Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics

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The University of Bradford retains copyright for this material, which may not be reproduced without prior written

Harvard referencing guide

for Engineering and

Informatics

A library guide to using Harvard Referencing Style

for Engineering and Informatics students.

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Introduction

Why do I have to reference?

 To avoid plagiarism.

 To enable a reader to trace your sources.

 To enable a reader to distinguish your ideas from someone else’s and show the range of your reading.

 To support your ideas, theories and add credibility.

Students in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering use an IEEE referencing style. It is important to check with your lecturers you are using the correct style.

How to reference using the Harvard style

There are two parts to referencing using the Harvard style: the reference list and citing the references in the text.

What is the reference list?

This appears at the end of your document. It is the list of the sources that you have used. (It is not added to your word count). The references should contain enough detail to enable another reader to find and locate the exact text you are referring to.

How do I cite the references in the text?

When you refer to another document you must acknowledge this within the text of your work, by citing the author’s surname and the date of publication.

 For a single author:

Ashby (2005) explains that there are a vast amount of materials to choose from and….

 For up to three authors:

When citing something written by up to three authors list them all.

Wang and Roush (2000) agree that…..

 For four or more authors:

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Wiedemeier et al. (1999) define natural attenuation of fuels and chlorinated solvents in their book as…..

Do I include page numbers in the citation?

If you quote the exact words of your source, or copy an image, table or illustration, you need to include the page number where you found your quotation. If you paraphrase (put the information from the source into your own words) you do not need to include the page number.

A direct quotation:

‘The engineer is the driver of engineering design. To achieve engineering success, an engineer needs to understand and avoid potential failures that may occur down the road.’ (Wang and Roush, 2000, p.1)

Paraphrasing:

An engineer may have to overcome failure to achieve success. (Wang and Roush, 2000)

If I read a book that cites another author’s work and I

want to use it, how do I reference it?

Secondary referencing:

This is explained clearly by Pears and Shields as, "In somecasesyou will read a source that refers to the work of someone else, known as a secondary source. Preferably you should find and read the item referred to. However, where this is not possible and you still wish to include the work referred to, you can mention it as a citation, known as

secondary referencing.” (2010, p.8) You must cite the authors of the book you are using and the page number where they use the authors work you want to refer to.

Example:

Handy and Spangler (2007, p.793) use a table that has been modified from the data of Robertson and Campanella (1983) in figure 26.8 to illustrate the friction angle of sand related to cone bearing value.

What abbreviations can I use?

1. Abbreviate editor to (ed.).

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Should I use the full web site address?

You don’t have to put in the whole URL (web address). Cut it down so that it gives the reader enough information to identify the journal article / web page.

Points to remember

1. Write all the authors names in the reference list, not just the first two and ‘et al’. 2. Your reference list should be in alphabetical order. (A - Z).

3. Always write the surname (family name) first followed by initials of personal names. 4. Only use a capital letter for the first significant word in the title. (Except when you

are writing a journal title).

5. You may see an “issue” called a ‘part’ or ‘number’ instead; it may be shown with a number, a month name, or a letter. It is the part within the year. For example, you may see “Volume 5, issue 6”; “Volume 5, number 6”, “Volume 5, June issue”, or “Volume 5, supplement II”. All of those are ways of showing which part of the volume you are looking at.

6. You can usually find the issue number and volume on the front cover.

7. If you are using a doi (Digital Object Identifier) replace ‘Available at:’ with ‘doi:’ and write the number.

8. You will often see the information in a different order on the journal article PDF, or the cover of the book, from how we show it here- for example, they often write the author’s name in the order ‘personal name then surname’. Make sure you don’t just copy this into your reference, but change it so that it follows the rules of the

Harvard style- for example, ‘surname then initial of personal name’.

9. ‘Place of publication’ means town or city. Not country, and not street address.

I need to reference something that isn’t in this document

There are more examples of references for different kinds of source in Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (Copies are in the JB Priestley Library at classmark 808.027 PEA.)

Book

Reference order:

 Author / editor (surname followed by initials).

 Year of publication (in round brackets).

 Title (In italics).

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 Place of publication: publisher.

 Series (where relevant).

Example

In-text citation

Ashby (2005) explains that….

Reference

Ashby, M.F. (2005) Materials selection in mechanical design. 3rd edn. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann.

Chapter in an edited book

Reference order:

 Author(s) of chapter or section (surname followed by initials).

 Title of chapter or section: subtitle if it has one (in single quotation marks) then ‘in’.

 Editor(s) of book (surname followed by initials) then ‘ed.’ (in round brackets) if there is one editor or ‘eds.’ (in round brackets) if there are more than one.

 Title of book: subtitle if it has one (in italics).

 ‘pp.’ then the page numbers where the chapter starts and ends.

Example

In-text citation

Gagvani (2008) discusses problems with video…

Reference

Gagvani, N. (2008). ‘Challenges in video analytics’, in Kisacanin, B., Bhattacharyya, S.S., and Chai, S. (eds.) Embedded computer vision. London: Springer, pp. 237-256.

Electronic book (e-book)

If the online source includes the same details as the print version, reference it in the same way. On some devices the specific page details are not available. Use the information you do have, for example (Brasier, 2009, 70%).

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Journal article

As the majority of journal articles are available online, you only need to include enough information to let your reader find the article. Usually this means you don’t need to include the URL. If you are specifically referencing an abstract of a journal article your citation should make this clear.

Reference order:

 Author(s) of article (surname followed by initials).

 Title of article: subtitle if it has one (in single quotation marks).

 Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for).

 Issue information, that is, volume number (not in brackets) and, where applicable, the part number, supplement number, or month/season of the issue (in round brackets).

 ‘pp.’ then the page numbers where the article starts and ends.

 doi (if available).

Example

In-text citation

…who present a useful framework for analysis (Sanchez et al., 2012)

Reference

Sanchez, J.L.G., Vela, F.L.G., Simarro, F.M. and Padilla-Zea, N. (2012) ‘Playability: analysing user experience in video games’, Behaviour and Information Technology, 31(10), pp. 1033-1054.

Example of electronic journal article with doi (Digital

Object Identifier)

In-text citation

Lukens (2013) explores issues relating to...

Reference

Lukens, J (2013) ‘DIY infrastructure and the scope of design practice.’ Design Issues, 29(3), pp 14-27. doi: 10.1162/DESI_a_00218.

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Full conference proceedings

Reference order

 Editor(s) (surname followed by initials) or author (usually the organisation that ran the conference) of the proceedings.

 Title of conference: subtitle if it has one (in italics).

 Location and date of conference.

Example

In-text citation

… the conference (IEEE, 2014)

Reference

IEEE (2014) International Conference on Adaptive Science and Technology (ICAST). CSIR International Conference Centre, Pretoria, 25-27 November 2013. New York: IEEE.

Conference paper

Reference order

 Author (surname followed by initials).

 Title of paper (in single quotation marks).

 Title of conference: subtitle (in italics).

 Page numbers.

Example

In-text citation

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Reference

Corfield, K. (1992) ‘Engineering as a liberal art.’, International, quality and environmental

issues: proceedings of the 3rd world conference on engineering education, vol.1.

University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, 20-25 September. Southampton: Computational Mechanics Publications, pp. 75-84.

Conference paper published on the internet

Reference order

 Authors (s) (surname followed by initials).

 Title of paper: subtitle if it has one (in single quotation marks).

 Title of conference: subtitle if it has one (in italics).

 Publisher.

 ‘Available at:’ URL, or doi if available.

 ‘(Accessed: date)’- not required when doi is used.

Example

In-text citation

…in a recent paper (Paul et al., 2014), the authors suggest…

Reference

Paul, J., Stechele, W., Kroehnert, M. and Asfour, T. (2014). ‘Improving efficiency of

embedded multi-core platforms with scratchpad memories’, 27th_{International Conference}

on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS), Luebeck, Germany, 25-28 February. VDE

Verlag. Available at:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6775075 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).

Webpage

Reference order

 Author of page- may be a person (give surname and initials) or an organisation (give name as listed on the website’s home page).

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 Title of web page (in italics).

 ‘Available at:’ URL.

 ‘(Accessed: date)’.

Example

In-text citations

Qualifications exist for the field (British Computer Society, 2014).

A simple guide has been created by Marshall (2014).

References

British Computer Society (2014). IT user qualifications. Available at:

http://www.bcs.org/category/14405 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).

Marshall, B. (2014) How two-stroke engines work. Available at:

http://science.howstuffworks.com/two-stroke.htm (Accessed: 22 July 2014).

Standard published on the internet

Reference order

 Name of authorising organisation.

 Number and title of standard (in italics).

 Available at: URL.

 (Accessed: date).

Example

In-text citation

The standard (British Standards Institution, 2013) prescribes how to…

Reference

British Standards Institution (2013) BS ISO/IEC 27001:2013: Information technology:

security techniques: information security management systems: requirements. Available

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Patent

Reference order

 Inventor(s) name (surname followed by initials).

 Title (in italics).

 Authorising organisation.

 Patent number.

Example

In-text citation

The cleaning head patented by Allard, Dyson and Spaven (2006)….

Reference

Allard, R.J.W., Dyson, J. and Spaven, J.W. (2006) A Cleaning Head. UK Patent Office Patent no. GB2402047B. Available at: http://gb.espacenet.com (Accessed: 10 January 2011).

Dissertation or Thesis

Reference order

 Author.

 Year of submission (in round brackets).

 Title of thesis (in italics).

 Degree awarded.

 Body who awarded the degree. If you viewed the thesis online:

 ‘Available at:’ URL.

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Example

In-text citations

In a previous Masters dissertation (Khan, 2009) the review found…

Yulei (2010) shows that in practice…

References

Khan, M.K.H. (2009) Simulation study of VLANS, 802.3 and security issues. MSc dissertation. University of Bradford.

Yulei, W. (2010) Performance modelling and evaluation of heterogeneous wired / wireless networks under Bursty Traffic: analytical models for performance analysis of

communication networks in multi-computer systems, multi-cluster systems, and

integrated wireless systems. PhD thesis. University of Bradford. Available at:

http://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/4423 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).

Ordnance Survey map

Reference order

 Ordnance Survey.

 Title (in italics).

 Sheet number, scale.

 Series (in round brackets).

Example

In-text citation

The water features are displayed in the Anglesey East OS map (Ordnance Survey, 1999).

Reference

Ordnance Survey (1999) Anglesey East, sheet 263, 1:25,000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey (Explorer series).

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Online map

Reference order

 Map publisher.

 Title of map section (in single quotation marks).

 Sheet number or tile, scale.

Example

In-text citation

An Ordnance Survey map (2010) was used for the CAD design…

Reference

Ordnance Survey (2010) ‘University of Bradford’ 1:1,250. Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap (Accessed: 12 January 2011).

Report- for example a market research report

Reference order

 Author or organisation.

 Title of report (in italics).

 Place of publication: publisher. OR if accessed on the internet:

Example

In-text citations

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Workability was quantified by the ACI Committee (2008), who found…

References

ACI Committee (2008) Report on measurements of workability and rheology of fresh

concrete, 238. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute.

Keynote (2010) Energy industry: market review. Available at: https://www.keynote.co.uk/ (Accessed: 12 January 2011).

Lecturers’ notes/ presentation/ handout

Reference order

 Author or Lecturer’s name (surname followed by initials).

 Title of item (in single quotation marks).

 Name of academic module (in italics).

 Available at: URL of VLE (Virtual Learning Environment e.g. Blackboard).

Example

In-text citation

Keeble (2011) noted that…

Reference

Keeble, D. (2011) ‘Week 1: File Management and compression’. ENG0018M Information

and Communication Technologies . Available at: http://blackboard.brad.ac.uk (Accessed:

21 June 2011).

Visual source from a book or journal article- e.g.

illustration/ figure/ diagram/ table

Reference order

 Author of book (surname followed by initials).

 Title of book (in italics).

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 Page number of illustration etc.

 ‘Illus’. / ‘fig.’ / ‘diagram’/ ‘logo’ / ‘table’ (followed by number if known).

Example

In-text citation

Handy and Spangler (2007) show that…..

Reference

Handy, R.L. and Spangler, M.G. (2007) Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edn. London: McGraw-Hill, p. 352, fig. 14.17.

Photograph from online collection

Reference order

 Photographer.

 Title of photograph (in italics).

 (Accessed / downloaded: date).

Example

In-text citation

Ali’s (2008) photograph of wind turbines…

Reference

Ali, K. (2008) Wind turbine. Available at:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/ali_pk/2348998181/ (Downloaded: 23 July 2014).

Online video- for example, film on YouTube

®

Reference order

 Name of creator (often the person who posted the video).

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 Title of film, programme or video (in italics).

Example

In-text citation

The video (BBC, 2009) shows that natural disasters…..

 If you are talking about a specific moment in the video, include the timestamp in your sentence.

… the contribution of water damage can be seen at 2m33s in to the video (BBC, 2009).

Reference

BBC (2009) BBC-five disasters waiting to happen – Part 1. Available at:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpQ723sosNQ (Accessed: 23 July 2014).

Film

Reference order

 Title of film (in italics).

 Year of distribution (in round brackets).

 ‘Directed by’ name of director (personal name followed by surname).

 [Film].

 Place of distribution: distribution company.

Example

In-text citation

After a disaster, genetically evolving apes in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)….

Reference

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) Directed by Matt Reeves [Film]. Los Angeles: 20th

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Film on a DVD or Blu-ray

Reference order

 Title of film (in italics).

 ‘Directed by’ name of director (personal name followed by surname).

 [DVD] or [Blu-ray].

Example

In-text citation

The stylised violence in Reservoir Dogs (1992)…

Reference

Reservoir Dogs (1992) Directed by Quentin Tarantino [DVD]. Los Angeles: Miramax

Episode of television programme

Reference order

 Title of episode (in single quotation marks).

 Year of broadcast (in round brackets).

 Title of programme/series (in italics).

 Series number, episode number.

 Name of channel.

 Broadcast date (Day and month).

Example

In-text citation

Torchwood’s “adult” tag was earned, for example, in ‘Day Two’ (2009), when…

Reference

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Episode of a television programme on a DVD or Blu-ray

Reference order

 Title of episode (in single quotation marks).

 Title of programme/series (in italics).

 Series and episode numbers (if known).

 Director of episode (personal name followed by surname).

 Writer of episode (personal name followed by surname).

 Date of original broadcast (if known).

 [DVD] or [Blu-ray].

Example

In-text citation

From early in the series, eg ‘The Chimes of Big Ben’ (2008) the same quality is evident…

Reference

‘The Chimes of Big Ben’ (2008) The Prisoner, Series 1, episode 2. Directed by Don Chaffey. Written by Vincent Tilsley. First broadcast 1967 [DVD] London: Network.

Computer game

Reference order

 Author (if given) - may be a person (surname followed by initials) or organisation (give name as listed on the version of the game you have).

 Date (if given) (in round brackets).

 Title of game (in italics).

 [Computer game].

For console/cartridge games:

 Distributor, address (if given). For online or downloadable games:

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 ‘(Accessed: date)’ OR ‘(Downloaded: date)’.

Example

In-text citations

An MMORPG like World of Warcraft (Blizzard Entertainment, 2007) has little in common with the original Wii Fit game from Nintendo (2008) except its popularity.

References

Blizzard Entertainment (2007) World of Warcraft [Computer game]. Available at: http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/games/wow (Downloaded: 12 December 2012).

Nintendo (2008) Wii Fit [Computer game]. Nintendo UK.

Further help

Subject Librarian for Engineering: Kirsty Carver, Room 1.5, J.B. Priestley Library, k.carver@bradford.ac.uk.

Subject Librarian for Informatics: Jennifer Rowland, Room 1.7, J.B. Priestley Library, j.rowland2@bradford.ac.uk

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (Classmark: 808.027 PEA)

Workshops: Look out for drop in sessions on Endnote® and Referencing.

http://www.bradford.ac.uk/lss/lssworkshops/index.php?section=library

Endnote X7/Endnote basic: Bibliographic software programme designed to help you format and organise your references. Please use output style: Harvard (EI).

This is an example of how your reference list should look:

Reference List

ACI Committee (2008) Report on measurements of workability and rheology of fresh

concrete, 238. Farmington Hills: American Concrete Institute.

Ali, K. (2008) Wind turbine. Available at:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/ali_pk/2348998181/ (Downloaded: 23 July 2014). Allard, R.J.W., Dyson, J. and Spaven, J.W. (2006) A cleaning head. UK Patent Office Patent no. GB2402047B. Available at: http://gb.espacenet.com (Accessed: 10 January 2011).

Ashby, M.F. (2005) Materials selection in mechanical design. 3rd edn. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann.

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BBC (2009) BBC-five disasters waiting to happen – Part 1. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpQ723sosNQ (Accessed: 23 July 2014).

Blizzard Entertainment (2007) World of Warcraft [Computer game]. Available at: http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/games/wow (Downloaded: 12 December 2012).

British Computer Society (2014). IT user qualifications. Available at: http://www.bcs.org/category/14405 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).

British Standards Institution (2013) BS ISO/IEC 27001:2013: Information technology:

security techniques: information security management systems: requirements. Available

at: http://bsol.bsigroup.com (Accessed: 22 July 2014).

Corfield, K. (1992) ‘Engineering as a liberal art.’, International, quality and environmental

issues: proceedings of the 3rd world conference on engineering education, vol.1.

University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, 20-25 September. Southampton: Computational Mechanics Publications, pp. 75-84.

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) Directed by Matt Reeves [Film]. Los Angeles: 20th

Century Fox. ‘Day Two’(2009) Torchwood: children of Earth, Series 3, episode 2. BBC One, 7 July.

Gagvani, N. (2008). ‘Challenges in video analytics’, in Kisacanin, B., Bhattacharyya, S.S., and Chai, S. (eds.) Embedded computer vision. London: Springer, pp. 237-256

Handy, R.L. and Spangler, M.G. (2007) Geotechnical engineering: soil and foundation

principles and practice. 5th edn. London: McGraw-Hill. fig. 14.17.

IEEE (2014) International Conference on Adaptive Science and Technology (ICAST). CSIR International Conference Centre, Pretoria, 25-27 November 2013. New York: IEEE.

Keeble, D. (2011) ‘Week 1: File Management and compression’. ENG0018M Information

and Communication Technologies. Available at: http://blackboard.brad.ac.uk (Accessed:

21 June 2011).

Keynote (2010) 'Energy industry: market review.' Available at: http://www.keynote.co.uk (Accessed: 12 January 2011).Khan, M.K.H. (2009) Simulation study of VLANS, 802.3 and

security issues. MSc dissertation. University of Bradford.

Lukens, J (2013) ‘DIY infrastructure and the scope of design practice.’ Design Issues, 29(3), pp 14-27. doi: 10.1162/DESI_a_00218.

Marshall, B. (2014) How two-stroke engines work. Available at:

http://science.howstuffworks.com/two-stroke.htm (Accessed: 22 July 2014).

Nintendo (2008) Wii Fit [Computer game]. Nintendo UK.

Ordnance Survey (1999) Anglesey East,sheet 263, 1:25, 000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey (Explorer series).

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Ordnance Survey (2010) ‘University of Bradford’, 1:1,250. Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap (Accessed: 12 January 2011).

Paul, J., Stechele, W., Kroehnert, M. and Asfour, T. (2014). ‘Improving efficiency of

embedded multi-core platforms with scratchpad memories’, 27th_{International Conference}

on Architecture of Computing Systems (ARCS), Luebeck, Germany, 25-28 February. VDE

Verlag. Available at:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6775075 (Accessed: 22 July 2014).

Reservoir Dogs (1992) Directed by Quentin Tarantino [DVD]. Los Angeles: Miramax.

Sanchez, J.L.G., Vela, F.L.G., Simarro, F.M. and Padilla-Zea, N. (2012) ‘Playability: analysing user experience in video games’, Behaviour and Information Technology, 31(10), pp. 1033-1054.

‘The Chimes of Big Ben’ (2008) The Prisoner, Series 1, episode 2. Directed by Don Chaffey. Written by Vincent Tilsley. First broadcast 1967 [DVD] London: Network.

Yulei, W. (2010) Performance modelling and evaluation of heterogeneous wired / wireless networks under Bursty Traffic: analytical models for performance analysis of

communication networks in multi-computer systems, multi-cluster systems, and

integrated wireless systems. PhD thesis. University of Bradford. Available at:

Harvard referencing guide for Engineering and Informatics