Review Strategies for Content
CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS
Graphic organizer/ timeline for era
Outline of important content
Chart of important themes/concepts:
Geography Revolutions Conflict
Political systems Nationalism Science& Tech.
Economic systems Imperialism Movement of Goods Belief systems Human Rights
Change Interactions
Global History & Geography
INTRODUCTION
1. Ancient World (4000BC-500)
2. Expanding Zones of Exchange & Encounter
(500-1200)
3. Global Interactions (1200-1650)
4. First Global Age (1450-1770)
5. Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)
6. Half Century of Crisis & Achievement (1900-1945)
7. 20
thCentury Since 1945
4000 BC - 500 AD
•
Early River Valley
Civilizations
•
Classical Civilizations
•
Belief systems
500 AD - 1600 AD
• Rise of Empires
• Golden Ages
•
Early Middle Ages
•
Age of Transition
•
Exploration
•
Encounter
1600 - 1900
•
Absolutism
•
Enlightenment
,
Evolution
British Democracy
,
French
Revolution
,
Lat. Am. Rev.
•
Industrial Revolution
•
Nationalism
1900 - 1945
•
World War I
•
Russian Revolution
•
Dictators
&
WWII
1945 - present
Rome
Egypt
Greece
India
China
Ancient World
CIVILIZATIONS AND RELIGION
4000 BC - 500 AD
Ancient River Valleys
Contributions
Nile / Egypt Tigris & Euphrates Mesopotamia
Indus India
Huang He China
EGYPT / NILE
•
Irrigation System
•
Pyramids
•
Pharaoh
•
Hieroglyphics
•
Polytheistic religion
TIGRIS & EUPHRATES
MESOPOTAMIA
•
Code of Hammurabi
•
Cuneiform
•
Many conquerors
INDUS
INDIA
•
Planned cities
•
Hinduism - caste system
•
Sanskrit writing
HUANG HE
CHINA
•
Walled cities
•
Calligraphy - writing
•
Rice cultivation
•
Dynasties
ANCIENT WORLD
Civilizations and Religion
4000 BC - 500
Contributions of Classical Civilizations
Greece
Rome
Han
Dynasty
(China
)
Mauryan
Empire
(India)
Mayan
GREECE
•
Architecture - Parthenon
•
Science and math
•
Philosophy - questioning spirit, human
reason, Socrates, Plato
•
City states
Athens - democracy
Sparta - military
ROME
•
Centralized government - empire and army
•
Engineering - roads, aqueducts
•
Law - Twelve Tables
•
Pax Romana - promoted trade
•
Christianity
•
Latin language
DECLINE
OF THE
ROMAN EMPIRE
•
Political corruption
•
Economic problem - inflation,
unemployment, cost of empire
•
Military decline
•
Loss of morale
•
Barbarian invasions
MAYAN (Mesoamerica)
•
Architecture- temples, palaces
•
Math, number system
•
Calendar
•
Astronomy
•
Writing system
•
Agrarian, maize
MAURYAN EMPIRE
(India)
•
Buddhism
•
King Asoka
·tolerant of all religions
· built hospitals, roads
· encouraged education and
spread of Buddhism
CLASSICAL CHINA
•
Zhou dynasty - teachings of Confucius
and Lao-zi
•
Qin dynasty - Great Wall of China
•
Han dynasty - Golden Age
·civil service examinations
· merchants - trade
· Silk Road - connected China & India
to Middle East
MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS
Ancient World
Civilizations and Religion
4000 BC - 500
•
Daoism
•
Confucianism
•
Buddhism
•
Hinduism
•
Judaism
•
Christianity
•
Islam
•
Janism
•
Animism
Major Belief Systems of the World
Religion
Location
Major Beliefs
Impact
Confucianism
Daoism
Buddhism
Hinduism
Major Belief Systems of the World
Religion
Location
Major Beliefs
Impact
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Animism
Home
IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS
•Interpret and view natural forces and patterns of nature
•Unified people in Latin America
•Led to conflict in the Crusades
•Protestant Reformation
•Medieval and Renaissance art and architecture
ANIMISM
CHRISTIANITY
IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS
•Meditation important; cultural diffusion -- spread from India
•Caste system
•Conflict in Partition of India
•Sacred objects - Ganges River and cow (don’t eat beef)
ANIMISM
BUDDHISM
HINDUISM
IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS
•Influenced Chinese government and education Mandate of heaven
•Influenced some ancient Chinese leaders
•Study of natural world led to advances in science
ANIMISM
CONFUCIANISM
DAOISM
IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS
•Unified people in Middle East
•Conflict in Crusades
•Partition of India
•No alcohol or pork
•Diaspora - Jews spread
•Anti-Semitism in Medieval Europe
•Jews persecuted
•Holocaust
•Pogroms in Russia
•1948 Israel created and conflict
ISLAM
JUDAISM
The civilizations of the Sumerians, the Phoenicians, and the Mayans were similar in that each
1. emphasized equality in education 2. established monotheistic religions
3. encouraged democratic participation in government 4. developed extensive writing systems
Global Interaction-Key Questions
500-1600
•
What is a Golden Age and what were the
achievements of each of the major empires?
•
How did the empires spread and interact?
•
What was Europe like after the fall of the Roman
Empire? Feudalism? Role of the Catholic Church?
•
How did Europe change during the Renaissance,
Reformation, and Age of Exploration?
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
FEUDALISM
•
Lord provided protection in exchange for
loyalty and services of vassal
•
Decentralized government
•
Rigid class system
•
Self sufficient manor
•
Serfs
•
Feudalism in Japan similar: shogun,
samurai, peasants
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
CATHOLIC CHURCH
•
Unified people - common religion, sacraments
•
Economic role - Church owned land and
collected
•
Educational role - monks in monasteries
copied books
•
Built cathedrals
•
Pope powerful - crowned Charlemagne Holy
Roman Emperor and called for the Crusades
DECLINE OF FEUDALISM - 1
•
CRUSADES - holy wars in which Christians wanted
to regain the Holy Land from Seljuk Turks
•
IMAPCT:
1. New ideas - Arabic, Greek, and Roman
learning; awareness of other
cultures--Renaissance
2. New products (silk,spices, coffee etc.) increased
demand --trade--Commercial
Revolution--Exploration
3. Breakdown of feudalism--Rise in power of
kings
DECLINE OF FEUDALISM - 2
•
BLACK DEATH (bubonic plague) 1348-1353
--Rats with fleas carried the disease from
Asia; entered Europe on trading ships
•
IMPACT
-- Killed 1/3 of European population
-- Loss of peasant labor - decline of manors
-- Guilds declined as craftsmen in towns
died
AGE OF TRANSITION
RENAISSANCE
•
What?
Rebirth of interest in learning; Golden Age
•
Where
began? - Italian city-states - Florence
•
Emphasized
:
Humanism
Secularism
•
Art
: Michelangelo - daVinci
•
Scientific change
: Copernicus - Galileo
•
Literature
: Machiavelli - Shakespeare
•
Technology
: Gutenberg
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
•
What
?
Martin Luther wanted to reform the Catholic
Church - posted 95 Thesis
•
Luther’s Ideas
1. sale of indulgences wrong
2. faith alone necessary for salvation
3. Pope and clergy not necessary - read Bible yourself
•
Other leaders: John Calvin - Henry VIII
•
Results:
1. end of religious unity, religious wars 2. growth in power of king
3. Counter-Reformation: Jesuits
Council of Trent Inquisition
EXPLORATION
•
Causes:
1. Desire for foreign products that Crusaders brought back and Marco Polo described
2. Search for new trade routes; all water route to the East 3. Navigational skills & instruments- maps, compass
4. Desire of European kings to gain wealth, power
•
Leaders:
– Portugal: Prince Henry, Diaz, DaGama
– Spain: Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, Cortes
Results:
1. Colonization of “New World” 2. Mercantilism
The Encounter Between
Europe and the Americas
Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas
+
European: exploration conquest colonization
=
The encounter between the European and American
cultures
Encounter: Pre-Columbian
Civilizations in the Americas
•
Mayans in Mexico and Guatemala:
Advanced civilization- temples, palaces, math,
calendar, writing system
•
Aztecs in Mexico
Advanced civilization-cities, palaces, writing,
empire
•
Incas in Andes Mountains -Peru
Advanced civilization- built cities, irrigation
systems; empire connected by trails; record
keeping system
Results of the Encounter
Columbian Exchange-cultural diffusion
to Europe - food (corn,beans, tomatoes, tobacco), gold & silver to Americas - animals, technology,diseases
Transatlantic Slave Trade-triangular trade
What
: Due to the deaths of Native Americas (overwork in mines and plantations) more workers needed. 1-Slaves
were captured inwest Africa
and shipped to theAmericas
(the Middle Passage)2 -
Sugar, tobacco
, raw materialssent to Europe
3 -
Guns and manufactured goods
sentto Africa
This led to the death of many African captives.
Colonialism
•
Colonial government
- Kings sent viceroys to administer the colonies•
Colonial social system
- rigid classespeninsulares - born in Spain, power& wealth, ruling creoles - descendants of peninsul.born in Latin Am. mestizos and mulattos - mixed blood
Native Americans and Africans - worked on plantations and in mines
•
Encomienda system
- feudal grant of land and power over the workers on it--given to nobilityCommercial Revolution
Rise of Mercantilism
•
What
:
wealth is based on accumulation of gold
and silver
•
Colonies
provide the mother country with raw
materials, gold, and silver
•
Favorable balance of trade
-
mother country
exports more than she imports
•
King’s power and wealth
are used to support
development of industries in France, Spain, etc.
•
Capitalism
-
entrepreneurs invest money for
Absolutism to Revolution
1600-1830s
Absolutism
Louis XIV
Peter the Great
Absolutism
•
Reasons for the rise of absolute monarchs
1. Decline of feudalism and the power of the nobles 2. Decline in power of the Catholic Church
3. Support of middle class merchants
4. Claimed Divine Right- monarch got his power from God; he was God’s deputy on earth
•
Monarchs used their wealth to build armies and
navies to protect their colonial empires.
•
Hobbes said absolute monarchs were necessary to
maintain order
Absolute Monarchs
Louis XIV
- France1. “I am the state.” 2. Palace at Versailles
3. Colbert - mercantilism
Philip II
- Spain1. Spanish Armada lost to England 2. Defender of Catholicism
Czar Peter the Great
- Russia 1. Westernization2. Windows to the West
3. Orthodox Church under his control
Absolute Monarchs
Sultan Sulieman the Magnificent
- Ottoman Empire Encouraged the artsAkbar the Great
- Mughal Empire in IndiaBuilt roads; encouraged the arts-Golden Age
Other rulers
at this timeTokugawa shoguns - Japan
Checked power of feudal lords(daimyo) Isolated Japan
Ming dynasty - China
Expanded trade- sent Zheng He and navy to Indian O. later isolation and ethnocentrism
Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
Enlightenment - Age of Reason
Based on Ideas from the Scientific Revolution
–
Scientific Method - truth based on questioning,
observation, and experimentation rather than the
Bible and ancient thinkers
•
Copernicus, Galileo, Newton
Enlightenment writers
(the philosophers) believed
the laws of nature and reason could explain human
society and government
Enlightenment Writers
John Locke - Two Treatises on Government
1. Men are born with natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
2. Men create governments to protect these rights.
3. If a government fails to protect their rights, they have the right to revolt or change the government.
Rousseau - The Social Contract
1. “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.”
2. Believed government should express the general will of the people.
Enlightenment Writers
Montesquieu- The Spirit of the Laws
1. Separation of Powers - 3 branches of government
Voltaire
1. “I do not agree with what you are saying but I will defend your right to save it.” – freedom of speech
Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations
Economist who proposed laissez faire capitalism
-government should not be involved in the economy; let nature take its course
Evolution of Constitutional
Monarchy in England
Magna Carta (1215) –
King cannot tax without consent of
Great Council; trial by peers
Model Parliament
– Representatives of middle class had a
voice in the government (Parliament)
Puritan Revolution (1642-1649)
– Puritans in Parliament
defeated absolute monarch (Stuarts), led by Cromwell
Glorious Revolution 1688
– William and Mary agree to
limited monarchy and sign the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights of 1689
– Established a limited or
constitutional monarchy; Parliament in control
French Revolution of 1789
Causes
1.
Political
- abuses of the Old Regime--absolute monarchs
had bankrupted the country with costly wars and lavish
living at Palace of Versailles.
2.
Economic
- unfair system of taxation--First and Second
Estates (Clergy and Nobility) paid little taxes even
though they owed much land and collected taxes.
3.
Social
- rigid class system--Third Estate supported the
other two estates; the bourgeoisie (middle class) resented
the privileges of the nobility.
4.
Intellectua
l - ideas of the enlightenment (Locke) and the
American Revolution (Dec. of Independence)
Stages of the French Revolution
1.
Old Regime
- Absolute Monarch Louis XVI
2.
Rule of Moderates
- Third Estate declares
Estates-General becomes National Assembly--issues the
Declaration of Rights of Man
and adopts a new
constitution limiting power of the king
3.
Rule of the Radicals
- Robespierre & Committee of
Public Safety--Reign of Terror - to protect France
from foreign invasions and to eliminate internal
opposition. French Republic established -”Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity”- spread of democratic ideas
4.
Strong leader
- Emperor Napoleon I--Impact - Code
Napoleon, nationalism; after defeat Congress of
Vienna restored balance of power
Latin American Independence
Movements (1810-1830s)
Causes:
1. Ideas from the American and French revolutions
2. Ideas of Enlightenment writers
3. After Spain & Portugal finished fighting Napoleon,
they tried to reestablish control of their empires
Leaders:
Simon Bolivar, San Martin, Father Hidalgo
Results:
1. Independence for Mexico, Haiti, and other Latin
American countries
2. Caudillos (strong political bosses) gained control in
several countries
Industrial Revolution
What?
•
Change from the domestic system to the factory
system
–
Domestic system - work done by hand in
home
–
Factory system - work done by machines
(assembly line) in factories
Why Did Industrial Revolution
Start in England?
• Natural resources - coal, iron ore
• Workers available due to the Agricultural
Revolution (inventions of machines, etc.) so
fewer farmers were needed on the farms
• Capital/$ to build factories
• Markets – domestic and colonies
• Inventions - steam engine, spinning jenny
Results of Industrial Revolution
Positive:
• Mass production of goods led to cheaper
prices so people could have more
• Factory owners, bankers grow in number,
wealth, and power
• Urbanization - cities grew with libraries etc.
• Leads to imperialism and increased power
Results of Industrial Revolution
Negative (problems):
• Poor working conditions - long hours,
unsafe factory conditions, low pay, child
labor
• Poor living conditions for workers in the
cities (slums)
Solutions /Reponses
•
Adam Smith
: laissez faire
capitalism
-government should do nothing to solve
•
Parliament
passed laws regarding safety in
the mines, factories, minimum wages, hours
•
Unions
organized workers and demanded
minimum wages, hours (use strikes)
•
Karl Marx
: Communist Manifesto, workers
of the world unite; communism: everyone is
equal
New Imperialism
Chart:
•
What, Who, When, Why, Where, Results
Nationalism
•
Unites Germany and Italy
•
Divides Austrian Empire and Ottoman
Empire
•
Leads to conflict - World War I
World War I (1914-1919)
MAIN causes
•
Militarism
-
Germany & France Large armies: British large navy•
Alliances
- Triple Alliance: Austria, Germany, Italy Triple Entente: England, France, Russia•
Imperialism
-
competition for colonies in Africa and for control in the Balkans•
Nationalism
- France wanted revenge on Germany fordefeat in Franco- Prussian War. Subject nationalities want independence
Immediate cause
:
assassination of Austrian
archduke by a Serb
World War I – War and Peace
•
War
•
Trench warfare, poison gas, flame throwers
•
U.S. enters and Russia drops out in 1917
•
President Wilson of U.S. 14 points
– Freedom of seas, self-determination, end of trade barriers, League of Nations
– Treaty of Versailles - Germany treated
harshly--responsible for war (war guilt) and must pay reparations; Germany demilitarized, loses colonies and land
Russian Revolution of 1917
•
Causes:
–
Absolute monarch - Czar Nicholas II--weak
–
Nobles-wealthy, land; poor peasants want land
–
Losses in World War I
–
Lenin and Bolsheviks have communist ideas of
Marx; promise “Peace, land, bread”
•
Results:
Rise of Dictators
Hitler in Germany
• Leader/dictator of Nazi party - appointed
chancellor, promises to tear up Versailles Treaty and blames German
problems on Jews (anti-Semitism)
• Jews discriminated against, sent to ghettos &
concentration camps--Holocaust (genocide)
• Starts World War II
Stalin in USSR
• Communist dictator -state planned, owned, controlled economy
• 5 year plans--rapid industrialization, collectivized farms
• Eliminated any
opposition--Ukrainian kulaks (forced famine)
World War II (1939-1945)
Causes:
Failure of appeasement
•
Axis aggression
– Germany in Europe - Poland, France, invades USSR, Battle of Britain
– Japan in Asia - against China and Pacific
– Italy - Ethiopia in North Africa
Results:
Defeat of Germany and division; Japan bombed
and occupied; now both are friends of U.S.
Independence Movements
India
• Leader: Mahatma Gandhi used nonviolence,
self-sufficiency, and civil
disobedience to win Indian independence from Great Britain - Salt March
• Partition of India into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan - violence
Africa
• Kenya- Kenyatta and Mau Maus fight against British and win independence
• Nkrumah - followed Gandhi’s example and boycotted Br. Products; won independence in 1957 for the Gold Coast (name changed to Ghana)
