PHYSICS PROJECT
PHYSICS PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY:
SUBMITTED BY:
ANAND BABURAJAN (XII
BLOOMING BUDS BETHANIA ENGLISH
BLOOMING BUDS BETHANIA ENGLISH SCHOOLSCHOOL SENIOR SECONDARY
SENIOR SECONDARY
(AFFILIATED TO CBSE, NEW DELHI, NO: 930307) (AFFILIATED TO CBSE, NEW DELHI, NO: 930307)
VELLITHURITHY, MARATHAMCODE, THRISSUR VELLITHURITHY, MARATHAMCODE, THRISSUR
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
C E R T I F I C A T E C E R T I F I C A T E
Certified that this is a bonafide record of the project work in Certified that this is a bonafide record of the project work in
PHYSICS PHYSICS
Submitted for ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION OF CLASS Submitted for ALL INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION OF CLASS
XII held at Blooming Buds Bethania, for the academic year 2016-2017 XII held at Blooming Buds Bethania, for the academic year 2016-2017
--- --- ---Faculty
Faculty Guide Guide PrincipalPrincipal Submitted for Practical Examination and Viva-Voce held on _ _ _ _
Submitted for Practical Examination and Viva-Voce held on _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ ___
--- --- ---Internal
DECLARATION
DECLARATION
I, Anand Baburajan, hereby declare that this project work I, Anand Baburajan, hereby declare that this project work
entitled “
entitled “NAND GATENAND GATE” submitted to Blooming Buds Bethania” submitted to Blooming Buds Bethania
English School Senior Secondary, Velliturithy, Marathamcode, English School Senior Secondary, Velliturithy, Marathamcode, (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, and
(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi, and Affiliation No. 930307) isAffiliation No. 930307) is original record work done by me under
original record work done by me under the supervision andthe supervision and guidance of Mrs. Sangeetha P., Department of Physics.
guidance of Mrs. Sangeetha P., Department of Physics.
Name
Name of of the the candidate candidate Register No Register No Signature Signature of of the the candidatecandidate
--- --- --- ---
---Countersigned By:
Countersigned By:
Mrs. Sangeetha P. Mrs. Sangeetha P. Teacher in Charge Teacher in Charge Department of Physics Department of PhysicsBlooming Buds Bethania English School Blooming Buds Bethania English School Senior Secondary, Senior Secondary, Marathamcode. Marathamcode. Place: Marathamcode Place: Marathamcode Date: Date:
NAND GATE
NAND GATE
Submitted to Central Board of Secondary Education in Submitted to Central Board of Secondary Education in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior
Secondary Examination Secondary Examination
By: Anand Baburajan (XII - A)
By: Anand Baburajan (XII - A)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
BLOOMING BUDS BETHANIA ENGLISH SCHOOL BLOOMING BUDS BETHANIA ENGLISH SCHOOL
SENIOR SECONDARY SENIOR SECONDARY
VELLITHURITHY, MARHAMCODE (PO), THRISSUR. VELLITHURITHY, MARHAMCODE (PO), THRISSUR.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completions of my fortunate to have got this all along the completions of my project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such project work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and I would not forget to
guidance and assistance and I would not forget to thank themthank them I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
them.
I am highly indebted to my
I am highly indebted to my physics teacher Mrs. Sangeetha P.physics teacher Mrs. Sangeetha P. for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for
for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regardin
providing necessary information regarding the project & g the project & also foralso for supporting me in completing this project. I
supporting me in completing this project. I also thank ouralso thank our
respected Principal Mrs. Remabai V.K and Vice Principal Mrs. respected Principal Mrs. Remabai V.K and Vice Principal Mrs. Sathidevi Rajagopal for their support.
Sathidevi Rajagopal for their support.
I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all teaching staff of encouragement, support and guidance from all teaching staff of Department of Physics which helped me in successfully Department of Physics which helped me in successfully completing this project.
completing this project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.
completion of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
1. 1. INTRODUNCTIONINTRODUNCTION 2. 2. THEORYTHEORY 3.3. THE NAND GATETHE NAND GATE 4.
4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMCIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5. 5. PRECAUTIONSPRECAUTIONS 6. 6. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION 7. 7. BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship between the input and output
logical relationship between the input and output voltages.
voltages. It is a It is a digital circuit digital circuit which either which either allows a allows a signalsignal to pass through as stop, it is called a gate.
to pass through as stop, it is called a gate. The logic gates are building blocks at digital The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics.
electronics. They are They are used in used in digital electronics digital electronics to chanto changege on voltage level (input voltage) into another (output
on voltage level (input voltage) into another (output voltage) according to some logical statement relating voltage) according to some logical statement relating them.
them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one ou
one output. tput. The The relationship betwrelationship between the een the possible valuespossible values of input and output voltage is expressed in the form of a of input and output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table of combinations.
table called truth table or table of combinations.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and output possibilities for the logic gate.
input and output possibilities for the logic gate. George Boole in 1980 invented a differe
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebrant kind of algebra based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. The two values of logic
called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. The two values of logic
statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The binary number 1 is used to denote the high value. The binary number 1 is used to denote the high value.
THEORY
THEORY
Logic gates or logic gate is an entity in electronics and Logic gates or logic gate is an entity in electronics and
mathematics Boolean that turns one or more logic inputs mathematics Boolean that turns one or more logic inputs to a logic output signal. Logic gate is mainly implemented to a logic output signal. Logic gate is mainly implemented electronically using diodes or transistors,
electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also bebut can also be built using the arrangement of
built using the arrangement of components that utilizecomponents that utilize
the properties of electromagnetic (relay), fluids, optical or the properties of electromagnetic (relay), fluids, optical or even mechanical. Any Boolean algebra operation can be even mechanical. Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs and outputs represent the
associated with inputs and outputs represent the
statements of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits statements of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be constructed from three may be complex, they may all be constructed from three basic devices. We have three different types of logic
basic devices. We have three different types of logic
gates. These are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gates. These are the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.
gate.
BASIC GATES BASIC GATES
The
The OR GATEOR GATE is a device that combines A with B to give Y is a device that combines A with B to give Y
as the result. as the result.
The OR gate has two
In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as
In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as thethe OR. The Boolean expression:
OR. The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B. A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B. The
The AND GATEAND GATE is a device that combines A with B to give is a device that combines A with B to give
Y as the result. Y as the result.
The AND gate has two
The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output.or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression:
referred as the AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.
A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B. The
The NOT GATENOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT
is a one input and one
is a one input and one output.output.
In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the NOT. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the NOT. The Boolean expression:
The Boolean expression:
à =Y, indicates Y equals NOT A. à =Y, indicates Y equals NOT A.
The NAND gate
The NAND gate
Aim:
Aim:
To design and simulate the NAND gate circuit. To design and simulate the NAND gate circuit.
Components:
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R,and D2), a resistance R, an ideal n-p-n transistor.
an ideal n-p-n transistor.
Theory and Construction:
Theory and Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of ANIf we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of aD gate to the input of a
NOT gate the gate obtained is called NAND. NOT gate the gate obtained is called NAND.
The output Y is voltage C with respect to earth. The output Y is voltage C with respect to earth.
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as Y=A.B
Y=A.B, and is being read as , and is being read as ‘A AND B negated’. The‘A AND B negated’. The
following interference can be easily drawn from the following interference can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit:
working of electrical circuit:
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,
hence Y=1. hence Y=1.
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) then LampIf Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) then Lamp
will glow, hence Y=1. will glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) then LampIf switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) then Lamp
will glow, hence Y=1. will glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp willIf switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0. not glow, hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
Truth Table:
Input
Input A A Input Input B B Output Output YY 0 0 0 0 11 1 1 0 0 11 0 0 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 00
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PRECAUTIONS
PRECAUTIONS
The circuit connections should be tight and gentle.The circuit connections should be tight and gentle.
Appropriate range of volts must be used in batteriesAppropriate range of volts must be used in batteries
or cells to perform the circuit connections well. or cells to perform the circuit connections well.
The transistors and other apparatus must be handledThe transistors and other apparatus must be handled
carefully as they are very soft and brittle. carefully as they are very soft and brittle.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
The NAND Gate is now widely used for many commercial The NAND Gate is now widely used for many commercial purposes like:
purposes like:
Burglar alarm Burglar alarm
When the switch is closed one input of the NAND gate is When the switch is closed one input of the NAND gate is LOW. When the LDR is in the light the other input is LOW. LOW. When the LDR is in the light the other input is LOW. This means that if either of these things happen, i.e. the This means that if either of these things happen, i.e. the switch is closed or the light is on one of the inputs is LOW, switch is closed or the light is on one of the inputs is LOW, the output is HIGH and the buzzer sounds.
the output is HIGH and the buzzer sounds.
An automatic watering system An automatic watering system
This is designed to water plants only if the contacts, which This is designed to water plants only if the contacts, which may be buried in the soil, are too dry and it is night
may be buried in the soil, are too dry and it is night-time.-time. The relay closes and starts the pump only if both these The relay closes and starts the pump only if both these
conditions are fulfilled. (Presumably somebody waters the conditions are fulfilled. (Presumably somebody waters the plants in the daytime because if
plants in the daytime because if the switch is pressed thethe switch is pressed the water pump works regard less.)
water pump works regard less.)
A safety thermostat A safety thermostat
The two contacts X and Y are near the top of the hot The two contacts X and Y are near the top of the hot
water tank and are normally covered with water so that water tank and are normally covered with water so that there is a contact between them. The thermostat is also in there is a contact between them. The thermostat is also in the water. If the water is too cold and if the contacts are the water. If the water is too cold and if the contacts are also covered the heater comes on.
also covered the heater comes on. The temperature atThe temperature at which this occurs may be set by the variable resistor R. which this occurs may be set by the variable resistor R.
