïìáé

multifunctionality n (of a machine, apparatus), that has several different uses Fðïëõëåéôïõñãéêüôçôá

12

portable adj A portable machine or device is designed to be easily carried or moved.äThere was a

lit-tle portable television switched on behind the bar.F

öïñçôüò

hybrid n You can use hybrid to refer to anything that is a mixture of other things, especially two other things.ä...a hybrid of solid and liquid fuel.Fυβρίδιο spawn v If something spawns something else, it caus-es it to happen or to be created.äTyndall’s inspired

work spawned a whole new branch of science.F

ðëçèáßíù, äçìéïõñãþ

blockbuster n A blockbuster is a film or book that is very popular and successful, usually because it is very exciting. Fðïõ óðÜåé ôáìåßá (ð.÷. âéâëßï, ôáéíßá, êëð.)

outsell v If one product outsells another product, the first product is sold more quickly or in larger quanti-ties than the second.äThe team’s products easily outsell

those of other American baseball clubs overseas.F

îåðåñíþ óå ðùëÞóåéò

supremacy n If someone or something has suprema-cy over another person or thing, they are better.äIn the

United States Open final, Graf has retained overall supremacy.Fêõñéáñ÷ßá, õðåñï÷Þ, åðéêñÜôçóç

pit against If two opposing things or people are pitted against one another, they are in conflict.äYou will be

pitted against two, three, or four people who are every bit as good as you are.FáíáìåôñéÝìáé ìå, ôá âÜæù ìå

fillip n If someone or something gives a fillip to an activity or person, they suddenly encourage or improve them.äThe news gave a fillip to the telecommunications

sector.Fôüíùóç Þ þèçóç

stiff adj Stiff can be used to mean difficult or severe. äThe film faces stiff competition for the Best Film

nomi-nation.Fäýóêïëïò, æüñéêïò

dominate v To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it.äThe

book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists.F

åðéêñáôþ, õðåñéó÷ýù, êõñéáñ÷þ

acronym n An acronym is a word composed of the first letters of the words in a phrase, especially when this is used as a name. An example of an acronym is NATO which is made up of the first letters of the ‘North Atlantic Treaty Organization’. Fáñôéêüëåîï, áêñùíýìéï

dismantle v If you dismantle a machine or structure, you carefully separate it into its different parts.äHe

asked for immediate help from the United States to dis-mantle the warheads.Fáðïóõíáñìïëïãþ

reassemble v If you reassemble something, you put it back together after it has been taken apart.äWe will

now try to reassemble pieces of the wreckage.F

åðáíáóõíáñìïëïãþ

revenue n Revenue is money that a company, organi-zation, or government receives from people.äOne study

said the government would gain about $12 billion in tax revenues over five years.Fåéóüäçìá, Ýóïäï, ðüñïò,

(ïéêïíïìéêÞ) ðñüóïäïò

exponentially adv On an exponential basis; very rapidly.äThe quantity of chemical pollutants has

increased exponentially.Fñáãäáßá

analogue n Analogue technology involves measuring, storing, or recording an infinitely variable amount of information by using physical quantities such as voltage. Compare digital.äThe analogue signals from the video

tape are converted into digital code.FáíáëïãéêÞ

çëåêôñïíéêÞ äéÜôáîç

redefine v If you redefine something, you cause peo-ple to consider it in a new way.äWe will finally have to

redefine our relationship with neighbouring states in north Africa.Fåðáíáðñïóäéïñßæù

frontier n The frontiers of something, especially knowledge, are the limits to which it extends.ä

...tech-nological frontiers.Fóýíïñï

irritant adj If you describe something as an irritant, you mean that it keeps annoying you. (FORMAL)äHe

said the issue was not a major irritant.Fåñåèéóôéêüò

momentum n If a process or movement gains momentum, it keeps developing or happening more quickly and keeps becoming less likely to stop.äThis

campaign is really gaining momentum.FïñìÞ, öüñá

compact adj Compact things are small or take up very little space. You use this word when you think this is a good quality. Fáíèåêôéêüò

obsolete adj Something that is obsolete is no longer needed because something better has been invented.ä

So much equipment becomes obsolete almost as soon as it’s made.Fðïõ äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ðëÝïí,

áðáñ÷áéùìÝíïò, îåðåñáóìÝíïò

inconsistent adj Someone or something that is inconsistent does not stay the same, being sometimes good and sometimes bad. äWe had a terrific start to the

season, but recently we’ve been inconsistent.F

áíôéöáôéêüò, áíáêüëïõèïò, áëëïðñüóáëëïò

Module 2 - Activity 1 (p.48)

round off phr.v If you round off an activity with something, you end the activity by doing something that provides a clear or satisfactory conclusion to it.äThe

Italian way is to round off a meal or evening with an ice-cream.Fáðïôåëåéþíù Þ ïëïêëçñþíù (åðéôõ÷þò)

Module 3 - Activity 1 (p.49)

mobile adj You use mobile to describe something large that can be moved easily from place to place.ä

...special mobile units where men can have their finger-prints taken and donate a specimen of blood.F κινητός

lenient adj When someone in authority is lenient, they are not as strict or severe as expected.äHe

believes the government already is lenient with drug traf-fickers.FåðéåéêÞò

bric-a-brac n Bric-a-brac is a number of small orna mental objects of no great value. Fðïéêéëßá ðáëáéþí

(äéáêïóìçôéêþí) áíôéêåéìÝíùí

Module 4 - Activity 2 (p.53)

built-in adj Built-in devices or features are included in something as a part of it, rather than being separate.

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ä...modern cameras with built-in flash units...F

åíôïé÷éóìÝíïò, åíóùìáôùìÝíïò

Practice Test 4

Module 1 - Activity 1 (p.56-57)

dividend n A dividend is the part of a company’s profits which is paid to people who have shares in the company.äThe first quarter dividend has been increased

by nearly 4 per cent.FìÝñéóìá

so-called adj You use so-called to indicate that you think a word or expression used to describe someone or something is in fact wrong.äThese are the facts that

explode their so-called economic miracle.F

ïíïìáæüìåíïò, ëåãüìåíïò

tsar n the male ruler of Russia FôóÜñïò

promptly adv If you do something promptly, you do it immediately.äSister Francesca entered the chapel, took

her seat, and promptly fell asleep.FáìÝóùò

ongoing adj An ongoing situation has been happen-ing for quite a long time and seems likely to continue for some time in the future.äThere is an ongoing debate on

the issue.Fóõíå÷éæüìåíïò

make inroads phr If one thing makes inroads into another, the first thing starts affecting or destroying the second. äIn Italy, as elsewhere, television has made deep

inroads into cinema.Fεπηρεάζω/ προκαλώ φθίνουσα πορεία σε κάτι

surge n A surge is a sudden large increase in some-thing that has previously been steady, or has only increased or developed slowly.äSpecialists see various

reasons for the recent surge in inflation.Fáíýøùóç, êýìá (áýîçóçò)

spokesman n A spokesman is a person who speaks as the representative of a group or organization.äA

spokesperson for Amnesty, Norma Johnston, describes some cases.Fåêðñüóùðïò

vast adj Something that is vast is extremely large.ä

...Afrikaner farmers who own vast stretches of land...F

αχανής

venture n A venture is a project or activity which is new, exciting, and difficult because it involves the risk of failure.ä...his latest writing venture.Fôüëìçìá,åã÷åßñçìá

bankruptcy n the state of not having enough money to pay depts. ä Pam Am is the 2nd airline in two months to file for

bankruptcy F χρεοκοπία

greed n Greed is the desire to have more of some-thing, such as food or money, than is necessary or fair.ä

...an insatiable greed for personal power...Fðëåïíåîßá, áðëçóôßá

relocation n To move (a business, one’s home, etc) from one place, town, etc to another.äThe company

says the cost of relocation will be negligible.Fåê íÝïõ

åãêáôÜóôáóç, ìåôåãêáôÜóôáóç

assemble v To assemble something means to collect them together or to fit the different parts of it together.

äGreenpeace managed to assemble a small flotilla of

inflatable boats to waylay the ship at sea.Fóõíáñìïëïãþ,

ìïíôÜñù

penetrate v If a company or country penetrates a market or area, they succeed in selling their products there.äThere have been around 15 attempts from outside

France to penetrate the market.Fäéåéóäýù

Activity 2 (p.57)

digestive adj Your digestive system is the set of organs in your body that digest the food you eat. F

ðåðôéêüò, ÷ùíåõôéêüò

chiefly adv You use chiefly to indicate that a particular reason, emotion, method, or feature is the main or most important one.äHe joined the consular service in China,

chiefly because this was one of the few job vacancies. Fêõñßùò, ðñïðáíôüò

gene n A gene is the part of a cell in a living thing which controls its physical characteristics, growth, and development. Fãïíßäéï

store v When you store things, you put them in a con-tainer or other place and leave them there until they are needed.äStore the cookies in an airtight tin.F

áðïèçêåýù, öõëÜù

motivation n your motivation for doing something is what causes you to want to do it ä Money is my motivation F κίνητρο

modification n A change of form or condition; something that has been modified.ä…a few

modifica-tions to the original plan. Fôñïðïðïßçóç, ìåôáôñïðÞ

severe adj You use severe to indicate that something bad or undesirable is great or intense.ä...a business with

severe cash flow problems...Fóïâáñüò

gastrointestinal adj Gastrointestinal means relating to the stomach and intestines. Fãáóôñåíôåñéêü

Activity 3 (p.58)

teething troubles n If a project or new product has teething troubles, it has problems in its early stages or when it first becomes available. (BRIT)äAs the director

of the project explains, there are still a few teething troubles to overcome.Fäõóêïëßåò óôá áñ÷éêÜ óôÜäéá (Ýñãïõ,

ëåéôïõñãßáò êáéíïýñãéáò ìç÷áíÞò, êëð.)

ho F(åðéö.) ù! (åêðëÞîåùò, åéñùíåßáò, èáõìáóìïý)

boardroom n The boardroom is a room where the board of a company meets.äEveryone had already

assembled in the boardroom for the 9:00 a.m. session.F

áßèïõóá äéáóêÝøåùí

shuffle n if you shuffle something, you mix it up

FìåôÜèåóç, ìåôáôüðéóç, áíáêáôÜôáîç,

áíáó÷çìáôéóìüò, áíáäéÜôáîç

fusion n The fusion of two or more things involves joining them together to form one thing.äHis final

reform was the fusion of regular and reserve forces.F

óõã÷þíåõóç, óõíäõáóìüò (éäåþí, êëð.)

acquire v If you acquire something, you buy or obtain it for yourself, or someone gives it to you.ä

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$400m.Fáðïêôþ

extraordinary adj If you describe something or someone as extraordinary, you mean that they have some extremely good or special quality.äWe’ve made

extraordinary progress as a society in that regard.F

åîáéñåôéêüò, åêðëçêôéêüò

reckon v If something is reckoned to be a particular figure, it is calculated to be roughly that amount.äThe

market’s revised threshold is now reckoned to be 22,000-22,500 on the Nikkei index.FëïãáñéÜæù, ìåôñþ,

õðïëïãßæù

bear one’s name phr If something bears a particular mark or characteristic, it has that mark or characteristic. äThe houses bear the marks of bullet holes and the streets

are practically deserted.FöÝñù ôï üíïìá êÜðïéïõ

beset v If someone or something is beset by problems or fears, they have many problems or fears which affect them severely.äThe country is beset by severe economic

problems.FðåñéâÜëëù, ðåñéóôïé÷ßæù, ðïëéïñêþ

sprung a leak phr if a boat or container springs a leak, water or some other liquid starts coming in or out through a crack. ä The yacht has sprung a leak in the hull.

FìðÜæù íåñÜ (ð.÷. ãéá ðëïßï)

swamp v If you are swamped by things or people, you have more of them than you can deal with.äHe is

swamped with work.F(ìôö) ðíßãù, êáôáêëýæù counterfeit adj Counterfeit money, goods, or docu-ments are not genuine, but have been made to look exactly like genuine ones in order to deceive people.ä

He admitted possessing and delivering counterfeit currency. Fðëáóôüò, øåýôéêïò

gridlock n Gridlock is the situation that exists when all the roads in a particular place are so full of vehicles that none of them can move.äThe streets are wedged

solid with the chaos of poorly regulated parking and near-constant traffic gridlock.F ακινητοποίηση αυτοκινήτων

output n Output is used to refer to the amount of something that a person or thing produces.äManual

workers need a good breakfast for high-energy output.F

áðüäïóç, ðáñáãùãÞ

string n A string of similar events is a series of them that happen one after the other.äThe incident was the

latest in a string of attacks.FóåéñÜ

impulse n An impulse is a sudden desire to do some-thing.äUnable to resist the impulse, he glanced at the sea

again.Fðáñüñìçóç, áõèüñìçôç äéÜèåóç

earnest adj Earnest people are very serious and sin-cere in what they say or do, because they think that their actions and beliefs are important. äHis expression is as

earnest when he smiles as when he is arguing.Fóïâáñüò cherished adj äHe described the picture as his most

cherished possession.FáãáðçìÝíïò, ëáôñåìÝíïò

stake n If you have a stake in something such as a business, it matters to you, for example because you own part of it or because its success or failure will affect you. äHe was eager to return to a more entrepreneurial role in

which he had a big financial stake in his own efforts.F

óõìöÝñïí, ìåñßäéï, åíäéáöÝñïí

drift n A slow or gradual change from one situation or opinion to another Fêßíçóç, ñåýìá, αλλαγή core n The core businesses or the core activities of a company or organization are their most important ones. äThe core activities of local authorities were reorganised.

FêáñäéÜ, êÝíôñï

Activity 4 (p.58)

paramount adj Something that is paramount or of paramount importance is more important than anything else.äThe child’s welfare must be seen as paramount.F

ýøéóôïò, õðÝñôáôïò

wholesome adj If you describe food as wholesome, you approve of it because you think it is good for your healthä...good, wholesome fun.Fõãéåéíüò, ùöÝëéìïò harbour v If you harbour an emotion, thought, or secret, you have it in your mind over a long period of time.äHe might have been murdered by a former client

or someone harbouring a grudge.Fäéáôçñþ, ôñÝöù

beckon v If something beckons, it is so attractive to someone that they feel they must become involved in it. äAll the attractions of the peninsula beckon.FãíÝöù,

êáëþ

urban adj Urban means belonging to, or relating to, a town or city.äMost of the population is an urban

popu-lation.Fáóôéêüò, ôçò ðüëåùò

sprawl n You can use sprawl to refer to an area where a city has grown outwards in an uncontrolled way. äThe whole urban sprawl of Ankara contains over 2.6m

people.FáôÜêôùò äïìçìÝíç ðåñéï÷Þ

drive a trend phr FáíáãêÜæù êð/ êÜôé íá êéíçèåß ðñïò ôá åìðñüò

Activity 5 (p.59-61)

nerdy adj If you describe someone as nerdy, you think that they are a nerd or look like a nerd.äThe

Internet is widely believed to be the preserve of nerdy types who never exercise.Fóðáóôéêüò, áíéáñüò

statesman n A statesman is an important and experi-enced politician, especially one who is widely known and respected.äHamilton is a great statesman and political

thinker.Fðïëéôéêüò

womaniser n If you describe a man as a womaniser, you disapprove of him because he likes to have many short sexual relationships with women. FãõíáéêÜò

what make sb tick phr if you talk about what makes someone tick, you are talking about the beliefs, wishes and feelings that make them behave in the way that they do ä He wanted to find out what made them tick Fôé óüé

Üíèñùðïò åßíáé;

villain n The villain in a novel, film, or play is the main bad character. Fï êáêüò (óå ìõèéóôüñçìá,

êéíçìáôïãñáöéêü Ýñãï, êëð.)

era n You can refer to a period of history or a long period of time as an era when you want to draw atten-tion to a particular feature or quality that it has.ä...the

nuclear era.F(ðëçè. –s) ðåñßïäïò, åðï÷Þ