Higher mathematics Grade 12&13 syllabus.pdf

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(1)fy;tpg;nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk; (cau; j uk; ). juk; - 12> 13. cau; fzpjk; ghlj;jpl;lk;. fzpjj; j pizf; f sk; Njrpa fy; t p epWtfk; kfufk 2009.

(2) cs;slf;fk; gf; f k; 01.. mwpKfk;. ii. 02.. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;. iv. 03.. nghJf;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;. 04.. fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik. 05.. ghlj;jpl;lk;. 1. 06.. juk; 12> 13 ,w;fhd jiyg;Gf;fSk; cj;Njr ghlNtisfSk;. 21. 07.. kjpg;gPL. 23. 08.. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lKk;. 25. 09.. Fwpg;gPL. 27. v vi. i.

(3) 01. mwpKfk; f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) - cau; fzpjk; gps;isfisj; jw;fhy cyfpw;Nfw;wthW Mf;fG+u;tkhdtu;fshf khw;WtNj fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jid miltjw;F> fhyj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;g ghlrhiyf; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. 2009 Mk; Mz;L f.ngh.j cau;juj;jpy; Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lk; mwpKfQ; nra;aj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ,ize;j fzpjk; 1998Mk; Mz;by; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; vd;gd Kd;du; NghJkhd msT cs;slf;fg;glhikap dhNyNa Kd;dUs;s ghlj;jpl;lk; jpUj;jpaikf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. jw;NghJs;s ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ cs;slf;f ikakhff;nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lkhf khw;WtNj ,j;jpl;lkhFk;. 2007 Mk; Mz;by; juk;; 6> 10 ,Yk;> 2008Mk; Mz;by; juk; 7> 11 ,Yk; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;r;rpikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlu;eJ ; > mk;khztu;fs; juk; 12 ,w;F 2009 Mz;L tUk;NghJ f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) tFg;Gf;fspy; Nju;r ; r ; pikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; njhlUtjw;F ,k;khw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. J}a fzpjk;> gpuNahf fzpjk; vd;gtw;wpd; cau;e;j jiyg;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpa ghlNk cau; fzpjkhFk;. cau; fzpjk; jdpahd xU fzpj ghlkhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fshtd@ (i) nghwpapay;> ngsjPf tpQ;Qhdk; (fzpjk;) vd;gtw;wpy; tpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa gy;fiyf;fof ghlnewpj; Jiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpj; njhlu;tjw;Fupa Nkyjpf fzpj mwpit to;qFfpwJ. (ii) f.ngh.j (c.j) guPl;ir rpj;jpaile;j khztu;fs; tq;fp> tu;j;jfk;> Kfhikj;Jtk; rhu;;e;j njhopy;fspy; <Lglj;jf;f jd;ikia mjpfupf;fpwJ. i.

(4) (iii) khztu;fs; Mu;tj;Jld; fzpjj;jpy; Mokhf Ma;T nra;a toptFf;fpwJ. (iv) f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ,y; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ghlq;fisj; njupT nra;tjpy; nefpo;Tj; jd;ikia mspf;fpd;wJ. ,g;ghlj;ijj; njupTnra;Ak; khztu;fs; ,ize;j fzpjk; vd;w ghlj;ijAk; njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. cau; fzpjj;jpYk; J}a nfhz;Ls;sd. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii). fzpj> gpuNahf fzpj cs;slf;fq;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gpd;tUk; gbg;Gg; gug;Gf;fisf; ml;ru fzpjk; Ez; fzpjk; Nfj;jpu fzpjk; jpupNfhz fzpjk; epiyapay;> ePu;epiyapay; ,af;ftpay; Gs;sptpgutpay;. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijf; fw;gjw;Fk; fw;gpg;gjw;Fk; cupa re;ju;g;gk;> Kiwapay; vd;g tw;iwj; Nju;T nra;tjw;fhd Xu; mbj;jskhf ml;ltizg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd nghJf;Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,jdhy; ,g;ghlk; khztu;fSf;Ff; fUj;Jr; nrwpTilajhfTk; njhlu;GilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. vt;tpjkhapDk; njupag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,f;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; fy;tpapd; gue;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xU cg gFjpahFk; vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpaj;JtKilaJ. vdNt tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fs; njhlu;Gila ,izg;ghlr; nraw;ghLfs; xOq;fikj;jy; vd;gtw;iwj; njupTnra;tjpy; fy;tpapd; gue;j Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vg;nghOJk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.. iii.

(5) 02. ghlj; j pl; l j; j pd; Nehf; f q; f s; 01. 02. 03. 04.. fzpjj;jpy; cau; fy;tpiaj; njhlUtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fzpjj; jpwd;ifs toq;Fjy;. fzpjg; gpurpdq;fSf;Fj; jPu;T fhz;gjw;Fupa jpwd;fis> mDgtq;fis toq;Fjy;. fzpjj;jpy; epahapj;jiy my;yJ ju;f;fuPjpahd rpe;jidia tpUj;jpailar; nra;jy;. fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjw;fhd Mtiyj; J}z;Ljy;.. fzpjj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpj mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tJ kl;Lkd;wp> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; fzpj mwpitg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; gz;Grhu; tpUj;jpia tsu;g;gjw;Fk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. Nju;r;rpkl;l ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;> • fUj;Js;s fz;lwpjy; KiwahdJ> khztu; ikaf; fw;wYf;F topfhl;Lk;. • khztupd; kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g Nju;r;rpfis toq;Fk;. • Mrpupaupd; ,yf;Ffs; kpfTk; Fwpg;ghdjhf mikAk;. • xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpYk;> khztupd; epiyia ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; Njitahd gpd;D}l;liy toq;f KbAk;. toikahd fw;gpjjy; KiwfspypUe;J tpyfp> Mrpupau;; khztu;fsplj;J cUkhw;wg; gq;fspg;igr; nra;a KbAk;. ,g;ghlj;jpll ; j;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy>; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fspy>; ,d;iwa NjitfSf;F Vw;wthW gy;NtW epiyikfisj; njhlu;GgLj;jp Gjpa fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfis Mrpupau; tFg;giwfspy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU Nju;rr ; pkl;lj;ijAk;> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy; fUJtjhy; Mrpupau; fSf;F khztupd; milTkl;lj;ij kjpg;gpLtJ ,yFthdjhFk;. iv.

(6) 03. nghJf; F wpf; N fhs; f s; khztu;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;iwr; nra;Jfhl;Lk; jpwikAilatu;fshf tpsq;f Ntz;Lk;. 1.. fzpj tpgupg;Gf;fhf cz;ikahd cyfepiy (gpur;rpid) apypUe;J gpupj;jwpjy;.. 2.. epiyikia tpgupf;fg;nghUj;jkhd fzpjf; fUtpiaj; njupTnra;J cgNahfpj;jy;.. 3.. fzpjg; gpurpdq;fSf;Fj; jPu;Tfhzy;> vspjhf;fy;> mz;zsthf;fy;. 4.. jug;gl;l gpurpdk; njhlu;ghd tpisit tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sf;$bathW tpsf;fkspj;jYk;> njhlu;ghlYk;.. 5.. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l my;yJ njupe;njLf;fg;gl;l fzpj khjpupfspd; vy;iyfis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.. v.

(7) 04. fw; g pj; j y; Kiwik khztu;fs; ,g;ghl newpapD}lhf vjpu;ghu;j;j tpisitg; ngWtij ,yFthf;f gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs;> jq;fsJ fzpjj; njhlu;ghlypy; Nkk;gl Ntz;Lkhapd; jkJ rf khztu;fSlDk; MrpupaUlDk; nghUs; tpsq;fpf; fye;Jiuahly;> jPu;Tfhzy;> tpsf;Fjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; re;ju;g;gk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; vOj;jpy; khj;jpukpdw ; p tha;%yj; njhlu;ghly;> glq;fis cgNahfpjj ; y;> vz;> FwpaL P > nrhw;gpuNahfq; fis cgNahfpjj ; y; Nghd;;wtw;wpy; njhlu;ghly; epfo;j;j Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; gy;topfspy; fw;fpwhu;fs;. khztu;fs; fl;Gyd;> nrtpg;Gyd; clw;jir mirTfs; my;yJ gy;NtW Gyd;fspD}lhff; fw;fpwhu;fs;. fw;wy; ghzp tPr;Rf;fspy; gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. kpfg;nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaj;ijj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;F ,f;fhuzpfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khztu;fs; fzpjj;ijf; fw;Fk; Kiwapy; fyhr;rhu r%fg; gpd;dzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpisit Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij Ma;Tfs; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,t;NtWghLfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;L> gy;NtW tpjkhd fw;gpj;jy; cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fzpj mwpT> jpwd; vd;gtw;wpd; tpUj;jpapy; rfy khztu;fSk; rktha;g;igg; ngw KbAk;. tFg;nghd;wpy; KO khztu;fSf;Fk; fw;gpj;jy; epfOk;NghJ ngupa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfoKbAk;. khztu;fs; jkJ FOtpYs;s Vida mq;fj;jtu;fSld;> ,ilj; njhlu;GWk;NghJ rpwpa FOtpDs; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. khztd; xUtd; ,d;ndhU khztDld; my;yJ MrpupaUld; ,ilj;njhlu;GWk;NghJ jdpegu; kl;lj;jpy; fw;wy; epfo KbAk;. vdNt rfy xOq;FfSk; fzpj tFg;giwapy; jj;jkf;Fupa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.. vi.

(8) 05. ghlj;jpl;lk;.

(9) cau;fzpjk; I Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk;. 1. njhil ml;rufzpjj; 1.1 gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; g jw; F ijf; ifahs;thu;. njhilfs; gw;wpa mbg; gilf; fzpjr; nra;iffis gpuNahfpg;ghu;.. • • • • • • • • •. 1.2 gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; g jw; F • njhil ml; r ufzpjj; i jg; • gad;gLj;Jthu;. • • • •. 01. ghl Ntisfs;. njhilg;gpupT> Kiwikj; njhilg;gpupT mfpyj;njhil> #dpaj;njhil njhilnahd;wpd; Kjypik rknjhilfs;> rktYj; njhilfs; ntd;tupg;glk; KbTs;s njhilfs;> Kbtpy; njhilfs; ,ilntl;L> xd;wpg;G epug;gp> rhu; epug;gp %l;lw;w njhilfs;. 10. mNjtY tpjp guptu;j;jid tpjp> Nru;j;jptpjp> guk;gy; tpjp ru;trkd;ghl;L tpjp jNkhfd; tpjpfs; (epWty; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy) njhilf;Nfhitfisr; RUf;Ftjw;F Nkw;gb tpjpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; KbTs;s ,U njhilfspd; xd;wpg;gpd; %yfq; fspd; vz;zpf;iff;fhd #j;jpuKk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpj; jPu;f;Fk; gpurpdq;fSk;. 15.

(10) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk;. 2. xUkhwpapyhd rhu;Gf 2.1 n j h i l f S f ; f p i l a p y h d • • njhlu;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;. isg; gFg;gha;T nra; thu;. • • • •. 2.2 rhu;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.. njhilfspd; ngUf;fk; cjhuzq;fSld; njhlu;G xd;wpw;fhd tiu tpyf;fzk; ngUf;fj; njhilapd; njhilg; gpupTfshf njhlu;Gfs; Neu;khW njhlu;Gfs; tiutpyf;fzk;> cjhuzk; rktd;ikj; njhlu;Gfs; gpd;tisT> rkr;rPu;> fle;Njfw; gz;Gfs; njhil xd;wpd; gpupg;G> rktd;ik tFg;Gf;fs;. •. xd;W - xd;W njhlu;G my;yJ gy xd;W njhlu;G> rhu;ghFk; vd;w vz;zf;fU rhu;gpd; Fwpg;gPL Ml;rp> ,iz Ml;rp> tPr;R xd;W - xd;W rhu;G@ Nkyhd rhu;G rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfs; xw;iw> ,ul;il> kl;L rhu;Gfs; Nru;j;jpr;rhu;Gfs;. • • •. nghJthf vd;gJ myFr;rhu;G Neu;khW rhu;G vd;w rhu;gpd; tiuigg; gad;. • • • • •. gLj;jp vd;w rhu;Gfspd; tiuGfs; 02. ghl Ntisfs. 15. 15.

(11) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk;. 3. gy;YWg;Gr; rhu;Gfis 3.1 gy;YWg;Gr; rkd;ghL xd;wpd; • Ak;> tpfpjKW rhu;G %yq;fisf; fhz;gjw;F fisAk; ifahs;thu;. fhuzpj; Njw; w j; i j cg Nahfpg;ghu;.. fhuzpj;Njw;wk;. 08. 3.2 gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;Fg; gy; • rkr;rPu;> Xuha rkr;rPu;> rf;fur; rkr;rPu;f; YWg;gpfspd; Vftpdkhd gz;G> Nfhitfs; rf; f ur; rkr; r P u ; g ; g z; G vd; g • Vftpdkhd rf;fur; rkr;rPu;f; Nfhit tw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. fspd; fhuzpahf;fy; 3.3 t p f p j K W r h u ; G x d ; w p d ; • elj;ijia Muha;thu;.. ghl Ntisfs. 08. nka;naz;fshf ,Uf;f vDk; tbtpyke;j rhu;Gfspd; cau;T/ ,opTg; ngWkhdq;fs;> mtw;wpd; tiuGfs;. 4. nka;naz;fSldhd rkdpypfisf; nfhz;l gpurpdq;f isj; jPu;g;gjw;F cupa Njw;wq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;.. •. $l;ly; ,il. ngUf;fy; ,il. ,w;Fupa vspa gpuNahfq;fs;. •. 03. 10. 15.

(12) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. 5. gpurpdq;fs; jPug ; g ; jw;F 5.1 jhaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gy; • jhaq;fisAk;> Jzp NtW cUkhw;wq;fis tpsf;F NfhitfisAk; thu;. • fzpj khjpupfshff; ifahs;thu;. •. 5.2 $l; L Nfj; j pufzpj cU • khw; w q; f is> jhaq; f isg; ghtpj;Jg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;. 6. fbdkhd gpurpdq; 6.1 jNkhtupd; Njhw; w j; i jg; • fspd; jPuT ; fisf;fhz gad; g Lj; j p jpupNfhzfzpj topfhl;Ltjw;F rpf;f ru;trkd;ghLfisAk;> rkd; nyz;fs; gw;wpa mwp ghLfisAk; jPu;g;ghu;. itg; gpuNahfpg;ghu;. 6.2 rpf;fy; khwp xd;wpd; cWg; • Gf;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;s jsk; xd;wpy; ,aq;Fk; Gs;spapd; xOf;fpid Muha;thu;.. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs. ,Ugupkhz cUkhw;wq;fs; ngau;r;rpfs;(Vfgupkhz> Vfgupkhzkw;w) Vfgupkhz cUkhw;wq;fs; - jha tiff;Fwpg;G> gz;Gfs;> khwhj Gs;spfs;> khwhj NfhLfs; cUkhw;wq;fspd; ntt;NtW tiffs; (Row;rp> njwpg;G> tpupT) (cw;gj;jpA+lhfr; nry;Yk; NfhLfs; gw;wpa njwpg;Gf;fs; kl;Lk;). 15. NkNy jug;gl;l cUkhw;wq;fspd; $l;L cUkhw;wq;fs;.. 10. Neu; epiwnaz; Rl;bfSf;fhd jNkhtupd; Njw;wk;. epWtYk; gpuNahfKk;. 10. rpf;fnyz;fs; jug;gl;bUf;f. > nka;naz;. vd;gtw;wpd; xOf;Ffs;. (Mfd; tupg;glj;jpy;) 04. Nfhzk;. 10.

(13) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs. 7. gy; N tW rhu; G fspd; 7.1 Gs; s pnahd; w py; rhu; G fspd; • vy; i yfisj; Jzp vy;iyfisf; fhz;ghu;. thu;. 7.2 rhu; n ghd; w pd; njhlu; r ; r pia • Muha;thu;. • • •. ,lJgf;f> tyJgf;f vy;iyfs;. 03. njhlu;r;rpnahd;wpd; Nfj;jpufzpjf; fUj;J Gs;spnahd;wpy; rhu;gpd; njhlu;r;rp jug;gl;l Ml;rpapy; rhu;gpd; njhlu;r;rp njhlu;r;rpaw;w rhu;GfSf;F cjhuzq;fs;. 10. 8. gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;g 8.1 Gs;spnahd;wpy; rhu;nghd; wpd; • jw; F rhu; n ghd; w pd; ngWjpia tpsf;Fthu;. ngWjpia tpgupg;ghu;.. Gs;spnahd;wpy; rhu;nghd;wpd; ngWjpiaf; fhz; gjw;Fj; NjitahdJk; NghJkhdJkhd epge;jidfs;. jug;gl;l rhu;gpd; ntt;NtW Gs;spfspy; tifapL jd;ikiar; Nrhjpj;jy;.. 10. 8.2 gukhdr; rhu;ghLfspd; tif • aPLfis cgNahfpj;J rhu; nghd;wpd; ngWjpiaj; Jzp thu;.. gukhdr; rkd;ghLfspd; tifaPL tiuGfs;.. 10. 8.3 gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; g jw; F g; • ngWjpfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. •. ngWjp epiyahd Gs;spfs;> jpUk;gy; Gs;spfs; mtw;wpd; NtWghL cau;T> ,opT (1) Kjyhk; tifaPl;il kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jp (2) Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; tifaPLfisg; gad; gLj;jp. •. •. 05.

(14) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; • •. 9. tiuaWj;j njhif 9.1 tiuaWj; j njhifaP l ; i l • aPLfis tpgupg;ghu;. tpsf;Fthu;. • •. •. Kjyhk; ngWjp ,y;yhj Gs;spfspd; cau;T> ,opT > vd;w tbtpyike;j rkd;ghL fspd; tiuGfs;. (mr;Rf;fSf;F rkhe;jukhd mZF NfhLfs; kl;Lk;.). ghl Ntisfs. 15. tisap xd;wpdf ; o P ; cs;s gug;gsT gw;wpa fUj;J. $l;Lj; njhifapd; vy;iyahf njhifaPl;bd; tiutpyf;fzk; tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;bd; gz;Gfs;. rhu;nghd;wpd; Kuz; ngWkjpf;Fk; tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;bw;FkpilNaahd njhlu;G. 06. 15.

(15) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk;. 9.2 tiuaWj;j njhifaPl;ilg; • gad; g Lj; j p gpurpdq; f isj; • jPu;g;ghu;. •. 10. gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;g jw;F mz;zsthf;fy; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj; Jthu;.. 11. tifaPl;Lr; rkd;ghL fis tpgupg;ghu;.. • • • • • • • • •. ghl Ntisfs. tisap xd;wpd; fPo; cs;s gug;gsT ,U tisapfSf;fpilNaahd gug;gsT Row;rp %yk; ngwg;gLk; jpz;kq;fs; Ms;$w;W mr;RfSf;F rkhe;jukhd mr;Rg; gw;wp tisap xd;iw Row;Wtjhy; ngwg;gLk; jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT. (i) Row;rp mr;Rf;F nrq;Fj;jhd fPyq;fisf; fUJtjhy; (ii) cUis tbthd XLfisf; fUJtjhy;. 15. epA+l;ld; - uhg;rd; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp ,d; mz;zsthd jPu;Tfs;. kf;FNshupd; njhlu; ruptf tpjp> rpkr ; d; tpjpiag;gad;gLj;jp njhifaPL. 06. vspa ngsjPf epge;jidfSf;F mika tif aPl;Lr; rkd;ghLfis mikj;jy; tifaPl;Lr; rkd;ghL xd;wpd; tupir> gb tifaPl;Lr; rkd;ghLfspd; jPu;Tfs; tisapf; FLk;gk; xd;wpd; tifaPl;Lr; rkd;ghL nrt;td; tisapj; njhFjpapd; tifaPlL ; r;rkd;ghL Nfj;jpufzpj tiff;Fwpg;G. 15. 07.

(16) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; • •. 12. Kidths; $Wfis Ak; mtw;wpd; gpuNah fq;fisAk; tpgupgg ; hu;.. • • •. 13. $k; G tisapfis 13.1 $k;G tisapfspd; epakr; tpgupg;ghu;. rkd;ghLfisg; ngWthu;.. •. ghl Ntisfs. Kidths; $w;W tbtk; > MFk;. Kidths;$w;Wf;Fk;> njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;Wf;F kpilNaahd njhlu;G Kidths;$w;W rkd;ghLfspd; tiuGfs; Kidths;$w;W tbtpy; tl;lk; xd;wpd; rkd;ghL Kidths;$w;W tbtpy; jug;gl;l tisapf;F> Gs;sp xd;wpy; njhlyp> nrt;td; vd;gtw;wpd; rkd;ghL. 10. gutisT> ePs; tisak;> mjpgutistpd; rkd;ghLfs;.. 06. 13.2 $k;G tisapd; Gs;spnahd; • wpy; njhlyp> nrt;td; kw;Wk; njhLifehz; Mfpatw;wpd; rkd;ghLfisg; ngWthu;.. njhlyp> nrt;td;> njhLifehz; vd;gtw;wpd; rkd;ghLfs; (gukhd tbtpy; Ms;$Wfs; jug;gLkplj;J). 20. 13.3 $k;G tisapapy; gpurpdq;fs; • jPu;g;ghu;.. vspa xOf;Ffs;> vspa gpurpdq;fs;. 20. 08.

(17) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk;. 14.. Nfj;jpufzpj KbTf isf; fhtpfspy; tpgupg;ghu;.. • •. Neu;Nfhnlhd;wpd; fhtpr;rkd;ghL Nfj;jpu fzpjg; gpuNahfq;fs;.. 15.. jpupNfhzfzpj rhu;Gfis Ak;> rkd; ghLfisAk; tpgupg; ghu;.. •. $l;ly;> ngUf;fy; #j;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;l jpupNfhz fzpj rkd;ghLfspd; jPu;Tfs; Vfgupkhz/,Ugbf; fhuzpfshf;ff;$ba ,yhd jpupNfhz fzpj rkd;ghL fspd; jPu;Tfs;. it vDk; tbtpy; czu;j;Jjy; tbtpyhd rkd;ghLfspd; jPuT ; fs; Neu;khW jpupNfhz fzpjr; rhu;Gfisf; nfhz;l rkd;ghLfs;.. •. • • •. 09. ghl Ntisfs 05. 15.

(18) cau;fzpjk; II Nju;r;rp 1. ehg;gj;ij (rkepiy) gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; 1.1. 1.2. tpla cs;slf;fk;. fhtp ml;rufzpjj;ijg; gad; • fhtp ml;ru fzpjk; - mwpKfk; jhdf;fhtp> tpfpjj; gLj;jp gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;ghu;. Njw;wk;> Neu;Nfhl;bd; fhtpr;rkd;ghL • fhtpnahd;wpd; Kg;gupkhzg;gpupg;G - xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd tyJif Ms;$w;wr;Rj; njhFjp • ,Ufhtpfspd; vz;zpg;ngUf;fKk; mjd; gz;GfSk; • jpirf; Nfhird;fs; • ,Ufhtpfspd; fhtpgn ; gUf;fKk; mjd; gz;GfSk;. • ,d; Vfgupkhz rhuhik Kg;gupkhz tpirj;njhFjp xd;wpd; jd;ikiag; gFg; gha;T nra;thu;.. •. tpirj; njhFjp - tpisAs;> rkepiy • Gs;spnahd;W gw;wp tpirapd; jpUg;gk; •. tpirfspd; fhtpf;$l;ly;. •. Gs;spnahd;W gw;wp tpirj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; jpUg;gk;. •. tpirj;njhFjp xd;wpd; rktd;ik • tpirfspd; fhtpf;$l;ly;; • ,iznahd;wpd; tiutpyf;fzKk;> fhtpj; jpUg;gKk; • jug;gl;Ls;s tpirj;njhFjp xd;W jug;gl;l Gs;spapD}L nry;Yk; R vDk; tpirf;Fk; ,w;Fk; xLf;fg;gLjy; (tpirfs;> ,iz jhdf;fhtpfs; ,d; cWg;Gfspy;) 10. ghl Ntisfs. 20.

(19) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs. tpirj;njhFjp xd;wpid xLf;ff;$ba ,aYkhd tiffSk;> epge;jidfSk;. •. •. rkepiy. •. ,iz. • •. jdptpir tpirAk; ,izAk; 20. 1.3. jput cijg;gpd; jd;ikia • tpsf;Fthu;.. jsg;gug;G tisgug;Gf;fspyhd jput cijg;Gf;fs;.. 10. 1.4. ePu;epiyapaypy; Mf;kpbrpd; • tpjp njhlu;ghd epfo;Tfis • tpsf;Fthu;.. Mf;kpbrpd; tpjp jputnkhd;wpy; mkpo;j;jg;gl;l clnyhd;wpy; NkYijg;G. 10. mKf;fikak; gw;wpAk; mjd; • • gpuNahfk; gw;wpAk;. mKf;fikaj;jpd; tiutpyf;fzk; mKf;fikaj;ijf;fhzy; (vspa tiffs;). gpurpdq;fs; jPu;g;gjw;F fhtp • Ez;fzpjj;ij cgNahfpg; • • ghu;.. vz;zpapy; rhu;e;Js;s fhtpf; fzpak; vz;zp xd;iwf; Fwpj;J fhtp xd;wpd; tifaPL fhtp xd;wpd; ngWjpapd; gz;Gfs;. 1.5. 2. ,af;fj;ij tpgupg;ghu;. 2.1. 11. 15.

(20) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; epiyahd Gs;sp. •. ghl Ntisfs. itf; Fwpj;J Gs;sp. jhdf; fhtp > Ntff;fhtp gw;wpa vz;zf;fU.. apd;. > Mu;KLfy;fhtp. (Neuk; njhlu;ghd fhtpr; rhu;Gfs;) Ntff;fhtp> Mu;KLfy;fhtp vd;gtw;iwf; fzpjj ; y;. •. vd;w fhtprr ; kd;ghL cl;gl ,q;F vd;gd Kidths; $Wfs; kplj;J. xU Gs;sp. •. gw;wp. ,y; jug;gL. apd; Nfhz Ntfk;. Nfhz. Mu;KLfy; vd;gtw;wpd; vz;zf;fUf;fs; MiutopNaAk;> njhlyp topNaAkhd Ntfj;ij Ak;> Mu;KLfiyAk; ngWjYk;> gpuNahfKk; njf;fhl;bd; Ms;$w;wr;Rf;fspd; topNaahd mtw;wpd; $Wfs;. vwpgil xd;wpd; ,af;fk; fhtpr;rkd;ghLfisg; gad; gLj;Jjy;. •. •. > vz;zpr; rkd;ghLfs;. ghijapd; njf;fhl;bd; rkd;ghL. 12. 20.

(21) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; 2.2. Jzpf;ifj; njhFjp xd;wpd; ,af;fj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.. tpla cs;slf;fk; • cila ikak;. Mf> Gs;sp ,Ys;s jpzpT Jzpf;ifj;njhFjp nahd;wpd; jpzpT ,dJ tiu tpyf;fzk;. ,d; jhdf;fhtp. •. •. ,d; Ntff;fhtp. •. ,d; Mu;KLfy;fhtp. [ •. ] njhFjpnahd;wpd; Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fj;jpw;F>. ,q;F epA+l;ldpd; tpjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 13. ghl Ntisfs.

(22) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk;. ghl Ntisfs. ntsptpirfspd; fhtpf;$l;Lj; njhif = ePl;ly; ce;j khw;w tPjk; = nkhj;jj;jpzpT ,d; Mu;KLfy; MFk;NghJ ePl;ly; ce;jf; fhg;Gj;. •. jj;Jtk;. nkhj;j ,af;f rf;jp = jpzpT ikak;. •. ahff; nfhz;L Ntfk; ,af;f rf;jp + rf;jp 2.3. •. Fupa tpir xd;wpd; tYit tpgupg;ghu;.. cld; ,aq;Ftjhyhd. njhlu;ghd ,af;fj;jpd; ,af;f. 20. xg;gkhd Nfhsq;fspd; rupthd nkhj;jy; xg;gkhd Nfhsk; xd;W tpiwj;j xg;gkhd Nkw; gug;Gld; NkhJif ,Nyrhd ePsh ,iofspy; Vw;gLk; fzj;jhf; fpOitfs; cs;slq;fpa gpurpdq;fspd; jPu;Tfs;. fzj;jhf;fpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,af;f rf;jp khw;wj;jpw;. fzj;jhf;Ffis tpgupg;ghu;. • • •. 2.4. Jzpfi ; f. #j;jpuk;. ,d; gad;;ghL.. khwh tpir xd;wpdhy; nra;ag;gLk; Ntiy vz;zpf; ngUf;fkhf> cly; xd;wpd; ,af;frf;jp gw;wpa vz;zf;fU. Ntiyf;Fk;> ,af;frf;jpf;FkpilNaahd njhlu;G. • • •. 14. 15.

(23) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; • • •. 2.5. khWk; tpir xd;wpd; fPo; Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.. •. ghl Ntisfs. fhg;Gtpirj; njhFjp xd;wpy; nghUnshd;wpd; mOj;jrf;jp nghwpKiw rf;jp = ,af;f rf;jp + mOj;j rf;jp nghUj;jkhd Ntisfspy; njhFjp xd;wpd; fhg;Gtpirj; jj;Jtj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp. Neuk;. Ntfk;. 15. Mf ,Uf;f>. vd;gtw;iwg; •. •. gpuNahfpj;jy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp Neuk; my;yJ Ntfk; vd;g tw;wpd; xU rhu;ghf khWk; tpir jug;gLkplj;J> khWk; tpirapd; jhf;fj;jpd; fPo; Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fj;Jf;F epA+l;ldpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpiag; gpuNahfpj;J gpurpdk; jPu;j;jy; my;yJ ,w;F tpfpjrkkhd jilia Ntfk; Aila Clfk; xd;wpy; epiyf;Fj;J ,af;fj;Jf; fhd Kjyhk;gb tifaPl;Lr; rkd;gl;il mikj; jy;> jPu;j;jy;. 15. 15.

(24) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; 2.6. tpla cs;slf;fk;. #ow;rp ,af;fj;ij tpgupgg ; hu;. • • • • •. 3. gpdd ; f vOkhw;W khwp 3.1 xd;wpd; epfo;jfT khjpup njhlu;ghd elj;ijiaj; Jzptu;.. Nfhz ce;jKk;> mJ njhlu;ghd tpjpfSk; rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gk; rlj;Jtj;jpUg;gj;jpy; rkhe;ju mr;Rj;Njw;wk;> nrq;Fj;J mr;Rj;Njw;wk; gy;NtW cly;fspd; rlj;Jtj; jpUg;gj;ijf; fhzy; Row;rp ,af;f rf;jpAk;> rf;jpf; fhg;Gk; jpUg;gr; rkd;ghL ,q;F gw;wp ntsp tpirfspd; jpUg;gq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif. 15. ,ul;il ,af;fj;ij tpgupg; • ghu;. • • •. ePl;ly; ce;jKk; mjd; fhg;Gk; Nfhz ce;jKk; mjd; fhg;Gk; $l;^ry; fzj;jhf;fpd; tpisT. 20. gpdd ; f vOkhw;W khwp xd;wpd; • elj;ijia gpd;df epfo;jf Tg; guk;gypD}Lhf Muha; • thu;. •. vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid xd;wpd; gpdd ; f vOkhw;W khwp x x ,d; epfo;jfTr; rhu;Gk; mjd; gz;GfSk;. vOkhw;Wg; gupNrhjid xd; wpd; epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; rhu;G khww;wpwd; vd;g guk;gypd; vjpu;T tw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzk;> fzpj;jy;> gpuNahfk;. •. 2.7. ghl Ntisfs. • •. vd;w #j;jpuq;fspd; epWtYk; mtw;wpd; gpuNahfKk;. 16.

(25) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; ,U vOkhw;Wkhwpfs;. •. ghl Ntisfs. ,w;F vd;w #j;jpuj;jpd;. •. gpuNahfk; ,U rhuh vOkhw;W khwpfs;. ,w;F> vd;w #j;jpuj;jpd;. • 3.2. nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; tpNrl gpd;df epfo;jfTg; guk;gy;fisg; gad;gLj;J thu;.. • • •. gpuNahfk; jpus; guk;gy; rhu;Gk; mjd; gpuNahfKk; gpd;df rPuhdguk;gy; vjpu;Tg; ngWkhdj;jpdJk; khww;wpwdpdJk; fzpj;jy;> gpuNahfk;. <UWg;Gg; guk;gy; ,q;F. • •. vDk; vOkhw;W khwp> vd;gtw;iwg; gukhdq;fshff;nfhz;l <UWg;Gg; guk;giyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. - xd;iwnahd;W rhuhj gupNrhjidfspd; vz;zpf;if - ntw;wp xd;wpw;fhd epfo;jfT. > <UWg;Gg;guk;gypd; vd;gtw;wpd; epWty; gpuNahfk; jug;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F Vw;wthW khjpupia mikj;jYk; <UWg;Gg; guk;giyg; gad;gLj;jp epfo;jfitf; fhzYk;. 17. 20.

(26) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; •. ghl Ntisfs. ngUf;fw;guk;;gy; @. •. ,q;F - ntw;wp xd;wpw;fhd epfo;jfT •. •. •. vd;gtw;wpd; gpuNahfk; khjpupahf;fKk;> epfo;jfitf; fzpj;jYk; GtNrhd; guk;gy; gpd;df vOkhw;Wkhwp. vd;gtw;wpid epWtYk; gpuNahfKk; GtNrhd; guk;gypd; ghtid (a) Neuk; fzpj;jy; (b) GtNrhd; guk;giy> <UWg;Gg; guk;gYf;F Xu; mz;zsthf;fkhf;fg; gad;gLj;jy;. 18. 40.

(27) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; 3.3. tpla cs;slf;fk;. • njhlu; vOKhw;Wkhwp xd;wpd; elj;ijia njhlu; epfo;jfTg; guk;gy; khjpup • xd;wpD}lhf tpgupg;ghu;. • •. ghl Ntisfs. njhlu; vOkhw;WkhwpAk;> njhlu; vOkhw;W khwp apd; epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr; rhu;Gk; epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr; rhu;gpd; gz;Gfisg; gad; gLj;Jjy; epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr; rhu;G jug;gl;l NghJ> Fwpj;j Mapilapy; epfo;j;jfitf; fzpg;ghu;. ,il khww;wpwd; epaktpyfy; vd;gtw; wpd; tiutpyf;fzKk;> fzpj;jy;fSk;. • vd;gtw;wpd; epWty;fSk; gpuNahfq;fSk; 3.4. tpNrl njhlu; epfo;Tg; • guk;gy;fhzg; nghUj;jkhd thW gad;gLj;Jthu;.. rPuhd my;yJ nrt;tfg;guk;gy;. vd;gtw;wpd;. • •. epWty;fSk; fzpj;jy;fSk; mLf;Ff; Fwpg;guk;gy;. 19. 10.

(28) Nju;r;rp. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. tpla cs;slf;fk; •. ghl Ntisfs. epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr;rhu;G. vd;w KbGfSk;> gad;gLj;jYk;. • •. jpus;guk;gy;rhu;G jug;gl;l epiyikapy; mLf;Ff; Fwpg;guk;giy khjpup xd;whf cgNahfpj;jy; nrt;td; guk;gy; nrt;td; guk;gYf;fhd epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr;rhu;G. •. epfo;jfT mlu;j;jpr;rhu;gpd;,ay;Gfs;. • • •. epak nrt;td;guk;gy; <UWg;Gg; guk;gYf;fhd nrt;td; mz;zsthf;fk;. njhlu;r;rpj;jpUj;jk;. • •. 20. 40.

(29) 06. cj;Njr fw;gpj;jy; xOq;Fk; ghlNtisAk; - juk; 12 Nju;r;rp kl;lk;. jiyg;G. ghl Ntis. jtiz 1 cau; f zpjk; I 1.1> 1.2 2.1> 2.2. • •. njhilfs;; njhlu;Gfs;> rhu;Gfs;. 25 30. cau;fzpjk; II 1.1 1.3> 1.4. • •. fhtp ml;rufzpjk;; ePu;epiyapay;. 20 20. jtiz 2 cau; f zpjk; I 3.1> 3.2> 3.3 4. • •. gy;YWg;Gr; rhu;GfSk;> tpfpjKW rhu;GfSk; rkdpypfs;;. 26 15. cau;fzpjk; II 1.2 2.1 2.2. • • •. Kg;gupkhz tpirfs; fhtp Ez;fzpjk; Jzpf;ifj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; ,af;fk;. 20 20 20. jtiz 3 cau; f zpjk; I 1.5 7.1> 7.2 8.1> 8.2> 8.3. • • •. jpupNfhz fzpjr;rhu;GfSk;> rkd;ghLfSk; vy;iy> njhlu;r;rp ngWjpfs;. 15 13 35. cau;fzpjk; II 2.3 2.4 2.5. • • •. fzj;jhf;F tY Neu;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;. 15 15 15 21.

(30) 06. cj;Njr fw;gpj;jy; xOq;Fk; ghlNtisAk; - juk; 13 Nju;r;rp kl;lk;. jiyg;G. ghl Ntis. jtiz 1 cau; f zpjk; I 12 13.1> 13.2> 13.3. • •. Kidths;$W $k;GU. 10 45. cau;fzpjk; II 2.6 2.7 1.5. • • •. Row;rp ,af;fk; ,Ugupkhz ,af;fk; mKf;fikak;. 20 20 15. jtiz 2 cau; f zpjk; I 9.1> 9.2 10 11 12. • • • •. njhifaPL mz;zsthf;fy; Kiwf;s tifaPl;Lr; rkd;ghL fhtpfis cgNahfpj;J Nfj;jpufzpj KbGfs;. 30 06 15 05. cau;fzpjk; II 3.1 3.2. •. gpd;df epfo;jfTr;rhu;Gfs;. 60. cau; f zpjk; I 5.1> 5.2 6.1> 6.2. • •. jhaq;fs;> Jzpf;Nfhitfs; rpf;fnyz;fs;. 25 20. cau;fzpjk; II 3.3> 3.4. •. njhlu; epfo;jfTr; rhu;Gfs;. 50. jtiz 3. 22.

(31) 07. kjpg; g P L kjpg;gPl;Lf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;) tpdhj;jhs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jhy; gpd;du; mwptpf;fg;gLk;.. kjpg;gPl;Lf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; J}afzpjk; guPl;rhu;j;jpfspd; Mw;wy;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; guPl;rpf;fg;gLk;. (i) fzpjj;jpy; ifahSk; Ntiyffisr; nra;;J Kbf;Fk; Mw;wy; (ii) fzpj vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; jj;Jtq;fisAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; (iii) nghUj;jkhd fzpj cz;ikfisAk;> vz;zf;fUf;fisAk;> El;gq;fisAk; kPs;epidT+l;b> mt;twpit cgNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wy; (iv) fzpjtpay; uPjpahd epahapj;jy; (fhuzpj;jy;). nghwpapay; guPl;rhu;j;jpfspd; Mw;wy;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; guPl;rpf;fg;gLk;. (i) gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd fzpj cz;ikfiskAk; vz;zf; fUf;fisAk; El;gq;fisAk; kPs; epidT+l;b mt;twpit cgNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wy; (ii) nfhLf;fg;gl;l xU epiyikapy;; (gpur;rpid;) mjw;Fupa nghwpKiwahd jj;Jtj;ijj; njupT nra;J gpuNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wy;. 23.

(32) (iii) RUf;fkhd $w;iw cgNahfpj;J ,k;kpAk; gprfhj fzpjthjk; my;yJ epahaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Mw;wy; (iv) njhlu;Gila my;yJ nghUj;jkhd nghwpKiwj; jj;Jtq;fs; gpuNahfpff ; g;gL tjw;F vLNfhs;fisAk; vspikahf;fq;fisAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; (v) %yg; gpur;rpid rhu;e;j cUtpy; fzpjg;gFg;gha;tpypUe;J KbTfis tpsf;fpr; rupnadf;fhl;b Kd;itf;Fk; Mw;wy; (vi) nghUj;jkhd myif Muk;gj;jpypUe;J KbTtiu cgNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wy; (vii) nra;ag;gl;l vLNfhs;fspd; eaq;fhzy; cl;gl;l khjpupAUf;fs;> Fiwe;j vLNfhs;fSld; khjpupAUf;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;G vd;gtw;iw kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; Mw;wy; (viii) ntt;NtW epiyikfspy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;s xNukhjpupahd fzpj khjpupAUf;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy;. epfo;jfTk; Gs;sptpgutpaYk; guPl;rhu;j;jpfspd; Mw;wy;fs; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; guPl;rpf;fg;gLk;. (i) nfhLf;fg;gl;l epiyikapy; (gpur;rpid;) gpuNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba nghUj;jkhd Gs;sptpgu khjpupAUitj; njupT nra;J gpuNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wy; (ii) (iii). Gs;sptpgutpay; KbTfis kjpg;Giu nra;J tpsf;Fk; Mw;wy; Gs;sptpgutpay; El;gq;fspd; mwpit kPs;epidT+l;b> ,tw;iw ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdk;> r%ftpQ;Qhdk;> tpahghuk;> tu;j;jfk; Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfspy; cgNahfpf;Fk; Mw;wy. 24.

(33) 08. ghlrhiyf; n fhs; i fAk; epfo; r ; r pj; jpl; l q; f Sk; fzpjf; fw;wy; khztu;fSf;Ff; fUj;Jr; nrwpe;j njhlu;Gilanjhd;whf epfo;tjw;F tFg;giw Ntiy Kw;whf mwpT> jpwd; ; j ; y; Nghd;wtw;iw tpUj;jp vd;gtw;wpy; jq;fpAs;sjhf mikahJ> njhlu;ghly;> ,izg;G> epahapj;jy; (fhuzpj;jy;) gpur;rpid jPuj cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkNy $wg;gl;l ehd;F ,yf;FfSk; khztu;fspd; rpe;jid> elj;ijr; nraw;ghL vd;gd Nkk;glr; nra;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jk;. rhjhuz tFg;giwf; fw;gpj;jYf;F mg;ghy; ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fPot ; Uk; ,izg;ghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfs;> fw;wy; nray;ghl;by; xt;nthU gps;isiaAk; gq;Nfw;fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. mit> • khztu; gbg;G tl;lq;fs; • fzpjf; FOf;fs; • fzpjg; ghriwfs; • Nghl;bfs; (Njrpa> ru;tNjr) • E}y; epiya cgNahfk; • tFg;giwr; Rtu; mwpf;iffs; (ntspaPLfs;) • • • • •. fzpj Ma;T$lk; nray; miwfs; fzpjk; rhu;e;j rupj;jpu juTfs; Nrfupj;jy; gy; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fspd; cgNahfk; nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;. fpilf;ff;$ba trjpfl;Nfw;g Nkw;$wpa nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;baJ fzpj Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,r;nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jk;NghJ MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; mJ njhlu;ghd ntsp Ml;fsplkpUe;Jk; epWtdq;fsplkpUe;Jk; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;. mg;gbg;gl;l nraw;ghLfis xOq;fhd mbg;gilapy; xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;F xt;nthU ghlrhiyAk; 25.

(34) fzpjk; rhu;ej ; jj;jkf;Fupa nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpfn ; fhs;s Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU ghlrhiyapd; gq;fspgg ; pdhYk; cUthf;fg;gl ,Uf;fpd;w KOikahd ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahf ,J mikAk;. fzpjk; rhu;e;j nfhs;ifia cUthf;Ftjpy; ghlrhiy gpd;tUtdtw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;tJ ,d;wpaikahjjhf cs;sJ. mitahtd: ghlrhiyg; ngsjPfr; #oYk;> mjd; Rw;Wg;GwKk;> khztu;fsJ NjitfSk; mf;fiwfSk;> ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila rKjhak;> Mszp tsr; Nritfs;> ghlrhiyf;F tha;g;ghd epWtdq;fs; vd;gdthFk;. nfhs;if ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf gy;NtW tpjkhd nraw;ghLfs; mlq;fpa tUlhe;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fis ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU Fwpj;j tUlfhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ghlrhiy Kd;Dupikfis milahsq;fhz;gJk; Neuj;jpdJk; %ytsj;jpdJk; neUf;fb rhu;e;j eilKiwfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;tJk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. vt;tpjkhapDk; ghlrhiy ntt;NtW khztu;fspdJk; gy;tpj ehl;lq;fsJk; csr;rhu;GfsJk; tpUj;jpia epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; NghJkhd nraw;ghl;L tPr;Rf;fis xOq;F gz;z Ntz;Lk;.. 26.

(35) 9 . Fwpg;gPLfs; gpd; t Uk; fzpjf; Fwpg; g P L fs; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; . 1. njhilf; Fwpg;gPL %yfk; %yfkd;W vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l njhil MFkhWs;s vy;yh x IAk; nfhz;l njhil njhil A apYs;s %yfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if #dpaj;njhil mfpyj;njhil njhil A apdJ epug;gp Neu;KO vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} KO vz;fspd; njhil Neu;. KO vz;fspd; njhil {1, 2, 3, . . . }. kl;L n KO vz;fspd; njhil tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil Neu; tpfpjKW vz;fspd; njhil Neu; tpfpjKW vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil nka; vz;fspd; njhil Neu; nka; vz;fspd; njhil. 27.

(36) Neu;nka; vz;fSk; g+r;rpaKk; nfhz;l njhil klq;Ffs; rpf;fy; vz;fspd; njhil njhilg;gpupT Kiwikj; njhilg;gpupT njhilg;gpuptd;W Kiwikj; njhilg;gpuptd;W xd;wpg;G ,ilntl;L %ba Mapil Mapil Mapil jpwe;j Mapil njhlu;G R ;,dhy; ,w;F njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ ,w;F rktYthdJ (rktd;ikj; njhlu;Gfspy;). 2. gytpd FwpaP L fs; rkd; rkdd;W ru;trkd; my;yJ xUq;fpirT mz;zsthf rkd; rkTUthdJ tpfpjrkd; 28.

(37) rpwpJ rpwpJ my;yJ rkd; ngupjd;W ngupJ ngupJ my;yJ rkd; rpwpjd;W Kbtpyp md;W cl;fpil ( vdpd; ) ,UKf cl;fpil ( , ,w;F rktYthdJ my;yJ ck; ck; vz;Nfhl;by; jpwe;j Mapil vz;Nfhl;by; %ba Mapil. vdpd;> kl;Lk; ). 3. nra; i ffs; IAk; IAk; $l;Ljy; rf ,ypUe;J If; fopj;jy; ra vd;gtw;wpd; ngUf;fk; I. My; gpupj;jy;. vd;gtw;wpd; tpfpjk;. nka;naz;. ,d; Neu;tu;f;f%yk; 29.

(38) nka;naz;. ,d; kl;L. fhuzpak; <UWg;Gf;Fzfk;. nghUl;fspypUe;J xU Kiwapy; vLj;j nghUl;fspypUe;J. nghUl;fspd; tupir khw;wk;. nghUl;fis xU Kiwapy; vLg;gjw;fhd Nru;khdk;. 4. rhu;Gfs; rhu;G ,y; rhu;G f :A. B. ,d; ngWkhdk;. rhu;G. ,d; fPo;> A apd; xt;nthU %yfKk; njhil B ,y; tpk;gj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.. rhu;G. ,d; fPo;> %yfk;. rhu;G. ,d; Neu;khW. ,dJk; MdJ. MdJ. Nru;j;jpr;rhu;G mZf. ,w;F glkhf;fg;gL fpwJ.. vd tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,d; vy;iy. ,dJ xU Vw;wk; If; Fwpj;J. ,d; ngWjp. 30.

(39) If; Fwpj;J y ,d;. MtJ ngWjp. If; Fwpj;J If; Fwpj;J. MtJ ngWjpfs;. ,d; tiuawhj njhifaPL. ,d; ngWkhdk; a ,w;Fk; ,Uf;ifapy;. ,d; KjyhtJ> ,uz;lhtJ .... ,w;Fkpilapy;. ,d; tiuaWj;j njhifaPL Neuj;ijf; Fwpj;J. ,d; Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk;> ... ngWjpfs;. 5. mLf;Ff; Fwpr; rhu;GfSk; klf;ifr; rhu;GfSk; ,aw;if klf;ifapd; mb ,dJ mLf;Ff;Fwpr; rhu;G ,d; mb. ,yhd klf;if. ,d; ,aw;if klf;if ,d; mb 10 ,d; klf;if. 6. tl;lr; rhu;Gfs; tl;lr; rhu;Gfs; Neu;khW tl;lr; rhu;Gfs;. 31.

(40) 7. rpf;fy; vz;fs; -1 ,d; tu;f;f%yk; xU rpf;fy; vz;> ,d; nka;g;gFjp ,d; fw;;gidg;gFjp, ,d; kl;L ,d; tPry; ,d; jiyik tPry; ,d; rpf;fy; cld;Gzup. 8. jhaq; f s; jhak; rJuj;jhak; jhak;. ,d; Neu;khW. ,d; epiykhw;W. rJuj;jhak;. ,d; JzpNfhit. 9. fhtpfs; fhtp fhtp gUkdpYk; jpirapYk; jpir nfhz;l Nfhl;Lj; Jz;lk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ 32. My;.

(41) fhtp. ,d; jpirapy; myFf;fhtp. njf;fhl;bapd; Ms;$w;Wf;fs; topNa myFf;fhtpfs; fhtp. ,d; gUkd;. fhtp. ,d; gUkd; ,d; vz;zpg; ngUf;fk; ,d; fhtpg; ngUf;fk;. vd;gtw;wpd; Kk;ik vz;zpg; ngUf;fk;. 10. epfo; j fTk; Gs; s ptpgutpaYk; Mfpad epfo;r;rpfs; epfo;r;rpfs;. apdJk;. epfo;r;rpfs;. apdJk; xd;wpg;G. apdJk;. apdJk; ,ilntl;L. epfo;r;rp. apd; epfo;jfT. epfo;r;rp. apd; epug;gp>. epfo;r;rp. jug;gbd;> epfo;r;rp. my;y vd;w epfo;r;rp apd; epfo;jfT. vOkhw;W khwpfs; vOkhw;W khwpfs;. ,d; ngWkhdq;fs;. mtjhdpg;Gfs; f1, f2 , . . . mtjhdpg;Gfs;. eilngWk; kPs;jpwd;fs; 33.

(42)

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