Air pollution.ppt

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Chapter 19

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Chapter Overview Questions

 What layers are found in the atmosphere?_{What layers are found in the atmosphere?}  What are the major outdoor air pollutants, _{What are the major outdoor air pollutants,}

and where do they come from? and where do they come from?

 What are two types of smog?_{What are two types of smog?}

 What is acid deposition, and how can it be _{What is acid deposition, and how can it be}

reduced? reduced?

 What are the harmful effects of air pollutants?_{What are the harmful effects of air pollutants?}  How can we prevent and control air _{How can we prevent and control air}

(3)

Updates Online

The latest references for topics covered in this section can be found at

the book companion website. Log in to the book’s e-resources page at

www.thomsonedu.com to access InfoTrac articles.

 _{InfoTrac: Indoor air pollution. Eva Rehfuess, Carlos Corvalan, Maria}_{InfoTrac: Indoor air pollution. Eva Rehfuess, Carlos Corvalan, Maria}

Neira.

Neira. Bulletin of the World Health Organization,Bulletin of the World Health Organization, July 2006 v84 i7 July 2006 v84 i7 p508(1).

p508(1).

 _{InfoTrac: Risks of cleaning house disclosed.}_{InfoTrac: Risks of cleaning house disclosed.}_{San Jose Mercury News}_{San Jose Mercury News}

(San Jose, CA), May 23, 2006.

 _{InfoTrac: Pollution From Chinese Coal Casts Shadow Around Globe.}_{InfoTrac: Pollution From Chinese Coal Casts Shadow Around Globe.}

Keith Bradsher, David Barboza.

Keith Bradsher, David Barboza. The New York Times,The New York Times, June 11, 2006 June 11, 2006 pA1(L).

pA1(L).

 _{American Industrial Hygiene Association: Do I Work in a Sick Building?}_{American Industrial Hygiene Association: Do I Work in a Sick Building?}  _{PBS: Deadly Smog}_{PBS: Deadly Smog}

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Video: Air Pollution

 This video clip is available in CNN Today _{This video clip is available in CNN Today}

Videos for Environmental Science, 2004, Videos for Environmental Science, 2004,

Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local sales representative to order this volume, sales representative to order this volume,

(5)

Video: Smog Pollution

 This video clip is available in CNN Today _{This video clip is available in CNN Today}

Videos for Environmental Science, 2004, Videos for Environmental Science, 2004,

Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local Volume VII. Instructors, contact your local sales representative to order this volume, sales representative to order this volume,

(6)

Core Case Study:

When Is a Lichen Like a Canary?

 Lichens can warn _{Lichens can warn}

us of bad air us of bad air

because they because they absorb it as a absorb it as a

source of source of

nourishment. nourishment.

Figure 19-1

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Core Case Study:

When Is a Lichen Like a Canary?

 Some lichen species are sensitive to specific _{Some lichen species are sensitive to specific}

air-polluting chemicals. air-polluting chemicals.

 After Chernobyl, more than 70,000 reindeer _{After Chernobyl, more than 70,000 reindeer}

had to be killed because they ate highly had to be killed because they ate highly

radioactive lichens. radioactive lichens.

 Because lichens are widespread, long-lived, _{Because lichens are widespread, long-lived,}

and anchored in place, they can help track and anchored in place, they can help track

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STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF

THE ATMOSPHERE

 The atmosphere _{The atmosphere}

consists of several consists of several

layers with different layers with different

temperatures, temperatures,

pressures, and pressures, and

compositions. compositions.

Figure 19-2

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Fig. 19-2, p. 440 Atmospheric pressure (millibars)

Temperature

Thermosphere

Pressure

Mesopause

Heating via ozone

Mesosphere Stratopause A lt it u d e (k il o m et er s)

Stratosphere _Altit

u d e (m il es ) Tropopause Ozone “layer”

Heating from the earth

Troposphere

Temperature (˚C)

Pressure = 1,000 millibars at ground level

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STRUCTURE AND SCIENCE OF

THE ATMOSPHERE

 The atmosphere’s innermost layer _{The atmosphere’s innermost layer}

(troposphere) is made up mostly of nitrogen (troposphere) is made up mostly of nitrogen

and oxygen, with smaller amounts of water and oxygen, with smaller amounts of water

vapor and CO vapor and CO₂₂..

 Ozone in the atmosphere’s second layer _{Ozone in the atmosphere’s second layer}

(stratosphere) filters out most of the sun’s (stratosphere) filters out most of the sun’s

UV radiation that is harmful to us and most UV radiation that is harmful to us and most

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AIR POLLUTION

 _{Some primary air pollutants may react with one}_{Some primary air pollutants may react with one}

another or with other chemicals in the air to form another or with other chemicals in the air to form

secondary air pollutants. secondary air pollutants.

Figure 19-3

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Fig. 19-3, p. 442 Primary Pollutants

CO CO₂ Secondary Pollutants SO₂ NO NO₂

Most hydrocarbons SO3

Most suspended particles HNO3

H₂O₂ O₃ PANs Most NO₃–_{and SO}

42– salts

Sources Natural Stationary

Mobile

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Major Air Pollutants

 Carbon oxides_{Carbon oxides}: _:

 Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas that Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas that

forms during the incomplete combustion of forms during the incomplete combustion of

carbon-containing materials. carbon-containing materials.

 93% of carbon dioxide (CO93% of carbon dioxide (CO 2

2) in the troposphere ) in the troposphere

occurs as a result of the carbon cycle. occurs as a result of the carbon cycle.

 7% of CO7% of CO 2

2 in the troposphere occurs as a result in the troposphere occurs as a result

of human activities (mostly burning fossil fuels). of human activities (mostly burning fossil fuels).

• It is not regulated as a pollutant under the U.S. Clean _{It is not regulated as a pollutant under the U.S. Clean}

Air Act

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How Would You Vote?

To conduct an instant in-class survey using a classroom response

system, access “JoinIn Clicker Content” from the PowerLecture main

menu for Living in the Environment.

 Should carbon dioxide be regulated as an air _{Should carbon dioxide be regulated as an air}

pollutant? pollutant?

 a. No. Because funds are limited, they should be a. No. Because funds are limited, they should be

spent on regulating and reducing more toxic air spent on regulating and reducing more toxic air

pollutants, such as mercury. pollutants, such as mercury.

 b. Yes. Carbon dioxide is a serious greenhouse b. Yes. Carbon dioxide is a serious greenhouse

gas and its emissions must be regulated and gas and its emissions must be regulated and

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Major Air Pollutants

 Nitrogen oxides _{Nitrogen oxides}and_and nitric acid_{nitric acid}: _:

 Nitrogen oxide (NO) forms when nitrogen and Nitrogen oxide (NO) forms when nitrogen and

oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion

temperatures in automobile engines and temperatures in automobile engines and

coal-burning plants. NO can also form from lightening burning plants. NO can also form from lightening

and certain soil bacteria. and certain soil bacteria.

• NO reacts with air to form NONO reacts with air to form NO₂₂..

• NONO₂₂reacts with water vapor in the air to form nitric acid reacts with water vapor in the air to form nitric acid

(HNO

(HNO₃₃) and nitrate salts (NO) and nitrate salts (NO₃₃--) which are components _{) which are components}

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Major Air Pollutants

 Sulfur dioxide (SOSulfur dioxide (SO₂₂)) andand sulfuric acidsulfuric acid::

 About one-third of SOAbout one-third of SO 2

2 in the troposphere occurs in the troposphere occurs

naturally through the sulfur cycle.

 Two-thirds come from human sources, mostly Two-thirds come from human sources, mostly

combustion (S+ O

combustion (S+ O₂₂  SO SO₂₂) of sulfur-containing ) of sulfur-containing coal and from oil refining and smelting of sulfide

coal and from oil refining and smelting of sulfide

ores.

 SOSO 2

2 in the atmosphere can be converted to sulfuric in the atmosphere can be converted to sulfuric

acid (H

acid (H₂₂SOSO₄₄) and sulfate salts (SO) and sulfate salts (SO₄₄2-2-) that return to _{) that return to}

earth as a component of acid deposition.

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Major Air Pollutants

 Suspended particulate matter (SPM)_{Suspended particulate matter (SPM)}:_:

 Consists of a variety of solid particles and liquid Consists of a variety of solid particles and liquid

droplets small and light enough to remain droplets small and light enough to remain

suspended in the air. suspended in the air.

 The most harmful forms of SPM are fine particles The most harmful forms of SPM are fine particles

(PM-10, with an average diameter < 10 (PM-10, with an average diameter < 10

micrometers) and ultrafine particles (PM-2.5). micrometers) and ultrafine particles (PM-2.5).

 According to the EPA, SPM is responsible for According to the EPA, SPM is responsible for

about 60,000 premature deaths a year in the about 60,000 premature deaths a year in the

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Major Air Pollutants

 Ozone (OOzone (O₃₃))::

 Is a highly reactive gas that is a major Is a highly reactive gas that is a major

component of photochemical smog. component of photochemical smog.

 It can It can

• Cause and aggravate respiratory illness._{Cause and aggravate respiratory illness.}

• Can aggravate heart disease._{Can aggravate heart disease.}

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Major Air Pollutants

 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)_{Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)}:_:

 Most are hydorcarbons emitted by the leaves of Most are hydorcarbons emitted by the leaves of

many plants and methane. many plants and methane.

 About two thirds of global methane emissions About two thirds of global methane emissions

comes from human sources. comes from human sources.

 Other VOCs include industrial solvents such as Other VOCs include industrial solvents such as

trichlorethylene (TCE), benzene, and vinyl trichlorethylene (TCE), benzene, and vinyl

chloride. chloride.

• Long-term exposure to benzene can cause cancer, _{Long-term exposure to benzene can cause cancer,}

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Major Air Pollutants

 Radon (Rn)_{Radon (Rn)}:_:

 Is a naturally occurring radioactive gas found in Is a naturally occurring radioactive gas found in

some types of soil and rock. some types of soil and rock.

 It can seep into homes and buildings sitting It can seep into homes and buildings sitting

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URBAN OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION

 Industrial smog is a mixture of sulfur dioxide, _{Industrial smog is a mixture of sulfur dioxide,}

droplets of sulfuric acid, and a variety of droplets of sulfuric acid, and a variety of

suspended solid particles emitted mostly by suspended solid particles emitted mostly by

burning coal. burning coal.

 In most developed countries where coal and In most developed countries where coal and

heavy oil is burned, industrial smog is not a heavy oil is burned, industrial smog is not a

problem due to reasonably good pollution control problem due to reasonably good pollution control or with tall smokestacks that transfer the pollutant or with tall smokestacks that transfer the pollutant

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Case Study:

South Asia’s Massive Brown Cloud

 A huge dark brown cloud of industrial smog, _{A huge dark brown cloud of industrial smog,}

caused by coal-burning in countries such as caused by coal-burning in countries such as

China and India, stretches over much of China and India, stretches over much of

southeastern Asia. southeastern Asia.

 In areas beneath the cloud, photosynthesis is In areas beneath the cloud, photosynthesis is

reduced interfering with crop development. reduced interfering with crop development.

 Fine particles and droplets in the cloud appear to Fine particles and droplets in the cloud appear to

be changing regional climates (including rainfall). be changing regional climates (including rainfall).

• May have contributed to floods in 2002 and 2005 _{May have contributed to floods in 2002 and 2005}

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Sunlight plus Cars Equals

Photochemical Smog

 Photochemical smog is a mixture of air _{Photochemical smog is a mixture of air}

pollutants formed by the reaction of nitrogen pollutants formed by the reaction of nitrogen

oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons oxides and volatile organic hydrocarbons

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Sunlight plus Cars Equals

Photochemical Smog

 Mexico City is one _{Mexico City is one}

of the many cities of the many cities

in sunny, warm, dry in sunny, warm, dry climates with many climates with many motor vehicles that motor vehicles that

suffer from suffer from

photochemical photochemical

smog. smog.

Figure 19-4

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Factors Influencing Levels of

Outdoor Air Pollution

 Outdoor air pollution can be reduced by:_{Outdoor air pollution can be reduced by:}

 settling out, precipitation, sea spray, winds, and settling out, precipitation, sea spray, winds, and

chemical reactions. chemical reactions.

 Outdoor air pollution can be increased by:_{Outdoor air pollution can be increased by:}

 urban buildings (slow wind dispersal of urban buildings (slow wind dispersal of

pollutants), mountains (promote temperature pollutants), mountains (promote temperature inversions), and high temperatures (promote inversions), and high temperatures (promote

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Temperature Inversions

 Cold, cloudy weather in a valley surrounded _{Cold, cloudy weather in a valley surrounded}

by mountains can trap air pollutants (left). by mountains can trap air pollutants (left).

 Areas with sunny climate, light winds, _{Areas with sunny climate, light winds,}

mountains on three sides and an ocean on mountains on three sides and an ocean on

the other (right) are susceptible to inversions. the other (right) are susceptible to inversions.

Figure 19-5

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Fig. 19-5, p. 447

Warmer air Descending warm air mass

Inversion layer Inversion layer

Sea breeze Increasing

altitude

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ACID DEPOSITION

 Sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and _{Sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and}

particulates can react in the atmosphere to particulates can react in the atmosphere to

produce acidic chemicals that can travel long produce acidic chemicals that can travel long

distances before returning to the earth’s distances before returning to the earth’s

surface. surface.

 Tall smokestacks reduce local air pollution but Tall smokestacks reduce local air pollution but

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ACID DEPOSITION

 Acid deposition consists of rain, snow, dust, _{Acid deposition consists of rain, snow, dust,}

or gas with a pH lower than 5.6. or gas with a pH lower than 5.6.

Figure 19-6

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Fig. 19-6, p. 448

Wind Transformation to sulfuric acid

(H₂SO₄) and nitric

acid (HNO₃) Windborne ammonia gas and _{particles of cultivated soil} partially neutralize acids and form dry sulfate and nitrate salts

Wet acid depostion (droplets of H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ dissolved in rain and snow) Nitric oxide (NO)

Sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and NO

Dry acid deposition (sulfur dioxide gas and particles of sulfate and nitrate salts)

Acid fog

Farm Ocean

Lakes in deep Lakes in deep

soil high in soil high in limestone are limestone are

buffered buffered

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ACID DEPOSITION

 pH measurements in relation to major coal-_{pH measurements in relation to major}

coal-burning and industrial plants. burning and industrial plants.

Figure 19-7

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ACID DEPOSITION

 Acid deposition contributes to chronic _{Acid deposition contributes to chronic}

respiratory disease and can leach toxic respiratory disease and can leach toxic

metals (such as lead and mercury) from soils metals (such as lead and mercury) from soils

and rocks into acidic lakes used as sources and rocks into acidic lakes used as sources

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ACID DEPOSITION

Figure 19-8

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ACID DEPOSITION

 Air pollution is _{Air pollution is}

one of several one of several

interacting interacting

stresses that can stresses that can

damage, damage,

weaken, or kill weaken, or kill

trees and pollute trees and pollute

surface and surface and

groundwater. groundwater.

Figure 19-9

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Fig. 19-9, p. 451 Emissions

SO₂ _NO

x

Acid

deposition H2O2 O_Others3

Direct damage to leaves & bark

Reduced photo-synthesis and growth Susceptibility to drought, extreme cold, insects, mosses, & disease organisms Soil acidification Tree death Leaching of soil nutrients Release of toxic metal ions Root damage Reduced nutrient & water uptake Acids

Lake

Groundwater

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Fig. 19-10, p. 452

Solutions

Acid Deposition

Prevention Cleanup

Reduce air pollution by improving

energy efficiency

Add lime to neutralize acidified lakes

Reduce coal use

Add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes Increase natural gas use

Increase use of renewable energy resources

Burn low-sulfur coal

Remove SO₂

particulates & NO_x from smokestack gases

Remove NO_x from motor vehicular exhaust

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INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

 Indoor air pollution usually is a greater threat _{Indoor air pollution usually is a greater threat}

to human health than outdoor air pollution. to human health than outdoor air pollution.

 According to the EPA, the four most _{According to the EPA, the four most}

dangerous indoor air pollutants in developed dangerous indoor air pollutants in developed

countries are: countries are:

 Tobacco smoke.Tobacco smoke.

 Formaldehyde.Formaldehyde.

 Radioactive radon-222 gas.Radioactive radon-222 gas.

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Chloroform

Benzo--pyrene Styrene

Radon-222

Methylene Chloride Tobacco

Smoke

Carbon Monoxide Asbestos

Nitrogen Oxides

1, 1,

1-Trichloroethane

Particulates

Formaldehyde Tetrachloroethylene

Para-dichlorobenzene

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INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

 Household dust mites _{Household dust mites}

that feed on human skin that feed on human skin

and dust, live in and dust, live in

materials such as materials such as

bedding and furniture bedding and furniture

fabrics. fabrics.

 Can cause asthma Can cause asthma

attacks and allergic attacks and allergic

reactions in some reactions in some

people. people.

Figure 19-12

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Case Study: Radioactive Radon

 Radon-222, a _{Radon-222, a}

radioactive gas radioactive gas

found in some found in some

soils and rocks, soils and rocks,

can seep into can seep into

some houses and some houses and

increase the risk of increase the risk of

lung cancer. lung cancer.

Sources and paths of entry Sources and paths of entry

for indoor radon-222 gas for indoor radon-222 gas.

Figure 19-13

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Fig. 19-13, p. 454 Outlet vents for furnaces and dryers

Open window Openings

around pipes

Cracks in wall Slab joints

Wood stove Cracks in floor Clothes

dryer Sump pumpSump pump

Furnace

Slab _Radon-222

gas Uranium-238

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HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR

POLLUTION

 Your respiratory system can help protect you _{Your respiratory system can help protect you}

from air pollution, but some air pollutants can from air pollution, but some air pollutants can

overcome these defenses.

(43)

Fig. 19-14, p. 455 Epithelial cell

Cilia

Nasal cavity Oral cavity

Goblet cell (secreting mucus)

Pharynx (throat)

Mucus Trachea (windpipe)

Bronchus Bronchioles

Right lung

Bronchioles

Alveolar sac (sectioned)

Alveoli Alveolar

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HEALTH EFFECTS OF AIR

POLLUTION

Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a Normal human lungs (left) and the lungs of a

person who died of emphysema (right). person who died of emphysema (right).

Figure 19-15

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Air Pollution is a Big Killer

 Each year, air pollution prematurely kills _{Each year, air pollution prematurely kills}

about 3 million people, mostly from indoor air about 3 million people, mostly from indoor air

pollution in developing countries. pollution in developing countries.

 In the U.S., the EPA estimates that annual In the U.S., the EPA estimates that annual

deaths related to indoor and outdoor air pollution deaths related to indoor and outdoor air pollution

range from 150,000 to 350,000. range from 150,000 to 350,000.

 According to the EPA, each year more than According to the EPA, each year more than

125,000 Americans get cancer from breathing 125,000 Americans get cancer from breathing

(46)

Air Pollution is a Big Killer

 Spatial distribution of premature deaths from _{Spatial distribution of premature deaths from}

air pollution in the United States. air pollution in the United States.

Figure 19-16

(47)

PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR

POLLUTION

 The Clean Air Acts in the United States have _{The Clean Air Acts in the United States have}

greatly reduced outdoor air pollution from six greatly reduced outdoor air pollution from six

major pollutants: major pollutants:

 Carbon monoxideCarbon monoxide

 Nitrogen oxidesNitrogen oxides

 Sulfur dioxidesSulfur dioxides

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PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR

POLLUTION

 Environmental scientists point out several _{Environmental scientists point out several}

deficiencies in the Clean Air Act: deficiencies in the Clean Air Act:

 The U.S. continues to rely on cleanup rather than The U.S. continues to rely on cleanup rather than

prevention. prevention.

 The U.S. Congress has failed to increase fuel-The U.S. Congress has failed to increase

fuel-efficiency standards for automobiles. efficiency standards for automobiles.

 Regulation of emissions from motorcycles and Regulation of emissions from motorcycles and

two-cycle engines remains inadequate. two-cycle engines remains inadequate.

 There is little or no regulation of air pollution from There is little or no regulation of air pollution from

(49)

PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR

POLLUTION

 Airports are exempt from many air pollution Airports are exempt from many air pollution

regulations. regulations.

 The Act does not regulate the greenhouse gas The Act does not regulate the greenhouse gas

CO CO₂₂..

 The Act has failed to deal seriously with indoor The Act has failed to deal seriously with indoor

air pollution. air pollution.

 There is a need for better enforcement of the There is a need for better enforcement of the

(50)

PREVENTING AND REDUCING AIR

POLLUTION

 Executives of companies claim that _{Executives of companies claim that}

correcting these deficiencies would cost too correcting these deficiencies would cost too

(51)

How Would You Vote?

system, access the “Polls Clicker Questions” from the PowerLecture

main menu.

 Should the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act be _{Should the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act be}

strengthened? strengthened?

 a. No. Strengthening the Act would be too a. No. Strengthening the Act would be too

expensive and would harm the economy. expensive and would harm the economy.

 b. Yes. Strengthening the Act would improve the b. Yes. Strengthening the Act would improve the

environment and people's health, save energy, environment and people's health, save energy,

(52)

Using the Marketplace to Reduce

Outdoor Air Pollution

 To help reduce SOTo help reduce SO₂₂ emissions, the Clean Air emissions, the Clean Air

Act authorized and emission trading Act authorized and emission trading

(cap-and-trade) program. and-trade) program.

 Enables the 110 most polluting power plants to Enables the 110 most polluting power plants to

buy and sell SO

buy and sell SO₂₂ pollution rights. pollution rights.

 Between 1990-2002, the emission trading system Between 1990-2002, the emission trading system

reduced emissions. reduced emissions.

 In 2002, the EPA reported the cap-and-trade In 2002, the EPA reported the cap-and-trade

system produced less emission reductions than system produced less emission reductions than

(53)

How Would You Vote?

system, access the “Polls Clicker Questions” from the PowerLecture

main menu.

 Should emissions trading be used to help _{Should emissions trading be used to help}

control emissions of all major air pollutants? control emissions of all major air pollutants?

 a. No. Emissions trading has no system for a. No. Emissions trading has no system for

verifying compliance and eliminating "hot spots" verifying compliance and eliminating "hot spots"

of air pollution. of air pollution.

 b. Yes. Emissions trading is an efficient and b. Yes. Emissions trading is an efficient and

(54)

Solutions:

Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution

 There are a of ways to prevent and control air _{There are a of ways to prevent and control air}

pollution from coal-burning facilities. pollution from coal-burning facilities.

 Electrostatic precipitatorElectrostatic precipitator: are used to attract : are used to attract

negatively charged particles in a smokestack into negatively charged particles in a smokestack into

a collector. a collector.

 Wet scrubberWet scrubber: fine mists of water vapor trap : fine mists of water vapor trap

particulates and convert them to a sludge that is particulates and convert them to a sludge that is

(55)

Electrostatic Precipitator

 Can remove 99% of _{Can remove 99% of}

particulate matter

 Does not remove _{Does not remove}

hazardous ultrafine

particles.

 Produces toxic dust _{Produces toxic dust}

that must be safely

disposed of.

 Uses large amounts _{Uses large amounts}

of electricity

Figure 19-18

(56)

Fig. 19-18a, p. 460 Clean gas out

Negatively charged electrode

Positively charged precipitator wall

Dirty gas (smoke) in

Dust falls off into collector

(57)

Wet Scrubber

 Can remove 98% of _{Can remove 98% of}

SO

SO₂₂ and particulate and particulate matter.

matter.

 Not very effective in _{Not very effective in}

removing hazardous removing hazardous

fine and ultrafine fine and ultrafine

particles. particles.

Figure 19-18

(58)

Fig. 19-18b, p. 460 Clean gas out

Separator

Liquid water in

Dirty gas (smoke) in

(59)

Fig. 19-17, p. 459

Solutions

Stationary Source Air Pollution

Prevention

Burn low-sulfur coal

Disperse emissions above thermal

inversion layer with tall smokestacks Remove sulfur

from coal

Convert coal to a liquid or gaseous fuel

Remove pollutants after combustion

Shift to less polluting fuels

Tax each unit of pollution produced

(60)

Solutions:

Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution

 In 2003, fourteen states and a number of _{In 2003, fourteen states and a number of}

U.S. cities sued the EPA to block new rules U.S. cities sued the EPA to block new rules

that would allow older coal-burning power that would allow older coal-burning power

plants to modernize without having to install plants to modernize without having to install

(61)

How Would You Vote?

system, access “JoinIn Clicker Content” from the PowerLecture main

menu for Living in the Environment.

 _{Should older coal-burning power and industrial plants have to meet the}_{Should older coal-burning power and industrial plants have to meet the}

same air pollution standards as new facilities?

 a. No. The private sector should not have to upgrade existing facilities every a. No. The private sector should not have to upgrade existing facilities every

time the regulations change.

 b. Yes. All facilities should comply with current regulations so that the b. Yes. All facilities should comply with current regulations so that the

environment and human health are effectively protected.

(62)

Solutions:

Reducing Outdoor Air Pollution

 There are a of ways to prevent and control air _{There are a of ways to prevent and control air}

pollution from motor vehicles. pollution from motor vehicles.

 Because of the Clean Air Act, a new car today in Because of the Clean Air Act, a new car today in

the U.S. emits 75% less pollution than did the U.S. emits 75% less pollution than did

pre-1970 cars. 1970 cars.

 There is and increase in motor vehicle use in There is and increase in motor vehicle use in

developing countries and many have no pollution developing countries and many have no pollution

(63)

Fig. 19-19, p. 460

Solutions

Motor Vehicle Air Pollution

Prevention Cleanup

Emission control devices Mass transit Bicycles and walking Less polluting engines

Less polluting fuels

Improve fuel efficiency

Car exhaust inspections twice a year

Get older, polluting cars off the road

(64)

Indoor Air Pollution

 Little effort has been devoted to reducing _{Little effort has been devoted to reducing}

indoor air pollution even though it poses a indoor air pollution even though it poses a much greater threat to human health than much greater threat to human health than

outdoor air pollution. outdoor air pollution.

 Environmental and health scientists call for _{Environmental and health scientists call for}

us to focus on preventing air pollution us to focus on preventing air pollution

(65)

Fig. 19-20, p. 461

Solutions

Indoor Air Pollution

Prevention

Cover ceiling tiles & lining of AC ducts to prevent release of mineral fibers

Use adjustable fresh air vents for work spaces

Increase intake of outside air Ban smoking or limit it to well

ventilated areas

Change air more frequently Set stricter formaldehyde

emissions standards for carpet, furniture, and building materials

Circulate a building’s air

through rooftop green houses

Prevent radon infiltration _{Use exhaust hoods for stoves} and appliances burning

natural gas Use office machines in well

ventilated areas

Use less polluting substitutes for harmful cleaning agents, paints, and other products

Install efficient chimneys for wood-burning stoves

(66)

Fig. 19-21, p. 461 What Can You Do?

Indoor Air Pollution

• Test for radon and formaldehyde inside your home and take corrective measures as needed.

• Do not buy furniture and other products containing formaldehyde. • Remove your shoes before entering your house to reduce inputs

of dust, lead, and pesticides.

• Test your house or workplace for asbestos fiber levels and for any crumbling asbestos materials if it was built before 1980. • Don't live in a pre-1980 house without having its indoor air

tested for asbestos and lead.

• Do not store gasoline, solvents, or other volatile hazardous chemicals inside a home or attached garage.

• If you smoke, do it outside or in a closed room vented to the outside. • Make sure that wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, and kerosene-

and gas-burning heaters are properly installed, vented, and maintained.

(67)

Fig. 19-22, p. 462

Solutions Air Pollution

Outdoor Indoor

Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use

Reduce poverty

Rely more on lower-polluting natural gas

Distribute cheap &