Research Article
a
December
2017
Computer Science and Software Engineering
ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-7, Issue-12)
A Review on Various Approaches of Data Security and
Communication in VANET
Ishu Bansal
Research Scholar, Asra College of Engineering and Technology, Punjab, India
Abstract-VANET is vehicular Ad-hoc network which is used for intelligent transport system for the drivers the ad-hoc network is used to transmit various types of message over the network. Safety message has to transmit for the security reasons on the vehicle and road transportation various routing protocols have been utilized for the purpose of message transmission. GPRS, AODV, DSR, PUMA these are various routing protocol utilizes for message transmission vanet scenario is used for mainly V2V and V2R purposes. Due to low bandwidth safety messages have been get congestion and information transmitted get loss. This information loss causes various problems in VANET that cause accidents, miss-communication between sharing information from V2V and V2R. To overcome this issue cognitive radio bandwidth can be utilize for data transmission by channel sensing and message can be transmit through cognitive radio channels.
Keywords: VANET, Cognitive Radio, Spectrum Sensing, GPSR, AODV, DSR.
I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 VANET
VANET uses cars as mobile nodes in a MANET to create a mobile network. A VANET turns turn participating car into a wireless router or node which allowing cars 100 to 300 meters of each other to connect and create a network with a wide range. As cars fall out of the signal range and drop out of the network, other cars can join in, connecting vehicles to one another so that a mobile network is created. It is estimated that the first systems that will be this technology are police and fire vehicles to communicate with each other for the purpose of security [1].
The connectivity is done among one vehicle to other vehicle and vehicle to road side infrastructure and vehicle or road side infrastructures to the central authority responsible for the network maintenance.
1.2 Types of Communication in VANET’S
1.2.1 Inter-vehicle communication
The inter-vehicle communication configuration uses multi-hop multicast/broadcast to transmit traffic related in-formation over multiple hops to a group of receivers. In intelligent transportation systems, vehicles need only be concerned with activity on the road ahead and not be-hind (an example of this would be for emergency message dissemination about an imminent collision or dynamic route scheduling).
1.2.2 Vehicle-To-Roadside Communication
The vehicle-to-roadside communication configuration represents a single hop broadcast where the roadside unit sends a broadcast message to all equipped vehicles in the vicinity. Vehicle-to-roadside communication configuration provides a high bandwidth link between vehicles and roadside units.
1.2.3 Routing-Based Communication
The routing-based communication configuration is a multi-hop unicast where a message is propagated in a multi hop fashion until the vehicle carrying the desired data is reached. When the query is received by a vehicle owning the desired piece of information, the application at that vehicle immediately sends a unicast message containing the information to the vehicle it received the request from, which is then charged with the task of forwarding it towards the query source.
1.3 Application of VANET’s
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 68-72
intersections. Affixed with the safety related information are the liability related messages, which would determine which vehicles are present at the site of the accident and later help in fixing responsibility for the accident.
1.3.1 Collision Avoidance
V-V and V-I Communications can save many lives and prevent injuries. In this application, if a vehicle reduces its speed significantly after observing an accident or experiencing an accident, it will broadcast its location to its neighbour vehicles. And other receivers will try to relay the message further and the vehicle in question will emit some kind of alarm to its drivers and other drivers behind.
1.3.2 Cooperative Driving
The drivers play the leading part in this application. Like violation warning, turn Conflict warning, curve warning, lane merging warning etc. These services may greatly reduce the life-endangering accidents. Many of the accidents come from the lack of cooperation between drivers. Given more information about the possible conflicts, we can prevent many accidents.
1.3.3 Traffic Optimization
In this application the vehicles could serve as data collectors and transmit the traffic condition information for the vehicular network. To be more specific, in this application, vehicles could detect if the number of neighbouring vehicles is too many and or the speed of vehicles is too slow, and then relay this information to vehicles approaching the location.
1.3.4 Payment Services
This application is very suitable for to collection without even decelerating the car or waiting in line.
1.3.5 Location-based Services
Finding the closest fuel station, restaurant, lodge etc. can be done effectively using location based service. Although, GPS systems have such kinds of services already present in it but it can also be achieved using VANET.
1.4 Cognitive Radio
A cognitive radio is an intelligent radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically. Its transceiver is designed to use the best wireless channels in its vicinity. Such a radio automatically detects available channels in wireless spectrum, then accordingly changes its transmission or reception parameters to allow more concurrent wireless communications in a given spectrum band at one location.
Figure 1.1:Cognitive Radios
This process is a form of dynamic spectrum management. In response to the operator's commands, the cognitive engine is capable of configuring radio-system parameters. These parameters include "waveform, protocol, operating frequency, and networking". This functions as an autonomous unit in the communications environment, exchanging information about the environment with the networks it accesses and other cognitive radios (CRs).
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
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been well studied. In this paper, we propose a framework for rapid message dissemination that combines the advantages of diverse communication and cloud computing technologies. To evaluate the proposed scheme, we mathematically analyse its performance and conduct extensive simulation experiments. Numerical results confirm the efficiency of CMDS in various urban scenarios.
Seyhan Ucar et al [2] “Multihop-Cluster-Based IEEE 802.11p and LTE Hybrid Architecture for VANET Safety Message Dissemination” This paper proposes a hybrid architecture, namely, VMaSC-LTE, combining IEEE 802.11p-based multihop clustering and the fourth-generation (4G) cellular system, i.e., Long-Term Evolution (LTE), with the goal of achieving a high data packet delivery ratio (DPDR) and low delay while keeping the usage of the cellular architecture at a minimum level. In VMaSC-LTE, vehicles are clustered based on a novel approach named Vehicular Multihop algorithm for Stable Clustering (VMaSC). The proposed architecture also allows achieving higher required reliability of the application quantified by the DPDR at the cost of higher LTE usage measured by the number of CHs in the network.
V. Vijayakumar et al [3] “Quantitative analysis on various safety centric based approaches in VANET” VANET - Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks performance is very significant in improving the transport effectiveness and increasing the safety. VANET comprises the capability in enlightening roadwaysafety, and in giving the passengers eases. VANET is the still other emergent transmission network which provides safety broadcasting. The function of VANETs was frequently recommended for usage in vehicular safety requests.Safety implementations hold as a fundamental specification for the capability to collect the message by way of a vehicle's sensing elements. Safety applications in VANET are provided by standards IEEE 802.11, Dedicated Short Range Communication, Medium Access Control Layer, and Physical Layer. Authors survey some of the recent approaches and protocol in VANET for safety-related applications in VANETs.
Xin-Lin Huang et al [4] “Historical Spectrum Sensing Data Mining for Cognitive Radio Enabled Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks” In vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), the reliability of communication is associated with driving safety. However, research shows that the safety-message transmission in VANET may be congested under some urgent communication cases. More spectrum resource is an effective way to solve transmission congestion. Hence, we introduce cognitive radio (CR) enabled VANET (CR-VANET), where CR device can detect possible idle spectrum for VANET communications and assist to timely broadcast safety-message. Given high-speed mobility of vehicles and dynamically-changing availability of channels, a novel prediction algorithm is proposed to pick out the channel with the greatest probability of availability, which can meet the quality of service (QoS) requirement of urgent communications and effectively avoid conflict with licensed users. Specifically, the spatiotemporal correlations among historical spectrum sensing data are exploited to form prior knowledge of channel availability probability, and Bayesian inference is used to derive posterior probability of channel availability. Comparing with other spectrum detection methods, the proposed algorithm has more than 8 percent detection performance improvement at false alarm probability 0.2, and thus can avoid access conflict with licensed users dramatically.
Jetendra Joshi et al [5] “SBLS: Speed Based Lane Changing System in VANETs” In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) the network services and applications (e.g., safety messages) will require an exchange of vehicle and event location information. Effective lane changing and routing in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks is a challenging task. This paper aims to propose a solution to ensure the safety of drivers while changing lanes on the highways. Efficient and faster routing protocols could play a crucial role in the applications of VANET, safeguarding both the drivers and the passengers and thus maintaining a safe on-road environment. In this paper we propose SBLS: Speed Based Lane Changing System in VANETs, for effective lane changing in the dynamic mobility model. In our approach we present the lane changing based system on speed and minimum gap between the vehicles in VANET. The test bed is created on the techniques used in the proposed system where the analysis takes place in the On Board Embedded System designed for Vehicle Navigation. The designed system was tested on a 4-lane road at Neemrana in India. Successful simulations have been conducted along with real time network parameters to maximize the QoS (quality of service) and performance using SUMO and NS-2.
III. APPROACHES USED 3.1 GPSR routing protocol:
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is inquire through location based service information in arrange to gain the real location of the destination node. Then the data federation ready for sending is attached with the above obtained geographic in a row and send to the destination node in accordance with greedy forward method or perimeter forwarding method.
Fig 1.2 flow chart for GPSR routing protocol
3.2 DSR: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
DSR is a reactive protocol i.e. it doesn't utilize occasional promotions. It figures the routes when important and after that looks after them. Source routing is a routing method in which the sender of a packet decides the total arrangement of nodes through which the packet needs to pass; the sender expressly records this course in the packet's header, recognizing each sending by the location of the following node to which to transmit the packet on its way to the destination host. There are two noteworthy stages in working of DSR: Route Discovery and Route Maintenance. A host starting a course revelation telecasts a course ask for parcel which might be gotten by those hosts inside of wireless transmission scope of it. The course asks for packet recognizes the host, alluded to as the objective of the course disclosure, for which the course is asked.
DSDV: The Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV)
This Algorithm depends on the traditional Bellman-Ford Routing Algorithm with certain changes. Each versatile station keeps up a routing table those rundowns all accessible destinations, the quantity of jumps to come to the destination and the arrangement number doled out by the destination node. The arrangement number is utilized to recognize stale courses from new ones and in this manner keep away from the development of circles. The stations intermittently transmit their directing tables to their prompt neighbours. A station additionally transmits its directing table if a huge change has happened in its table from the last overhaul sent. There-fore, the upgrade is both time-driven and occasion driven. The routing table upgrades can be sent in two ways: a "full dump" or an incremental overhaul. A full dump sends the full directing table to the neighbours and could traverse numerous packets though in an incremental overhaul just those sections from the directing table are sent that has a metric change subsequent to the last redesign and it must fit in a packet. In the event that there is space in the incremental overhaul packet then those sections might be incorporated who’s grouping number has changed. At the point when the system is generally steady, incremental redesigns are sent to keep away from additional activity and full dump are moderately occasional. In a quick evolving net-work, incremental packet can develop enormous so full dumps will be more regular.
AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector):
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISSN(P): 2277-6451, pp. 68-72 DSRC:
The primary motivation for deploying DSRC is to enable collision prevention applications. These applications depend on frequent data exchanges among vehicles, and between vehicles and roadside infrastructure DSRC, which is a candidate for use in a VANET, is a short to medium range communication service that supports both public safety and private communication. The communication environment of DSRC is both vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to/from-roadside. The VANET aims to provide a high data rate and at the same time minimize latency within a relatively small communication zone Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) is a standard that aims to bring vehicular networks to North America. Traffic fatalities have been a long standing problem in the United States, as in the rest of the world. As an indication of the severity of the problem, in 1999 there were 6,279,000 motor vehicle accidents that accounted for 41,611 deaths in the United States [12]. In 1991, the US Congress passed the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 that resulted in the creation the first generation of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).
IV. CONCLUSION
VANET is vehicular Ad-hoc network which is used for intelligent transport system for the drivers the ad-hoc network is used to transmit various types of message over the network. GPRS, AODV, DSR, PUMA these are various routing protocol utilizes for message transmission VANET scenario is used for mainly V2V and V2R purposes. Due to low bandwidth safety messages have been get congestion and information transmitted get loss. This information loss causes various problems in VANET that cause accidents, miss-communication between sharing information from V2V and V2R. To overcome this issue cognitive radio bandwidth can be utilize for data transmission by channel sensing and message can be transmit through cognitive radio channels. We will implement enhanced GPSR protocol for local based servicing data communication. After that we introduced cognitive radio network for data transmission on high road density for transmission of safety messages at emergency.
REFERENCES
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[2] Seyhan Ucar “Multihop-Cluster-Based IEEE 802.11p and LTE Hybrid Architecture for VANET Safety Message Dissemination”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2015, pp 2621 – 2636.
[3] V. Vijayakumar “Quantitative analysis on various safety centric based approaches in VANET”, Communication Technologies (GCCT), 2015, pp 834 – 837.
[4] Xin-Lin Huang “Historical Spectrum Sensing Data Mining for Cognitive Radio Enabled Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 2015, pp 59 – 70.
[5] Jetendra Joshi “SBLS: Speed Based Lane Changing System in VANETs”, 2015 27th International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), 2015, pp 114 – 117.
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