Construction Materials

esckþIepþIm

I .

karrIkcMerInénsMPar³sMNg; ³

enAkñúgkarsagsg; sMPar³nimYy² eKRtUvkareRbI

R)as;sMPar³sMrab;sagsg;CaeRcInmuxEdlmanlkçN³xus²Kña . sMPar³TaMgenaHmantMél

RbmaNCa 60

%

éntMélsMNg;TaMgmUl .

edayeyaleTAtamGtßn½y énsMPar³sMNg;EdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgkarsagsg; eK)anEbg

EckCaRkumdUcteTA ³

- EpñkeRKOgbgÁúM ³

KWCasMPar³sMNg;TaMgLayNaEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;kargarsagsg;Ca

eRKOg TMr EdlmandUcCa ³

- ebtug

- ebtugGaem

- Edk

- \dæ CaedIm

-

sMPar³karBarkMedA ³

KWCasMPar³sMNg;TaMgLayNaEdl eFVIeGaykMedAfycuH b¤mineFVIeGaykMedAPayeTA

eRKOgbgÁúMdéTeTot .

- sMPar³karBarCMrabTwk

³

KWCasMPar³sMNg;TaMgLayNaEdl karBareRKOgbgÁúMrbs;

GKar eGaycakputBIkarRCabcUl énTwkdUcCa ³ pøaMgkUd b‘ÍÍtUm rULÚC½r nigplitplKImI

déTeTot .

-

sMPar³EpñklMG ³

KWCasMPar³sMNg;TaMgLayNa EdleKeRbIR)as; sMrab;kargarlMG nigCYykarBarGKar

kuMeGayrgnUvkarxUcxat BIbriyakasxageRkAeTotpg . sMPar³TaMgenaHmandUcCa ³

fñaMBN’ kar:U RsTab;bUk fµda nigsMPar³epSg²eTot .

II .

RbePTénsMng; ³

sMNg;EckecjCa3RbePTKW ³

- sMNg;GKar ³

sMNg;GKarKWCasMng;TaMgLayNaEdlbMerIeGay karrs;enA karsikSa BaNiC¢kmµ nig kEnøglMEh kay .KMeragsMNg;GKarrYmmansMNg;kariyal½y mCÆmNÐl haglk;TMnij mCÆmNÐlkILa FnaKarnigGkarvb,Fm’. CaTUeTAKMeragsMNg;GKar RtUverobcMeLIgedaysßabtükr

rYmCamYyvisVkr sMPar³sMrab;sMNg;enHKWsgát;F¶n; eTAelIesaP½NPaBEpñkxagkñúg nigxageRkA .

x- sMNg;]sSahkmµ ³

sMNg;]sSahkmµEtgEtTak;TgeTAnig KMeragbec©keTsx<s;kñúgplitkmµ .Rkumh‘unÉkCnEtgEt EsVgrkRkumh‘unvisVkmµCMnaj kñúgkarerobcMKMeragRbePTenH. kñúgkrNIenHRkumh‘unbec©keTsTTYl TaMgkar erobcMKMerag nigTaMgkargarsagsg; edaycuHkic©snüaCamYym©as;sMng; .

K- sMNg;visVkmµ ³

sMNg;visVkmµCaTUeTAvaTak;TgeTAnig eRKOgbgÁúMsMNg;EdlerobcMeLIgedayvisVkr ]TahrN_dUcCa pøÚvfñl; s<an RbB½n§bgðÚrTwk kxVk; .sMNg;enHsagsg;eLIgkñúgeKalbMNgbMerIeGaysaFarN³kñúg karelIkKMeragenHeLIgPaKeRcInKWm©as;sMNg; nigGñkelIkKMeragKWsßitenAkñúgGgÁPaBEtmYy.

ral;RbePTsMNg;TaMgGs;suT§Et RtUv)ankMNt;BIry³eBlénkarbMerIkargar

(

PaBrwgmaMrbs;

GKar

)

ehIyeKEbgEckdUcteTA ³

- ry³eBleRcInCag 100qñaM

- ry³eBlBI 50 - 100 qñaM

- ry³eBlBI 20-50qñaM

- ry³eBl 20qñaM

PaBrwgmaMrbs;GKarvaGaRs½yeTAelIktþaCaeRcIndUcCa ³

-

karviPaKeTAelIdIRKwH

- karKNnakMlaMgsgát; m:Um:g;

- kareRCIserIsRbePTsuIm:g; nigm:akl,ay)anRtwmRtUv nig

- eRbIR)as;sMPar³smRsbeTAtamlkçN³bec©keTs

cMNat;fñak; nigkarTamTar cMeBaHsMPar³sMNg;

I .

cMNat;fñak;énsMPar³sMNg; ³

karsagsg;sMNg;suIvil sMNg;]sSahkmµ KWkñúgeKalbMNg bMerIeGayesckþIRtUv

karrbs;mnusS kñúgkarrs;enA plitkmµ ]sSahkmµ kMsanþk_dUcCa kñúgkarkarBar

eGaycakputBIbriyakasxageRkAeTotpg .

CaTUeTAGKarTaMgGs;sagsg;eLIg BIEpñksMxan;² dUcCa ³

1-RKwH

KWCaEpñkmYyenAxageRkamGKar EdlmanPar³kic©TTYlrgnUvbnÞúk BIEpñkxag

elI énGKar ehIybBa¢ÚneTAeGaydIRKwH.

2- eRKag b¤eRKOgTMr

KWCaeRKOgTMrrbs;GKar EdlmanPar³kic©RTeRKOgbiT)aMgTaMgGs; rbs;

GKarehIybBa¢ÚneTAeGayRKwH .

3- eRKOgbiT)aMg

eKeRbIR)as; sMrab;Epñkxagkñúg nigxageRkAénGKar b¤EbgEcképÞ

xagkñúgGKarCabnÞb;² ehIyeRKOgTaMgenaHmandUcCa ³tMbUl CBaa¢Mgx½NÐ CBaa¢MgeRkA

edaysarkarrIkcMerInEpñkbec©kviTüasMPar³Rbk;tMbUl eKplitCaeRcInRbePT dUcCa ³

- ek,Og

- sgá½sI

- hVIRbU

eRkABIenaHmansMPar³EdlplitBIesra:miucdUcCa ³

- eCIgTanbgáan;éd

- kar:U

- eRKOgsMPar³sMrab;bnÞb;Gnam½y

II.

lk½çNÐkñúgkareRbIR)as;sMPar³sMNg; ³

edIm,IeFVIeGayGKarb¤sMNg;manlkçN³rwgmaM ehIyGacFana)annUvPaByUrGEgVg

rbs;GKareyIgRtUvdwgGMBIlk½çNÐ énsMPar³EdlGaceFVIkar b¤GacrgnUvbnÞúk)an .

kMlaMgEdlGnuvtþmkelIsMNg;man ³ kMlaMgsþaTic nigkMlaMgDINamuic .

dUcemþcEdlehAfa kMlaMg sþaTic ? ehIy dUcemþcEdlehAfa kMlaMg DINamuic ?

- kMlaMg sþaTic ³ kMlaMgTaMgLayNaEdlERbRbYltictYceTAtameBlevla Edl

knøgeTA ]TahrN_dUcCa ³TMnajdI bMErbMrYlsuItuNðPaB sMBaFTwk TMgn;pÞal;rbs;

GKar karrYmmaDrbs;ebtug karRsutRKwH CaedIm.

- kMlaMgDINamuic ³ kMlaMgTaMgLayNaEdlERbRbYlxøaMgPøam²dUcCa ³ kMlaMgxül;

karrBa¢ÜydI bnÞúHPñMePøIg rMj½r CaedIm.

taraglkçx½NÐeFVIkarcMeBaHsMPar³sMNg;

eRKOgbgÁúM

ktþalkçx½N

karTamTarcMeBaHsmPar³sMNg;

tMbUl

TTYl\T§iBlBIbriyakas

xageRkA dUecñHvaeFVIkareRkam

\T§iBlénkMlaMg

Dynamic

nig

Statics

sMPar³RtUvmanlkçN³rwgmaMFn;min

RCabTwk nigmanTMgn;Rsal

CBa¢aMg

TTYl\T§iBlBIbriyakas

xageRkA dUecñHvaeFVIkareRkam

\T§iBlénkMlaMg

Dynamic

nig

Statics

sMPar³RtUvmanlkçN³rwgmaM Fn;

nigkMedA

RKwH

TTYl\T§iBlBIsMeBaFTwk

eRkamdI nigrgbnÞúkBIEpñk

xagelIénGKar

sMPar³RtUvmanlkçN³rwgmaM min

RCabTwk nigmineRcHsuI

CBa¢aMgx½NÐ

TTYl\T§iBlBIbriyakas

xageRkA dUecñHvaeFVIkareRkam

\T§iBlénkMlaMg

Dynamic

nig

Statics

sMPar³RtUvmanlkçN³rwgmaM man

TMgn;Rsal nigmincMlgsMelg

lkçN³sMxan;²énsMPar³sMNg;

I

.TidæPaBTUeTAénsMPar³sMNg; ³

enAkñúgRbeTseCOnelOn nigRbeTsEdlkMBugGPivDÆn_ eKniymeRbIR)as;sMPar³sMNg;CaeRcIn RbePT EdlmanKuNPaBx<s;ehIyFana)annUvPaByUrGEgVgeTotpg. RKb;sMPar³sMNg;TaMgGs; rYmpSMeLIgedayFatuepSg²Kña EdleKGaceRCIserIsykeTAeRbIR)as;tamTIkEnøgnigtamtMrUvkar. edayeyaleTAtamlkçN³sMxan;² énsMPar³sMNg;EckecjCa ³

-

lkçN³rUb - lkçN³KImI nig - lkçN³emkanic

ral;sMPar³sMNg;TaMgGs;vamanlkçN³epSg²Kña vaGaRs½yeday sar³FatuKImIEdlcUlrYmpSMenA kñúgsMPar³enaH . ehIysar³FatuKImITaMgenaHEckCabIRkumKW ³

-Rkum organic ³ maneQI b‘ÍtUm nig)øasÞic

- Rkum Mineral ³ manebtug suIm:g; \dædut nigfµFmµCati

- Rkum elah³ ³ manEdkEfb Edksµit GaluymIj:Úm ehIyRkumnimYy² mansmtßPaB niglkçN³BiessepSg²Kña .

1- lkçN³rUb ³ k- dg;suIetCak;lak; ³

niymn½y ³ KWCam:as;énGgÁFatumYy Kitkñúg 1ÉktamaDénsac;ENnrbs;va edayKµancenøaH Rbehag EdleKehAmü:ageTotfa maDdac;xat. xñatrbs;vaKitCa etan T b¤Ca kg kñúg m3.

GMBIxñat ³ bars mm N Mpa 1 10 1  ₂ 

1bars1daN/Cm2 1,02Kgf /Cm2 0,1Mpa 1mpa10bars10,2kgf/Cm2

x- dg;suIet dac;xat ³

KWCapleFobrvagdg;suIetCak;lak; eTAnigm:asEdlesµInigmaDTwkEdlmantMél1000 g EdlmansuItuNðPaB + 4 0

C . dg;suIet dac;xatesµInig 1/1000 éndg;suIet Cak;lak;KWCapleFobEdlKµanxñat.  = 1 m m m -ma:s;GgÁFatu m₁ -m:as;Twk

x-ma:smaD ³

niymn½y ³

KWCama:srbs;GgÁFatumYyKitkñúgmYyÉktamaDedayrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgcenøaH

Rbehag.

eyIgGacKNnatamrUbmnþ ³

3 / ,kg m v m  

Edl

m-ma:ssMPar³ KitCa kg v- maDsMPar³ KitCa m3

taragm:as;maDénsMPar³sMNg; l-r eQµaHsMPar³ m:as;maDKitCa kg/m³ 1 EdkEfb 7850 2 fµRkanIt 2400-2900 3 \dæ 1600-1800 4 xSac; 1450-1650 5 Twk 1000 6 ebtugFn;F¶n; 1800-2500 7 ebtugFn;Rsal 500-1800 8 GgÁFatues<at 20-100 9 eQI 400-800-1500 10 GaluymIj:Úm 2700 11 R)ak; 1130 K- PaBes<at ³

PaBRbehagb¤es<aténsMPar³sMNg; KWkMritmYyénkarbMeBjnUvmaD énRbehages<atrbs;sMPar³ enaH. X- sMeNIm ³ sMeNImrbs;sMPar³mYyKWCalT§PaBpÞal; rbs;sMPar³enaHkñúgkarRsUbykTwknigrkSa)annUv brimaNénTwkenaH . eyIgGacKNnatamrUbmnþ ³ W = .100,% 0 1 1 2 m m m m 

Edl ³

m2 -m:as;sMPar³EdlesIm

m₁- m:as;sMPar³EdlsMgYtehIy m₀ - m:as;kMb:ug

2-lkçN³emkanic ³

lkçN³emkanicénsMPar³sMNg; KWeKkMNt;eTAelIlT§PaBrbs; sMPar³EdlGacFn;)an nUvRKb; GMeBI rbs;kMlaMg BIxageRkA EdlGnuvtþmkelIsMPar³enaH mandUcCa ³

- kMlaMgsgát; - kMlaMgTaj - kMlaMgkac; F

kMlaMgsgát;

F F

kMlaMgTaj

k-ersuIsþg;emkanic ³

EdlehAfaersuIsþg;emkanicKWCa smtßPaBrbs;sMPar³sMNg; Edl Fana)an kñúgkarEbk)ak; b¤xUcRTg;RTayeRkamGMeBIrbs;kugRtaMg EdlbegáIteLIgedaysarbnÞúk mYy .kugRtaMgKWCalT§PaBxagkñúgrbs;sMPar³ EdlGacTb;Tl;)ankñúg 1mm2.kugRtaMgtag edayGkSrsuicm:a  xñatKitCa MPa .

x-ersuIsþg;kñúgkarsgát; ³

EdlehAfaersuIsþg;KWenAeBlEdlrUbFatuénsMPar³enaH Ebk)ak;b¤xUcRTg;RTay ehIykugRtaMg rbs;vaeLIgdl;kMritx<s;bMput max . R= MPa S F , F -kMlaMgb¤bnÞúkEdleFVIeGaymankarEbk)ak;b¤xUcRTg;RTaydl;sMPar³ KitCa N S –épÞénmuxkat;rbs;sMPar³ KitCa mm² . cMNaM ³kalNa  _max > R eRKOgsMNg;mhnþray R >  _max eRKOgsMNg;mansuvtßiPaB R =  _max eRKOgsMNg;manlMnwg F

kMlaMgkac;

3-lkçN³KImI ³

KWCasmtßPaBrbs;sMPar³sMNg;TaMgLayNa EdlFn; nigsarFatuKImI eRkam\T§iBlBIbriyakas xageRkA . enAkñúgsMPar³sMNg;bBaðaEdlFMCageKKWeRcHsuI EdlvaeFVIeGayxUcxatdl;sMPar³

sMNg; tamry³kareFVIRbtikmµ BIbriyakasxageRkA . briyakasxageRkAminRtwmEteFVIRbtikmµ CamYyEdkbu:eNÑaHeT Etva)aneFVIeGayxUcpgEdrcMeBaHfµFmµCati ebtug )øasÞic nigeQI .

dUecñHral;sMPar³sMNg;TaMgGs;RtUvrkSaTukeGay)anl¥ CaBiesscMeBaHsMPar³NaEdlgay eFVIRbtikmµCamYybriyakasxageRkA ehIymunnigyksMPar³TaMgenaHeTAeRbIR)as;RtUveFVIkarRtYt BinitümþgrToteTIbCakarRbesIr b¤RtUveRbIfñaMsMrab;karBar .

II.sþg;daénsMPar³sMNg; ³

lkçN³sMxan;cMeBaHsMPar³KWKuNPaB nigkarplitsMPar³sMNg; EdlRtUvkareRbIR)as; enAkñúg sMNg;FM² EdlcaM)ac;RtUvGnuelameTAtamsþg;darbs;RbeTs nimYy².

sþg;daeKkMNt;eTAelI smtßPaBénkarplitEdlRtUvbgðajBI ³ - m:akrbs;sMPar³

- TMhM - kMritlMeGog

suIm:g;

niymn½y ³suIm:gt_KWCasmÖar³ EdlmanlkçN³bnSIP¢ab; nigs¥itrmYt.

eKalbMNgénkareRbIR)as; ³ sMrab;karsagsg; eRBaHvaCasMPar³pSarP¢ab; rvagfµ xSac; \dæ nig \dæsuIm:gt_ .

I.Rbvtþirbs;suIm:gt_ ³kareRbIR)as;suIm:gt_manRbvtþiyUrlg;Nas;mkehIy eKBinitüeXIjfa RbeTseGsSIb kalBIsm½yedIm eK)aneRbImñagsilaminsuT§ sMrab;P¢ab;pÞaMgfµ kñúgkarsagsg; BIra:mIt .

eRkaymkBYkr:UmaMg nigRkic)ancab;epþImeRbItMbUgeKbMput nUvfµkMe)ar sMrab;karsagsg;.GaRs½y edayBinitüeXIjfa l,aykMe)ar minsUvrwgl¥eBlRtUvTwk eTIbBYkrU:muaMg )anlaykMe)arCamYyepH PñMePøIg EdlmansarFatusuIlIs ( silica) nigGaluymIn ( Alumine) .

eRkaymkeTotBYkr:UmuaMgk_)anykdI\dædut mklayCamYyeTot EdleFVIeGayl,ayrwtEtman lkçN³RbesIreLIg.edaysarkarlaykMe)arCamYyepHPñMePøIg nigdIdutenHehIyeTIbeKeGay eQµaHfa Pozzuolanic Cement . Baküfa Pozzuolanic enHmanedImkMeNItBIeQµaHPUmi

RsukmYyenAGuItalI EdlmaneQµaHfa Pozzuolie CakEnøgEdlsMbUreTAedayepHPñMePøIgRbePT

xagelIenH .

enAqñaM 1756 enARbeTsGg;eKøselak Jonh Smeaton enAeBlEdleFVIkarCYsCulGKar

cas;mYyKat;)anrkeXIjfa l,aykMe)arEdlrWgl¥ eRkayBIkarlayCamYyTwk minEmnCaRbePT kMe)arsuT§enaHeT bu:EnþCal,aykMe)arnigdI\dæmYycMnYnRbEhl BI 20-25% EdlplitplenH manlkçN³Rsedog nig Portland Cement naeBlbc©úb,nñ EdlplitecjBIfµ ptELnenH Ég.

enAqñaM 1756 elak Louis Josept Vicat (1786-1861) CnCati)araMg)aneFVIkar

enAqñaM 1824 elak Josept Aspdin )anRsavRCavnigplit Portland Cement CaelIk TImYyedayykdIdutCamYyfµkMe)ar edaydutenAkñúgL rhUtdl;Pay]sµ½nkabUnicecjGs; . enA eBlenaH Portland Cement EdlplittamrebobKat;enaH BuMTan;manlkçN³l¥enAeLIyeTBI eRBaHsuItuNðPaBenATabeBkBuMGac dutl,aydI\dænigkMe)areGaykøayeTACa Clinker)anenA eLIyeT .

enAqñaM 1845elak Issac Jonhson )andutl,aydI\dæCamYydIsrhUtmanlkçN¤Ca Clinker . elak Issac Jonhson )ankMNt;rUbmnþy:agc,as;las; sþIGMBIkarlaynigtMrUvsuItuNðPaB caM

)ac;kñúgkarbegáIteGay)an ClinkerenaH .KWcab;taMgBIeBlenaHmkehIyEdl Portland Cement RtUv)an eKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTA enABaseBjBiPBelakTaMgmUlrhUtmkdl;sBVéf¶enH . Bakü Portland Cement yktameQµaH fµkMe)arm:üagenA PaKnartIénRbeTsGg;eKøs k_eday

sarEtsuIm:gt_eRkayeBlkkrwg vamanBNiRsedogKña ebHbiteTAnigfµkMe)arenAkñúgtMbn;enaH . II.karplitsuIm;g; ³

k- dMeNIrkarplitesIm ³ KWCadMeNIrkarN_plitedayepSImEr:fµ TaMgenaHCamunsin munnigkin .

x-dMeNIrkarplits¶Üt ³ KWCadMeNIrkarN_plitedaykinEr:s¶Üt TaMgenaHeday minepSImTwk .

dUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;rYcmkehIyfa suIm:g; Portland pSMeLIgeday ³

- kMe)ar ³ 70 % - 80 % - dI\dæ ³ 20% - 30%

K-tMeNIrkarN_plit suIm:g; Portland ³

kinbMEbkvtßúFatuedIm ³ - layRcbl;cUlKña tamsmmaRtNamYy - dutvaenAkñúgLvilEdlmansItuNðPaB 1450 0C

- kin Clinker layCamYymñagsilabnþicRbEhl 2-3 % smasPaBKImIrbs;suIm:g; Portland ³

- kMe)ar ³ Cao = 77 % - suIlIs ³ SiO2 = 14 %

- GaluymIn ³ Al2O3 = 3,5 % - EdlGuksuId ³ Fe2O3 = 1-2 % - m:aejsüÚmGuksuIt ³ MgO = 1% smasPaBKImIrbs;Clinker :

- RTIkal;süÚm suIlIkat Tricalcium silicate( C₃S)

- DIkal;süÚm suIlIkat Diacalcium silicate( C₂S)

- RTIkal;süÚm GaluymINat Tricalcium Aluminate( C₃A)

- etRtakal;süÚm GaluymINat EhV rIt Tetracalcium Aluminate Ferrit ( C4AF) III. RbePTsuIm:g; ³

1-suIm:g; Portland ³

1-1 ³ RbePT én suIm:g; Portland :

edaysarEtman)atuPUtepSg² Edl)aneFVIeGayebtugTTYlrgnUvmhnþraydUcCa\T§BlénCatiGM bilmkelIebtug ( BYksulfate ) nigsmasFatumYycMnYneTot EdltMrUveGayeyIgRtYtBinitü GMBI kareRbIR)as;ebtugenAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenaH eBalKWeyIgRtUveRCIserIsrkRbePTsuIm:g;EdleRbIFn;)annig )atuPUtTaMgenH .

suIm:g;TaMgenaHmandUcCa ³

RbePTTI I – Odinary Portland cement :

KWCaRbePTsuIm:g;FmµtaEdleRbIR)as;sBVéf¶ ehIysuIm:g;RbePTenHGaceRbIR)as;)anenARKb; RbePTsMNg;TaMgGs; bu:EnþeCosvagkareRbIR)as;enAkEnøgEdlman\T§iBl sulfate dUcCamanenA

kñúgdI nigTwkCaedIm ehIyCaTUeTAsuIm:g;RbePTenHmantMélefak CagsuIm:g;RbePT2 ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enHman 3,15.

RbePTTI II – Moderate Heat Portland cement :

RtUv)aneKniymeRbIR)as;enAkEnøgNaEdltMrUveGaymankarkat;bnßyzamBlkMedAenAkñúgebtug b¤karkat;bnßy \T§iBl sulfate . CaTUeTAsuIm:g;RbePT2mantMéléføCagsuIm:g;RbePT1 ehIyeK eRbIR)as;)anenARKb;sMNg;TaMgGs; . bu:EnþeyIgRtUvRbugRby½tñenAeB;EdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgsMNg;TM nb;Twk BIeRBaHvabNþaleGaymanKuNvibtþimYycMnYnFM ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enH man 3,2 .

- RbePTTI III – High Early Strength Portland cement :

CasuIm:g;EdlmanlkçN³xusEbøkBIsuIm:g;Fmµta KWenARtg;el,OnénersuIsþg;rbs;suIm:g;RbePTenH elOn KWkñúgry³eBlEt 7éf¶ Etbu:eNÑaH . bu:EnþsuIm:g;RbePTenHmantMéléføCagsuIm:g;Fmµta ehIy eKeRbIR)as;vacMeBaHkEnøgNaEdlcaM)ac;Etbu:eNÑaH dUcCakEnøgEdltMrUveGayl,ayebtugqab;rwg ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enHman 3,12 .

RbePTTI IV – Sulfate Resisting Portland cement :

CaRbePTsuIm:g;EdlmanzamBlkMedAtictYcNas; ebIeFobeTAnigsuIm:g;d¾éT vaGacCYykat;bnßy kareRbHRsaMrbs;ebtugeRkamsuItuNðPaBx<s;.

suIm:g;RbePTenHPaKpSMén C3A ( Tricalcium Aluminate ) cMnYnticehIymankMriteTotpg EdlCamUlehtuénkarkat;bnßykMedA . suIm:g;RbePTenHmanRbsiT§PaB kñúgkareRbIR)as;sMrab;Tb; Tl;nUvRbtikmµTaMgLayEdlbNþalmkBIsm:asFatumYycMnYndUcCa chloride nig sulfate Ca edIm . suIm:g;RbePTenHRtUv)aneKniymeRbIenAkñúgsMNg;TMnb;Twk sMng;TwkéRb nigsMNg;d¾éTeTot EdlGacTb;Tl;nig\T§iBlrbs; chloride nig sulfate ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enH man 3,20 .

RbePTTI V – Low Heat Portland cement :

KWCasuIm:g;EdlmanRbsiT§PaBx<s; EdlGacTb;Tl;)anCamYyBBYksulfate EdlmanRbtikmµmkelI ebtug eBalKWmanRbsiT§PaBCagsuIm:g;d¾éTeTot . suIm:g;RbePTenHenAeBleRbICal,ayebtug vamankMedATabNas; ebIeFobeTAnigsuIm:g;d¾éT ehIy specific gravityrbs;suIm:g;enH man 3,22 . 1-2 ³ sm:asFatupSMrbs;suIm:g; ³ RbePTsuIm:g; Tricalcium silicate( C₃S) Diacalcium silicate( C₂S) Tricalcium Aluminate ( C3A) Tetracalcium Aluminate Ferrit ( C₄AF) Odinary Portland cement 42-67 18-13 5-14 6-12 Moderate Heat Portland cement 20-45 30-56 4-8 6-16

High Early Strength Portland cement

45-70 10-30 7-17 6-10

Sulfate Resisting Portland cement

49-56 20-28 0-2 12-16

Low Heat Portland cement 25 50 5 13 dUc)anbgðajenAkñúgtaragxagelIrYcmkehIyGMBIsmasFatuKImIenAkñúgsuIm:g; EdlbegáIteGayman lkçN³Biesserog² xøÜn EdlmanRbePTsuIm:g;xøHeFVIeGaykMedAebtugekIneLIgdl; 40 0 C ehIy mansuIm:g;xøHeToteFVIeGayebtugmankMedARtwmEt 15 0 C .

taragzamBlkMedAmanenAkñúgsmasFatuKImI smasFatuKImI kMedAKitCa cal / g

C3A 287

C4AF 96

C3S 117

C2S 54

1-3 ³ sþg;daénsuIm:g; ³

karbegáIteGaymancMNat;fñak;énsuIm:g;TaMgenaHehIy )anCasuIm:g;manKuNPaBepSg²Kña. edIm,I dwgBIKuNPaBénsuIm:g; eKRtUveFVIkarBiesaFn_dUcxageRkam ³

karBiesaFn_l,aysuIm:g; ³

edIm,IkMNt;yksþg;darbs;suIm:g; caM)ac;eyIgRtUvEteFVIkarBiesaFn_dUcxageRkam ³ k- eyIgyk ³

- suIm:g;cMnYn 500 Rkam

- xSac;cMnYn 1500 Rkam EdlmanGgát;p©it 0,5 – 0,9 mm - Twk 200Rkam laykñúgm:asuIn

x- PaBTn;RCayrbs;suIm:g; RtUvsßitenAkñúglkx½NÐ BI 106 mm – 115mm eBalKW ³ - ebI < 106 mm eyIgRtUvbEnßmTwkcMnYn10Rkam

- ebI  > 115 mm eyIgRtUvdUrykl,ayfµI eBalKWRtUvbnßyTwkcMnYn10Rkam rebobBiesaFn_ ³ - cak;l,aysuIm:g;cUleTAkñúgekaNnUvbrimaNBak;kNþalekaN rYcbgðab;edayr)aEdkcMnYn15dg - cak;l,aysuIm:g;cUleTAkñúgekaNnUvbrimaNBak;kNþaleTot rYcbgðab;cMnYn10dg - ykekaNsuIm:g;eTAbgðab;edaym:asuIncMnYn30naTI rYcekorvaeGays¥atenAEpñkxagelIekaN - dkekaNecjedIm,IkMNt;RbePTl,ay etIvazitenAkñúglkçx½NÐNamYy? - bnÞab;mkRtUvcak;l,aysuIm:g;eTAkñúg]bkrN_EdlmanTMhM 40 x 40 x160 mm dUcbgðajkúñugrUb mm 115 106  

- rYcykeTAbgðab;enA]bkrN_BI 2-5mm. - bnÞab;BIbgðab;ehIyRtUvTukeGaysuIm:g;enHrwgkñúgxül;cMnYn1éf¶ kñúgsuItuNðPaB 20 10 C . - eRkaymkRtUvykeTARtaMTwkry³eBl27éf¶ kñúgsuItuNðPaB20 10 C .

- dUcenHry³eBlénl,ayrwg)an28éf¶ eyIgGacykvaeTAeFVUIkarBiesaFn_)an. 1-4 karBiesaFn_elIkMlaMgkac;bM)ak; ³ PaBFn;rbs;l,aysuIm:g;KWkMNt;eTAtamrUbmnþ ³ f = 2 2 3 bh PL P - CakMlaMgkac;bM)ak; L - CaRbEvgEdlkMNt;tamrUb 1-5 karBiesaFn_tamkMlaMgsgát; ³ PaBFn;rbs;l,aysuIm:g;KWkMNt;eTAtamrUbmnþ ³ c = A P A - CaépÞEdlrgnUvkarsgßt; eRkayBIkareFVIBiesaFn_eTIbeyIgGacdwgfaetIsuIm:g;RbePTenHGacykeTAeRbIR)as;enAkñúgsMNg; )anb¤Gt; xageRkamKWCaTUrelxEdleyIgGacdwgGMBIKuNPaBsuIm:g;.

Type of Cement Standard

Strength of mortar . kgf / cm2

Flexural Strength Compressive Strength

3 days 28days 3 days 28days

Ordinary Portland Cement

M400 - 55 - 400

M500 - 60 - 500

M550 - 62 - 550

M600 - 65 - 600

Moderate heat Portland Cement

M300 - 45 - 400

M400 - 55 - 400

M500 - 60 - 500

High early strength Portland Cement

M400 40 55 250 400

M500 50 60 280 500

Sulfate resisting Portland Cement M300 - 45 - 400

M400 - 55 - 400

Low heat Portland Cement

M300 - 45 - 400 M400 - 55 - 400 M500 - 60 - 500 bTkdæaneRbIR)as;sMrab;layl,ay 1m³

sRmab;kargarerob\dæ

m:akl,ay

KuNPaBsuIm:g;

P:400

suIm:g;Ca

kg

xSac;;Ca

m³

TwkCa

l

M:50 180 1.24 205

M:75 246 1.22 224

M:100 310 1.20 227

M:150 410 1.08 237

m:akl,ay

KuNPaBsuIm:g;

P:500

suIm:g;Ca

kg

xSac;;Ca

m³

TwkCa

l

M:50 145 1.26 204 M:75 200 1.24 226 M:100 250 1.21 221 M:150 340 1.19 227 M:200 470 1.11 240 M:250 510 1.05 265

sRmab;kargarbUk

m:akl,ay

KuNPaBsuIm:g;

P:400

suIm:g;Ca

kg

xSac;;Ca

m³

TwkCa

l

M:25 100 1.25 150 M:50 190 1.24 190 M:75 255 1.22 210 M:100 318 1.18 223 M:150 424 1.06 263

m:akl,ay

KuNPaBsuIm:g;

P:500

suIm:g;Ca

kg

xSac;;Ca

m³

TwkCa

l

M:25 148 1.24 178

M:50 205 1.21 200

M:75 260 1.19 216

M:100 300 1.17 236

sRmab;kargarebtug

m:akl,ay KuNPaBsuIm:g;

P:400

suIm:g;Ca

kg

xSac;;Ca

m³

fµ

1x2Ca m³

TwkCa

l

M:100 235 0.567 0.819 217

M:150 288 0.530 0.861 222

M:200 350 0.473 0.887 232

M:250 420 0.420 0.898 239

m:akl,ay KuNPaBsuIm:g;

P:500

suIm:g;Ca

kg

xSac;;Ca

m³

fµ

1x2Ca m³

TwkCa

l

M:100 210 0.578 0.808 210

M:150 267 0.540 0.819 219

M:200 320 0.514 0.871 228

M:250 383 0.446 0.879 234

Aggregate

sMrab;ebtug

I . Fine aggregate ( sand )

1-1 ³ lkçN³TUeTArbs;xSac; ³xSac;CasmasFatupSMy:agsMxan;EdlmantYnaTIbegáInPaBCab;s¥it rvagl,aysuIm:g; nigfµbMEbk eBalKWkat;bnßy nUvrn§es<atEdlbgáeLIgedaysarfµbMEbk .

CaTUeTAxSac;manTMhMepSg²KñaEdlGacbMEbkecjCa 4RbePT ³ - xSac;RbePTFM Edlman F.M > 2.50 - xSac;RbePTFMmFüm Edlman F.M = 2.20 - 2.50 - xSac;hµt; Edlman F.M = 1.00 –2.00 - xSac;manTMhMtUcEmnETnEdlman F.M = 1.00 –1.50 kMNt;sMKal; ³ F.M = ( Fine modulus )

eKGacdwgBIRbePTxSac;TaMgenH)anedaysarkarErg . edIm,IeGaydwgfaxSac;enHzitenAkñúgRbePT NamYy ehIybrimaNxSac;EdlRtUvykmkErgKW 500g. edaydak;enAelIkERBa¢gEdltMerob eTAtamlMdab; .eRkayBIkarErgehIyenAelIkERBa¢gnimYy²manbrimaNxSac;EdleTI eyIgeFVIkar føwg m:as;xSac; .

1-2 ³ karcat;fñak; ³

eyIgdwgehIyfa xSac;maneRcInRbePT dUcCaxSac;RKab;FM xSac;RKab;tUc

ehIyxSac;manKuNPaBl¥ b¤minl¥ ehIyRbePTTaMgGs;enHeKeRbIR)as;enAelIkarsagsg; sMNg; nana dUcCa sMNg;TMnb;Twk s<anCaedIm . kareRbIR)as;kñúgsMNg;TaMgenaH BuMmanlkçN³dUcKñaeT eBalKWxSac;EdleRbIkñúgsMNg;TMnb;Twk manlkçN³xusBIxSac;EdleRbIR)as; enAkñúgs<an . cMeBaHkarxusKñaenHKWGaRs½yelIPaKryrbs;xSac;eTAtamcMNat;fñak;rbs;va EdlkMNt;eTAtam bTdæandUckñúgtaragxageRkam . enHKWbgðajBIPaKryrbs;xSac; EdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgsMNg; nana ehIyxSac;EdlykmkeRbIR)as;enAkñúgsMNg; Kwdac;xatmineGaymansmasFatudI\dæeRcInCag 2 PaKryeT BIeRBaHfaebIelIsvaeFVIeGayebtug)at;bg;KuNPaB .

Grading rang of fine aggregate

General construction : bridge, building, tunnel

Sieve size,mm Grading ,%

10 100 5 90-100 2,5 80-100 1,2 50-90 0,6 25-65 0,3 10-35 0,15 2-10

II . Coarse Aggregate (fµbMEbk )

2-1 : lkçN³TUeTAénfµbMEbk ³ lkçN³TUeTAénfµbMEbkKW ³ - RTg;RTay

- PaBFn;énfµbMEbk EdlmanlkçN³dUcteTA

RTg;RTay ³ mansar³sMxan;Nas;edIm,IbegáInPaBs¥itCab;rvagl,aynigfµbMEbk. cMeBaHrUbrag rbs;RkYsvij manlkçN³mUlnigrelagEdleFVIeGayPaBs¥itCab;rvagl,aynigfµbMEbkmanTMhMtUc CagfµbMEbkEdlmanlkçN³BhuekaNnigeRKIm .

RbePT ³ enHCaEpñkmYysMxan;Nas; BIeRBaHfµnimYy²manRbePTnigKuNPaBxus²Kña ehIysBVéf¶ enHeKniymeRbIfµRbePTRkanIt sMrab;karsagsg;sMNg;nana.

PaBFn;énfµbMEbk ³

bnÞab;BIRTg;RTaynigRbePT KWPaBFn;rbs;fµbMEbk eRBaHfabrimaNfµbMEbkenA

kñúgemtug 1Em:tKUb KWmanRbmaNBI 30-60 % énm:asrbs;emtug . dUecñHPaBFn;rbs;fµbMEbk mantYnaTIsMxan;bMputedIm,IbegáInnUvPaBCab;s¥itkñúgebtug eBalKWPaBmin)ak;Ebkrbs;fµbMEbkeRkam GMeBInanaEdlCaehtueFVIeGayebtugRtUv)anekIneLIg.

PaBFn;rbs;fµbMEbkenAkñúgebtug

lkçN³rbs;fµbMEbkEdlmanlkçN³rwgmaM lkçN³rbs;fµbMEbkEdlmanlkçN³exSay 2.2 : cMNat;fñak; ³

edaybrimaNfµbMEbkEdleRbIR)as;enAkñúgebtugmancMnYneRcIn ehIymantYnaTI Fana r:ab;rgénPaB Fnrbs;ebtug duecñHkareRbIR)as;RtUvGnuvtþeTAtambTdæan.sMrab;bTdæanénRbeTsnanadUcCaCbu:n Gaemric mankareRbIR)as;xusKñaxøH² k_b:uEnþ eKk_eRbIeTAtambTdæanrbs;eKEdr BIeRBaHvapþl;nUv KuNsm,tþidUcCa ³

fµbMEbkEdlmanTMhMtUcvacUleTAbMeBjcenøaHfµbMEbkFM²eFVIeGay ³ - rn§es<atRtUv)ankat;bnßy

- begáIteGayl,ayebtuglaycUlKña)anl¥eBalKWbegáInsmtßPaBkk rbs;ebtug .

kñúgkrNIEdlKµanfµbMEbktUc²laybBa©Úl kñúgkrNIEdlmanfµbMEbktUc²laybBa©Úl 2-3 :PaBFn;rbs;fµbMEbk ³

dUc)anGFib,ayBIxagelImkehIyGMBisar³sMxan;rbs;fµenAkñúgebtug karkMNt;PaBFn;rbs;fµbM EbkenAkñúgRbeTsnanamindUcKñaeT eBalKWsBVéf¶enHkarkMNt;PaBFn;rbs;fµbMEbkCaBIrRbePT ³ 1-maneQµaHfa Los Angeles Abrasion Machine KWtMbUgeyIgykfµbMEbkcak;cUleTAkñúgm:asuIn enaH rYcehIyeyIgRtUvrg;caMkñúgry³eBlmYy Edlm:asuInmanlT§PaBdusxat; b¤eFVIeGayfµEbk)ak; eRcInb¤titeTAtamPaBFn;rbs;fµ . bnÞab;mkeyIgGacsegáteXIjmanPaBxusKµarvagmuneBldak; kñúgm:asuIn nigykecjBIm:asuInmkvij . dUcenHeKGackMNt;PaKryénkarEbk)ak; nigPaBFn;rbs; va)an. viFIenHeKniymeRbIenAkñúgRbeTsCb:un nigshrdæGaemric.

2-manlkçN³xusBITImYy eBalKWfµbMEbkRtUvdak;kñúgsuILaMgEdkmYy ehIydak;eGaysßitenAkñúg eRkamkMlaMgsgát;mYy .

- tMbUgfµb¤RkYsRtUvErgsin

- bnÞab;mkkMNt;TMhMfµb¤RkYsNamYy ( 5-10 , 10-20, 20-40, 40-70, 70-120.)

bnÞab;mkRtUvkMNt;TMhMrbs;suILaMgEdk m:akrbs;fµb¤RkYs nigkMlaMgEdlRtUvsgát;dUcxageRkam ³ -fµbMEbkb¤RkYsEdlmanTMhMtUc 5-10 , 10-20

- fµbMEbkb¤RkYsEdlmanTMhMFMCagxagelI ³

- suILaMgman = 150mm brimaNfµb¤RkYs 4 k.g kMlaMgsgát; 20T

bnÞab;BIfµbMEbkb¤RkYsEdlrgnUvkMlaMgsgát;eyIgeXIjfavaEbkCabMENktUc² dUcenHeKGackMNt; PaKryénkarEbk)ak;enaHtamrUbmnþxageRkam ³ p 1 100 x m m m

m – m:asfµbMEbkb¤RkYsmuneBlsgát; KitCa Rkam

m₁- m:asfµbMEbkb¤RkYsenAesssl;BIkarErg KitCa Rkam TMhMrbs;kERBa¢gsMrab;RkYs b¤fµbMEbk

TMhMfµbMEbk b¤RkYsFMbMputCa mm 5-10 10-20 20-40

TMhMkERBa¢gCa mm 1,25 2,50 5.00

m:akRkYsEdlsgát;kñúgsuILaMg

m:akRkYstamPaBFn; PaBFn; kgf / cm2 m:aksgát;p PaKryénRkYsp%

M1000 1000 p8 >8,0 %

M800 800-1000 p12 8-12

M600 600-1000 p14 12-16

m:akRfµbMEbkEdlsgát;kñúgsuILaMg m:akfµtam PaBFn; PaBFn; kgf / cm2 m:aksgát; p  PaKryénRfµbMEbkp% fµbMEbk)anBIkMeTcfµPñM fµbMEbk)anBIkMBBYkfµ)asal; eBls¶Üt eBlesIm eBls¶Üt eBlesIm

M1200 1200 p6 >6,0 % >9,0 % >16 % >9,0 % M1000 1000-1200 p8 7-8 10-11 17-20 10-11 M800 800-1000 p12 9-12 12-14 21-25 12-14 M600 600-800 p14 13-14 15-18 26-34 -M400 400-600 p16 15-24 19-28 - -srubesckþImkkareRbIR)as;xSac; nigfµbMEbkb¤RkYsKWmansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkñúgkarbegáInKuNPaBebtug eBalKWeFVIeGayebtugman KuNPaBl¥ nigCab;)anyUr .dUcenHkareRbIR)as;xSac; RkYs nigfµbMEbkRtUveKarBeTAtambTdæan bec©keTsEdl)anbgðajxagelI ehIyeCosvagkareRbIR)as;bTdæanxusbec©keTs .

ebtug

I.

l,ayebtug ³

1-1 :

KMnUsbMRBUjénkarlayl,ayebtug ³

KMnUsbMRBYjxagelIbgðajBIsmasFatunanaenAkñúgl,ayebtug BIeRBaHfaebIkarkMNt;smasFatu pSMrbs;ebtugmankarxusqÁg enaHvabNþaleGay)at;bg;fvika nigbNþaleGayKuNPaBebtugfy cuH .

edaysarbec©kviTüamankareCOnelOnRbePTebtugRtUv)anbegáIteGaymanlkçN³epSg²KñaeBal KW ³

- Normal concrete

- High strength concrete - Very High strength concrete

cMeBaH Normal concrete CaTUeTAersuIsþg;kñúgkarsgát;manBI 10MPa rhUtdl; 50MPa ehIy ebtug suIm:g; Twk xSac; fµ b¤RkYs l,ayxab; Binder Aggregate

sMrab; High strength concrete manBI 50MPa rhUtdl; 100MPa nigsMrab; Very High strength concrete manBI 100MPa rhUtdl; 350MPa .

sMrab;ebtug Very High strength concrete BuMTan;)aneKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAeLIyenAkñúgsMNg; cM eBaHersuIsþg;sgát;EdleKeRbIsBVéf¶KW 150MPa dUcCaenAshrdæGaemric nigCbu:nCaedIm.

1.2: Gayukalénebtug nigkareRCobTwk ³

ktþaTaMgBIrxagelIenHmankarTak;TgnigKñaxøaMgNas; BIeRBaHfaRbsinebITMhMénkareRCobTwkenAkñúg ebtugmankarekIneLIg enaHvabNþaleGayGayuebtugfycuH . BIeRBaHfasmasFatuKImImYycMnYn GacqøgcUleTAkñúgebtug)antamry³kareRCobTwkenHÉg EdlCaehtunaMeGaymanRbtikmµKImIenA kñúgebtug .

CaTUeTA\T§iBlKImImanmkelIebtugdUcCa Sulphates , Chlorides EdlCaTUeTAmanenAkñúgTwksab TwksmuTÞ nigenAkñúgdI . smasFatuTaMgGs;enHEtgEtmanRbtikmµy:agqab;rh½sCamYysmas FatupSMenAkñusuIm:g;dUcCa Tricalcium aluminate nig Ca(OH)2 EdleFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugfycuH. BIeRBaHfakalNabrimaN Tricalcium aluminate eRcIn KuNPaBebtugkan;EtcuHfy . dUecñHkñúgkar eRCIserIsRbePTsuIm:g;KWCaRbkarcaM)ac;mYy dUcenHeyIgRtUvemIlfaetIsuIm:g;NaEdlGaceRbI)an? kñuúgkrNIenHeyIgRtUveRCIsyksuIm:g;RbePT ³

- Low –heat Portland Cement

- Sulphate resisting Portland Cement

eRBaHsuIm:g;TaMgBIrRbePTenHmanbrimaN Tricalcium aluminate tictYcNas; bu:EnþsuIm:g:TaMgBIrenH mantMéléføbnþic ehIykareRbIR)as;k_manlkçN³sµúKsµajEdr ehIyk_KµanRbsiT§PaB 100%kñúgkar Tb;Tl;eTAnigkareRCobcUlénsmasFatuKImIEdr .

1.3 :CMrabTwkenAkñúgebtug ³

manktþa3y:agEdleFVIeGayTwkGacqøgkatebtug)anKW ³

1-rn§es<atrbs;ebtugekIneLIg EdlbNþalmkBIkarbgðab;min)anl¥ b¤bNþalmkBImansµameRbH enAkñúgebtugEdlbNþalmkBIBBuHqµa² EdlpusecjBIépÞxageRkam ehIyCYnkalenAeBlbgðab; ebtug k_GacbNþaleGaydac;l,ayBIKña EdlGacbegáItCasñamqµa².

2-eRkamGMeBIénkMedAeFVIeGayebtugrYj EdlbgáeGaymansñameRbHqµa² .

3-karekIneLIgnUvrn§es<at bNþalmkBIbrimaNTwkeRcInenAkñúgebtug EdlkñúgenaHvaTak;TgeTAnig emKuNeRCobTwk EdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnigpleFobénTwknigsuIm:g; W/C. eBalKWebIpleFob enHkan;EtFM vabNþaleGayemKuNeRCobTwkenHekIneLIgEdr pÞúyeTAvijebIpleFobtUc emKuN k_tUcEdr .

1.4 :PaBrYjénebtug ³

PaBrYjrbs;ebtugKWmansar³sMxan;Nas; EdlGacsMKal;BIKuNPaBrbs;ebtug BIeRBaHkareRbH RsaMk_GacekItmaneLIgedaysarPaBrYjrbs;ebtugenHEdr.

)atuPUtenHekIteLIgedaysarmanbrimaNTwkeRcInhYskMNt;enAkñúgebtug b¤brimaNTwkminRKb; RKan;enAkñúgkarlay .edIm,Ikat;bnßynUv)atuPUtenHcaM)ac;RtUveRbIR)as; Chemical Admixture enAkñúgebtug BIeRBaHvaGackat;bnßybrimaNTwkmYycMnYnFM eBalKWEFVIeGaybrimaNTwkticCagmun b:uEnþrkSaKuNPaBebtugdEdl .

1.5 :TMnak;TMngrvagsuILaMg nigKUb³

sBVéf¶enHeKGacEckecjCaBIrRkumcMeBaHRbeTsEdlniymeRbIR)as;suILaMg nigKUb . RbeTsEdl niymeRbIsuILaMgenaHdUcCashrdæGaemric nigCbu:n cMENkRbeTsEdlniymeRbIKUbenaHKWRbeTs sUevot sm<½n§mitþshPaBsUevot nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot .

tamkarBiesaFn_CaeRcInbBa¢ak;fa sMrab;fµbMEbkEdlmanTMhMcab;BI 10-15mmRtUv)aneKniymeRbI sMrab;;; High strength concrete and Very High strength concrete manlkçN³l¥RbesIrCagfµbMEbk EdlmanTMhM 20mm .

kalBImunTMhMKUbnigsuILaMgmanTMhMxusKñanaeBlbc©úb,nñ ³

RbePT TMhMBImun TMhMnaeBlbc©úb,nñ

KUb 150mm X 150 mm 100mm X 100mm

tamkarRsavRCavCaeRcIn)anbgðajeGayeXIjfakareRbIKUbnigsuILaMgEdlmanTMhM ³

100mm X 100mm nig 100mm X 200 mmPaBFn;rbs;ebtug 5% manPaBx<s;Cag ebIeRbob eFobeTAkareRbIR)as;KUbnigsuILaMgBImun .

tambTdæanrbs;Gg;eKøs BS 1881,)anbgðajfaPaBFn;rbs;ebtugsMrab;KUbFMCagPaBFn;rbs; suILaMgRbmaNBI 1,05 - 1,35 . CaTUeTAeKkMNt;)annUvrUbmnþEdlbgðajBITMnak;TMngrvagersuIsþg; sgát;rbs;KUbnigsuILaMgdUcxageRkam ³

19

Cub Strength = Cylinder Strength +

CylinderStrength

20

Cylinder Strength = Cub Strength -

CubStrength II .

sMPar³sMrab;ebtug ³

sBVéf¶enHebtugeKsegáteXIjmanlkçN³KW ³ - Air – concrete

- Non- Air – concrete

sBVéf¶enHkñúgRbeTseyIgeRbIR)as; Non- Air – concrete sMrab;sMNg;RKb;RbePTTaMgGs; ehIy EdlenAkñúgRbeTseCOnelOneKminniymeRbIeLIy. BIeRBaHfaebtugRbePTenHbgáeGaymanbri maNxül;tictYcNas;enAkñúgebtug ehIyCal,ayebtugEdlminmaneRbI Chemical admixture eLIyCaBiesseTotenaHvabNþaleGayKuNPaBebtugminGacFananUvPaBrwgmaM)anyUrGEgVgeLIy dUcCaenAkñúgtMbn;EdlFøak;Twkkk vakan;EteFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugcuHGn;fyy:agxøaMgCagenA tMbn; ekþAeTAeTot.

cMeBaH Air – concrete vijEdlsBVéf¶enHmanRbeTsCaeRcInkMBugeRbI BIeRBaHfaebtugRbePT enHpþl;nUvKuNRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndUcCa ³

- )anbegáInbrimaNxül;CaeRcInenAkñúgebtug edaysarkareRbI Chemical admixturekarbegáIn brimaNxül;enAkñúgebtug CamUlehtueFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugFana)anry³eBlyUr eBalKWFana )annUvral;)atuPUtTaMgLaydUcCaenAtMbn;RtCak; bMbn;ekþA enAkñúgTwksab nigTwksmuTÞCaedIm. - kat;bnßynUvbrimaNTwk nigbrimaNsuIm:g;enAkñúgl,ayebtug ehIyrkSal,ayebtugeGayman PaBTn;RCayl¥RbesIr.

- kat;bnßynUvkarrYjrbs;ebtug

srubesckþImkkareRbI Air – concrete enHmanlkçN³RbesIrNas;sMrab;RKb;sMNg;TaMgGs; dUc CaTMnb;Twk s<an GKarCaedIm .

II .

kñúgkrNIxSac;s¶Üt ³

1

-

brimaNTwkenAkñúgebtug

1m3

³

edIm,IkMNt;brimaNTwkEdlRtUvykmkeRbIenAkñúgebtug dMbUgeyIgRtUvsÁal;TMhMGtibrimarbs;fµ bMEbkCamunsin ³

TMnak;TMngrvagbrimaNTwk nigTMhMfµbMEbkcMeBaH Non- Air – concrete

Slump, cm

Maximum size of coarse aggregate , mm

10 12,5 20 25 40 50 80 150 3-5 205 200 185 180 160 155 145 125 8-10 225 215 200 195 175 170 160 140 15-18 240 230 213 205 185 180 170 -Air-entrainment concrete, % 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0,3 0,2 l,ayebtugenAEpñknimYy²rbs;sMNg;mindUcKñaeT eBalKWEpñkxøHeKRtUveGayl,ayebtugRCay bnþiceTAtamRbePTsMNg; eBalKWsMrutrbs;va Slump . cMeBaHTwkEdlykmkeRbIenAkñúgkar lay dUcCaTwkm:asuIn TwkTenø nigTwkGNþÚgCaedIm. bu:EnþTwkTaMgenaHminRtUvmanbrimaNGMbil elIsBI 5000mg/l ehIysmasFatuKImIdUcCaBBYk sulphate minRtUveGayelIsBI 2700mg/l ehIycMeBaHTwksÞwg Tenø nigGNþÚgminRtUveGaymankkreLIy .

2- brimaNsuIm:g;kñúgebtug

1m3

edIm,IkMNt;brimaNsuIm:g; tMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;BIPaBFn;rbs;ebtugCamunsin bnÞab;mkeTIbeyIg kMNt;pleFobrbs;TwknigsuIm:g;tamtarag xageRkam.

TMnak;TMngrvagPaBFn;rbs;ebtug nigpleFobTwk-suIm:g; ersuIsþg;kñúgkarsgát;

ry³eBl28éf¶KitCa MPa

Water –Cement ratio , %

sMrab;ebtugEdlKµansésEdk sMrab;ebtugEdlmanBBuHxül; 40 42 - 35 47 39 30 54 45 25 61 52 20 69 60 15 79 70 3-brimanxSac;kñúgebtug 1m3 edIm,IkMNt;brimaNxSac;kñúgebtug tMbUgeyIgRtUvkMNt;brimaNsrubrvagxSac;nigfµbMEbkCamunsin EdleyIgtageday . vaGaceGayeyIgsMKal;)annUvPaKryrbs;xSac; nigfµbMEbkEdlmanenA

kñúgebtug1m2 tamtaragxageRkam ³

Fine modulus of fine aggregate, mm

Maximum size of coarse aggregate ,mm

10 12,5 20 25 40 50 80 150 2,40 046 0,55 0,65 0,70 0,76 0,79 0,84 0,90 2,60 0,44 0,53 0,63 0,68 0,74 0,77 0,82 0,88 2,80 0,42 0,51 0,61 0,66 0,72 0,75 0,80 0,86 3,00 0,40 0,49 0,59 0,64 0,70 0,73 0,78 0,84 ehIyeKGacKNnatamrUbmnþ ³ a = 1-  _         100 % 1000 1000 AIR p C W c Edl W-m:asTwkCa Kg

C

-

m:assuIm:g;Ca Kg Air –PaKryrbs;xül; Ca % pc - Specific gravity of cement

bnÞab;BIeyIgkMNt; maDrbs; Aggregates rYcehIyeyIgGackMNt;brimaNxSac;)antamrUbmnþ xageRkam ³ S = ps a   100 100 /     S a Edl ³

pS – Specific gravity of Sand

a - maDrbs; Aggregates

pleFobrvagxSac;nigfµbMEbkmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;bBa¢ak;BIKuNPaBrbs;ebtugeBalKWvaman TMnak;TMngCamYynigbrimaNTwk nigbrimaNxül;enAkñúgebtug . TMnak;TMngrvagbrimaNxül;enAkñúgebtug Twk nigpleFobxSac;nigfµbMEbk Maximum size of coarse aggregate , mm AE-Concrete

AE-Water reducing admixtures High performance water reduce admixture Air-content % Water Kg /m3 Sand – aggregate ratio % Air-content % Water Kg /m3 Sand – aggregate ratio % 15 7,0 180 47 7,0 170 48 20 6,0 175 44 6,0 165 45 25 5,0 170 42 5,0 160 43 40 4,0 165 39 4,5 155 40

cMNaM ³ lT§plrbs;taragenH bgðajBIkarBiesaFn_elIxSac;Edlman F.M = 2,80 pleFob W/C =55 % ehIysMrutrbs;ebtug 8cm .

4-brimaNfµbMEbkb¤RkYskñúgebtug 1m3

eRkayBIeyIgkMNt;brimaNTwk suIm:g; nigxSac;rYcehIyenaH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;brimaNfµbMEbk EdlRtUvykmklayebtugtamrUbmnþxageRkam ³

G =pGa100 a /100100 S



pG – Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

RkYsb¤fµbMEbkEdlykmkeRbIenAkñuúgebtug KWRtUvmanbrimaNTwkminelIsBI 2 % eLIy BIeRBaHebI manTwkeRcIneBkenAkñúgfµ enaHbNþaleGay KuNPaBebtugfycuH ehIypleFob W/C )anekIn eLIgxusBIkareRKagTuk .

III .karBiesaFn_ebtug ³ manBiesaFn_BIrsMxan;²EdleKRtUveFVIeTAelIebtugKW ³ 1- Slump test : karBiesaFn_enHcg;bgðajBIsmtßPaBkargarrbs;ebtug . smtßPaBkargarKWcg;niyayGMBIlkçN³ gayRsYlénebtugEdlGac ³ - cak;)an - eFVIclna)an - bgðab;)an - rMlIg)an ]bkrN_BiesaFn_ ³

1-ekaNsþg;daEdlmankMBs; 300mm mat;elI 10mm nig)ateRkam 200mm 2-Rbdab;cUk

3-r)aEdk Edlmanmuxkat; 16mm nigRbEvg 600mm . 4-bnÞat;Edk

5-Rbdab;ekorebtug

vIFIBiesaFn_ ³

- sMGatekaN nigepSImedayTwk dak;bnÞHekaNenAxageRkamekaN

- QreGaynwgenAelITMrekaNehIycak;ebtugbBa©ÚlekaN1/3énekaNehIybukbgðab;edayr)aE dk25dg. - cak;bMeBjebtugcUl 2/3 énekaNehIybukbgðab;edayr)aEdk25dg. - cak;bMeBjebtugeGayeBjekaNrYc ehIybukbgðab;edayr)aEdk25dg. - sMGatebtugEdlenACuMvijekaN - dkekaNyWt²edayFanamineGayrMkildl;ebtugviPaKeLIy. - RkLab;ekaNehIydak;enACitnigebtugviPaK ehIyykr)aEdkmkdak;elIekaN. - vas;sMrut Slump - RbsinebIebtugRsutcuHeRCAeBkKWminGacTTYlyk)aneT.

karBiesaFn_edaysgát;

karBiesaFn_edaysgát;KWbgðajBIkMlaMgsgát;elIebtugrwg eRkayBIkarkkrwgkñúgry³eBl 7 b¤ 28éf¶. karBiesaFn_enHRtUveFVIkñúgmnÞIrBiesaFn_ .

]bkrN_ ³ 1-suILaMgEdlmanTMhM 100 x 200 2-Eb:lcUk 3-r)aEdkmUl 4-Edkekor 5-bnÞHEdlRTsuILaMg viFIBiesaFn_ ³ - sMGatBum<edaylabeRbgm:asuInefIr²elIépÞxagkñúg ehIyyksuILaMgeTAdak;elIbnÞHEdk - cak;ebtug 1/2énsuILaMgbnÞab;mkbgðab;edayr)aEdkcMnYn25dg - cak;ebtugbMeBjsuILaMgbgðab;edayr)aEdkcMnYn25dg

- sMGatebtugecjBIsuILaMg dak;pøakeGay)anRtwmRtUv rYcykeTATukkEnøgRtCak; kñúgry³eBl 24em:ag eTIbeFVIkaredaHBum< ehIyykeTArkSaRtaMTwkTukkñúgGagsþúk eTAtamtMtUvkar. - bnÞab;mkeTIbykduMebtugeTAsgát;edaym:asuInrhUtdl;ebtugenaHEbk)ak; .

CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES I .

lkçN³TUeTAén

CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES :

lkçN³TUeTAén CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES vamanlkçN³xusEpøkBITwk suIm:g; xSac;nigRkYs . ADMIXTURE CaGgÁFaturavEdlpSMBIsm:asFatuKImIepSg²CaeRcIn . ADMIXTURE vaman lkçN³dUcCaeRbgsMrab;layedIm,IeGayebtugmanPaBTn;RCayl¥ nigbegáInbrimaNxül;enAkñúg ebtug edImI,eGaymanKuNPaByUrGEgVg Fn;nig)atuPUtFmµCatidUcCaenAkEnøgEdlmansuItuNðPaB RtCak;CaedIm .dUcenH ADMIXTURE maneRcInRbePTNas; ehIymantYnaTItMrUveTAtamkareRbI R)as;EdlmanlkçN³epSg²Kña .

eKalbMNgénkaeRbIR)as; CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES KW ³

- snSMsMécfvika ³ edaykarkat;bnßybrimaNsuIm:g; begáInPaBFn;énebtug nig eFVIeGayebtug manPaBTn;RCayl¥ . -karbegáInnUvKuNPaBrbs;ebtug ³ - kat;bnßynUvPaBeLIgBBuH - eFVIeGayfµbMEbknigl,aysuIm:g;layKñacUl)anl¥ - kat;bnßyCMrabTwk - kat;bnßyPaBrYjrbs;ebtug -GaceRbIR)as;)anenARKb;TIkEnøg

II .

RbePTén

CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES : 1- WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES :

kñúgkrNIEdlebtugBuMmaneRbI WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES enaHva)anpþl;nUvKuNvib½tþ mYycMnYndUcCa ³

- manbrimaNTwk nigsuIm:g; eRcInenAkñúgl,ayebtug - KuNPaBfycuH

- manbrimaNxül;enAkñúgebtugmantictYcbMput - ebtugRbePTenHminGaceRbI)anRKb;sßanPaBeLIy - ebtugminsUvmanPaBTn;RCay

dUcenHedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgGs;enH eyIgcaM)ac;RtUveRbIR)as;nUvsarFatuCMnYy CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES dUcCa WATER REDUCING ADMIXTURES CaedIm BIeRBaHkareRbIR)as;vaenA kñúgebtugva)anpþl;nUvKuNsm,tþidUcCa ³

- kat;bnßybrimaNTwk nigsuIm:g; EdlRtUveRbI - KuNPaBebtugekIneLIg

- brimaNxül;enAkñúgebtugekIneLIg

- ersuIsþg;ebtugekIneLIgEdlGaceRbIkñúg high strength concrete)an - ebtugRbePTenHGaceRbI)anRKb;sßanPaB

- ebtugmanPaBTn;RCayl¥

2. REDARDING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES :

cMeBaH. REDARDING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES eRbIsMrab;BnüaeBlénPaBTn;RCayrbs; l,ayebtug. ehIyebtugFmµtaGaceRbI REDARDING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES k_)anEdr bu:EnþvaBuM)anpþl;sar³RbeyaCn_BiessGVIeLIy BIeRBaHvamanbrimaNTwkRKb;RKan;sMrab;eFVI

eGayebtugkkrwgkñúgry³eBlyUr. edayELkcMeBaH high strength concrete b¤ very high strength concrete vijeBlxøHkareRbI REDARDING CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES mansar³RbeyaCn_Nas;.

3. ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES :

ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES eRbIR)as;kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IbegáInel,Onénkarkkrwgrbs; ebtug . eyIgsegáteXIjfasar³sMxan;énkareRbIR)as;sma:sFatuenH KWPaKeRcInenAtMbn;RtCak; BIeRBaHfal,ayebtugmingaynigkkkñúgsßanPaBEdl suItuNðPaBeRkamsUnü ehIyCaBiessva CYybegáInPaBFn;dl;ebtugkñúgkarEbk)ak; b¤xUcxateRkam\T§iBlénPaBRtCak;xøaMg.

4. AIR ENTRAINER :

tYnaTIrbs; CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES enHmansar³RbeyaCn_eRcInNas;sMrab;ebtug . BI eRBaHkareRbIR)as; CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES )anbegáInnUvBBuHxül;l¥itqµaltUc² CaeRcIn EdleKehAfa AIR ENTRAINMENT enAkñúgebtugEdlCaktþal¥bMputsMrab;begáInKuNPaBeb tug. sar³RbeyaCn_énbrimaNxül; ( AIR ENTRAINMENT ) EdlmanenAkñúgebtugmandUc teTA ³

- begáInbrimaNBBuHxül;enAkñúgebtug - begáInPaByUrGEgVgrbs;ebtug

k_bu:EnþebImanbrimaNBBuHxül;eRcInhYskMNt;eFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugfycuHeTAvijeT . 5. SUPERPLASTICIZERS :

cMeBaH SUPERPLASTICIZERS eKeRbIkñúgebtugedIm,Ikat;bnßybrimaNTwk. cMeBaH CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES RbePTenHeKniymeRbIR)as;edIm,IplitebtugmYycMnYndUcCa ³

- Flow concrete

- High strength concrete - Very High strength concrete

ehIysar³RbeyaCn_rbs; SUPERPLASTICIZERS KW ³

- begáIt Flow concrete EdlCaRbePTl,ayebtugEdlmin)ac;eFVIkarbgðab;enAeBlcak; EdleK niymeRbIR)as;kñúgsMNg;TUeTA .

- begßIt High strength concrete nig Very High strength concrete edaysarbrimaNsuIm:g;eRcIn elIslub ehIybrimaNTwktictYc EdltMrUveGayeRbI SUPERPLASTICIZERS laybBa©ÚleTA kñúgebtug .

- Tb;Tl;nigPaBrYjrbs;ebtug ³ sMNg;mYycMnYnRtUvkarsMrutebtugEdlmanTMhMFM edIm,ImanPaB gayRsYlkñúgkarbgðab;. ebtugRbePTenHtMrUveGaymanbrimaNTwkeRcIn edIm,IeFVIeGayl,ayman PaBTn; k_bu:EnþvabgáeGaymanPaBrYjFMenAkñúgebtug.

dUcenHkardak;brimaNTwkeRcInenAkñúgebtugeFVIeGay fycuHnUvKuNPaBrbs;va ehIybegáIteGay manPaBrYjrbs;ebtugFM.

edIm,IbM)at;nUvbBaðaxagelIenHKWmanEt SUPERPLASTICIZERS EdlGackat;bnßybrimaNTwk nigPaBrYjénebtug.

sMrab;ebtug

sMrab;bUk

karBiesaFn_sMeNImFmµCati 1- ]bkrN_ ³ - kMbu:gEdlmanbg;elx - CBa¢IgeGLicRtUnicEdlmankMritlMeGog 0,01 g - TUsMgYt 2-viFIsaRsþkñúgkarBiesaFn_ ³ - føwgm:as;kMbu:gtageday m0 - kat;dIFmµCatidak;cUleTAkñúgkMbu:gehIyføwgtageday m₁ - ykkMb:ugnigdIEdlføwgehIydak;cUleTAkñúTUsMgYteRkamsIutuNðPaB 105 0C Tukkñúgry³eBl 24 h . edIm,IKNnarksMeNImFmµCatieyIgRtUv ³ - dkykdIecjBITUsMgYtføwgm:as;rbs;vaehIytageday m₂dUcenHsMeNImFmµCatiesµI nig ³ W = 100 0 2 2 1 m m m m   , %

BiesaFn_bnSMPaKl¥itenxSac;

Sand Equivalent

eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_ ³

edIm,IrkbnSMpaKl¥itEdlmanenAkñúgxSac; . enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_rkbnSMPaKl¥itenHCaTUeTAeyIgGaceFVI)antamBIrviFIKW ³

-

BiesaFn_edayeRbI]bkrN_ Sand Equivalent Shaker

-

BiesaFn_edayeRbI]bkrN_ Sieve Shaker

rebobeFVIBiesaFn_

1- ]bkrN_BiesaFn_ ³

-

m:asuInRkLúkxSac; Sand Equivalent Shaker

-

bMBg;RkitC½r

-

bnÞat;Edk 2- sMPar³sMrab;BiesaFn_ ³

-

sUluysüúg Glycerol

-

xSac; 120 g 3- viFIsaRsþkñúgkarBiesaFn_ ³

-

cak;sUluysüúg cUleTAkñúgbMBg;Rkit dl;sñamRkitTI1

-

føwgxSac; 120 g ehIycak;cUleTAkñúgbMBg;Rkit

-

Tukkñúgry³eBl10 mn edIm,IegaysUluysüúgkat;sm<½n§rbs;dI

-

ykqñúkC½rcukbMBg;RkiteGayCab; ehIycab;P¢ab;CamYym:asuIn ehIyRkLúk 1 mn .

-

vas;kMBs;xSac; nigkMBs;srub edayeRbIbnÞat;Edk

eyIgKNnarkPaKryrbs;xSac; nigdI\dæ tamrUbmnþ ³ ES = 100

total sand H h , % Edl hsand - kMBs;xSac; Htotal - kMBs;srub dUecñHPaKryrbs;dI\dæ = 100 % - PaKryrbs;xSac;EdlKNnaeXIj

karBiesaFn_xSac;edayeRbI

Sieve analysis

eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_ ³ eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_rbs;eyIgKW edIm,IKUExS

ekag énPaKrysrubEdlqøgkat;kERBa©gnimYy² .

1-]bkrN_ BiesaFn_ ³

- kERBa©gEdlmanGgát;p©itdUcxageRkam ³

- d = 9.50 mm - d = 4.75 mm - d = 2.36 mm - d = 1.18 mm - d = 0.6 mm - d = 0.30 mm - d = 0.15 mm - d = 0.075 mm

- ]bkrN_ErgdIedayeRbIcrnþGKÁIsnI

Sieve

- CBa¢Ig

- TUsMgYt

2- rebobBiesaFn_ ³

- ykxSac;eTAlagelIkERBa¢gEdlmanGgát;p©it

d = 0,075 mm

rhUtTal;

EtTwkføa

- ykxSac;eTAsMgYtedaydak;kñúgTUsMgYt ry³eBl

24h

kñugsuItuNÑPaB

105 c

- tMerbkERBa¢geTAtamlMdab;

- cak;xSac;

500 g

EdlsMgYtehIyelIkERBa¢g elIeK

- cab;P¢ab;kERBa¢gTaMgenaHeTAnig]bkrN_Erg

- føwgm:as;xSac;EdleTIenAelIkERBa¢gnimYy²

3-karKNna nigsg;ExSekag ³

- m:as;eTIsrub

- PaKryeTIsrub

- PaKryRCuHsrub

bnÞab;BI)anlT§pl RtUvbBa©ÚleTAkñúgtaragxageRkam ³

dkERBa¢g Camm m:as;eTIelIkERBa¢g nimYy²Ca g m:as;eTIsrubelI kERBa¢gnimYy²Cag

PaKryeTIsrub

CaPaKry

PaKryRCuHsrub

CaPaKry

9.50 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.30 0.15 0.075

dg;suIetrbs;suIm:g;

eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_ ³

edIm,Irkdg;siIetrbs;siIm:gt_. 1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_ ³

-

EkvRkitv:UlUem:nUEm:Rt

-

CBa¢IgeGLicRtUnic 2-sMPar³sMrab;BiesaFn_ ³

-

eRbgkat

-

siIum:gt_ 60 g 3-viFIsaRsþkñúgkarBiesaFn_ ³

-

cak;eRbgkatcUleTAkñúg EkvRkitv:UlUem:nUEm:Rt eyIg)anmaD V1 EdlmantMél CaelxGviC¢man enAeRkamRkittMruy. ehIypøwgm:as;rbs;vatageday m1

-

cak;suiIm:gt_cUlrhUtdl;;eRbgkateLIgdl;RkitxagelI dUcrUb kt;RtamaDrbs; tageday V2 rYcføwgma:s;rbs;vatagedaym2

4- karKNna ³

karKNnarkdg;suIetrbs;su:m:g;t_GnuvtþtamrUbmnþ ³

1 2 1 2 V V M M c _   

cMNaM ³ karBiesaFn_enHpþl;lT§pll¥Nas; . bu:EnþeKRtUvkMNt;suItuNðPaB Rtwm 20 0

c RbsinebI suItuNðPaBelIsBIenHGacmanPaBlMeGog eRBaHmaDrbs;vaERbRYleTAtam

suItuNðPaB .

sMKal; ³ eKcak;eRbgkateGaydl;nIv:URkitsUnü enAeBlenaH V1= 0 EteKBi)akkñúgkarcak ;eRbgkateGayenARtg;nIvU:Rtg;sUnüNas;. cMeBaH V2KWCamaDEdlbgðajenAelIEkvRkit.



karKNnarkm:asmaDrbs;xSac;

eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_ ³

1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_ ³

-

EkvEdlmancMNuH 1L

-

CBa¢IgeGLicRtUnic 2-sMPar³sMrab;BiesaFn_ ³

-

xSac; 3- viFIsaRsþkñúgkarBiesaFn_ ³ - føwgma:s;Ekvtageday m1 - cak;xSac;cUleTAkñúgEkveGayeBjcMNuH1L ehIyføwgm:as;vatageday m2

4-karKNna ³

karKNnarkm:as;maDxSac;GnuvtþtamrUbmnþ ³

sand m2 m1 , kg



karKNnarkm:asmaDrbs;fµ

eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_ ³

1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_ ³

-

EkvEdlmancMNuH 1L

-

CBa¢IgeGLicRtUnic 2-sMPar³sMrab;BiesaFn_ ³

-

fµ 1x 2 4- viFIsaRsþkñúgkarBiesaFn_ ³ - føwgma:s;Ekvtageday m1 - cak;fµ;cUleTAkñúgEkveGayeBjcMNuH1L ehIyføwgm:as;vatageday m2

4-karKNna ³

karKNnarkm:as;maDfµGnuvtþtamrUbmnþ ³

sand m2 m1 , kg

karBiesaFn_rk

Slump

ebtug

eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_ ³

edIm,IrksMrutrbs;ebtug 1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_ ³

1-ekaN GaR)aham Abraham 2-Eb:lcUk

3-r)aEdkmUl 4-Edkekor

5-bnÞHEdlRTekaN vIFIBiesaFn_ ³

- sMGatekaN nigepSImedayTwk dak;bnÞHekaNenAxageRkamekaN

- QreGaynwgenAelITMrekaNehIycak;ebtugbBa©ÚlekaN1/3énekaNehIybukbgðab;edayr)aE dk25dg. - cak;bMeBjebtugcUl 2/3 énekaNehIybukbgðab;edayr)aEdk25dg. - cak;bMeBjebtugeGayeBjekaNrYc ehIybukbgðab;edayr)aEdk25dg. - sMGatebtugEdlenACuMvijekaN - dkekaNyWt²edayFanamineGayrMkildl;ebtugviPaKeLIy. - RkLab;ekaNehIydak;enACitnigebtugviPaK ehIyykr)aEdkmkdak;elIekaN. - vas;sMrut Slump - RbsinebIebtugRsutcuHeRCAeBkKWminGacTTYlyk)aneT.

RbLgqmas

ry³eBl ³ 2 em:ag

1-etIPaBrwgmaMrbs;GKarGaRs½yelIktþaGVIxøH ? cUrGFib,ay .

2-etIeRKOgbgÁúMGVIxøHEdlrgnUvbnÞúk sþaTic nig DINamic ? cUrGFib,ay . 3- cUrbMeBjbEnßmGtßn½yxageRkam ³

ebI _max > R naMeGayeRKOgbgÁM --- ?

ebI R > _max naMeGayeRKOgbgÁM --- ? ebI R = _max naMeGayeRKOgbgÁM --- ? 4-cUrGFib,ayGMBIKuNsm,tþi nig KuNvibtþiþi rbs;suIm:gt_TaMgR)aMRbePT .

5-etIkarsikSa sMPar³sMNg; manplRbeyaCn_GVIxøH dl;viC¢aCIv³sMNg; ?

sUmCUnBrsMNagl¥ !

muxviC¢a ³ sMPar³sMNg; ry³eBl ³ 2 em:ag 1-etIPaBrwgmaMrbs;GKarGaRs½yelIktþaGVIxøH ?

2-etIeRKOgbgÁúMGVIxøHEdlrgnUvbnÞúk sþaTic nig DINamic ?

3-dUcemþcEdlehAfa Aggregates ?etI AggregatesEckecjCabu:nµanRbePT ?GVIxøH ?cUrGFib,ay. 4-etIsuIm:g;eQµaHGVIEdlFn;nigsmasFatu Chloride nig Sulfate?

5-etIkarsikSaGMBIsMPar³sMNg;edIm,IGVI ? 6-cUrKNnabrimaN ³ - \dætan; - suIm:g; - xSac; - Twk

RbsinebIeKRtUvkarerobCBa¢aMg EdlmanTMhM 4 x 10 m ( \dæ10 ) ebIeKdwgfakarcMNayl,ayenA kñúgkarerob\dæ10kñúg 1m2 Gs; 0,026m3 edayeRbIm:akl,ay M 75 .

muxviC¢a ³ sMPar³sMNg;

1-etIsuIm:g;manbu:nµanRbePT ?GVIxøH ? cUrGFib,ayGMBIlkçN³Biess énRbePTsuIm:g;nimYy². 2-RbsinebIeKcg;dwgGMBIk:akrbs;suIm:g; etIeKRtUveFVIkarBiesaFn_dUcemþcxøH ?

3-dUcemþcEdlehAfa Aggregates ? 4-cUrKUresm:aénkarpSMrbs;ebtug .

5-cUrGFim,ayGMBIlkçN³TUeTAénfµbMEbk ( coarse aggregate ) .

sMNYrRtYtBinitü

muxviC¢a ³ sMPar³sMNg;

1-etIsuIm:g;manbu:nµanRbePT ?GVIxøH ? cUrGFib,ayGMBIlkçN³Biess énRbePTsuIm:g;nimYy². 2-RbsinebIeKcg;dwgGMBIk:akrbs;suIm:g; etIeKRtUveFVIkarBiesaFn_dUcemþcxøH ?

3-dUcemþcEdlehAfa Aggregates ? 4-cUrKUresm:aénkarpSMrbs;ebtug .

karlayl,ayebtug

I .

l,ayebtug ³

1-1 ³ KMnUsbMRBYjénkarlayl,ayebtug ³ ebtug suIm:g; Twk xSac; l,ayxab; Binder

edaysarbec©kviTüamankareCOnelOnRbePTebtugRtUv)anbegáIteGaymanlkçN³

epSg²KñaeBalKW ³

- Normal concrete

- High strength concrete - Very High strength concrete

cMeBaH

Normal concrete

CaTUeTAersuIsþg;kñúgkarsgát;manBI

10MPa

rhUtdl

;50MPa

ehIysMrab

; High strength concrete

manBI

50MPa

rhUtdl

; 100MPa

nigsMrab;

Very High strength concrete

manB

I 100MPa

rhUtdl;

350MPa .

sMrab;ebtug

Very High strength concrete

BuMTan;)aneKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAeLIyenAkñúg

sMNg; cMeBaHersuIsþg;sgát;EdleKeRbIsBVéf¶KW

150MPa

dUcCaenAshrdæGaemric nig

Cbu:nCaedIm.

1.2:

Gayukalénebtug nigkareRCobTwk

³

CaTUeTA\T§iBlKImImanmkelIebtugdUcCa

Sulphates , Chlorides

EdlCaTUeTAman

enAkñúgTwksabTwksmuTÞ nigenAkñúgdI .

smasFatuTaMgGs;enHEtgEtmanRbtikmµy:agqab;rh½sCamYysmasFatupSMenAkñúg

suIm:g;dUcCa

Tricalcium aluminate

nig

Ca(OH)2

EdleFVIeGayKuNPaBebtugfycuH.

BIeRBaHfakalNabrimaN

Tricalcium aluminate

eRcIn KuNPaBebtugkan;EtcuHfy

suIm:g;NaEdlGaceRbI)an?kñuúgkrNIenHeyIgRtUveRCIsyksuIm:g;RbePT ³

- Low –heat Portland Cement

- Sulphate resisting Portland Cement

eRBaHsuIm:g;TaMgBIrRbePTenHmanbrimaN

Tricalcium aluminate

tictYcNas;

bu:EnþsuIm::g;

TaMgBIrenHmantMéléføbnþic ehIykareRbIR)as;k_manlkçN³sµúKsµajEdr ehIyk_Kµan

RbsiT§PaB

100%

kñúgkarTb;Tl;eTAnigkareRCobcUlénsmasFatuKImIEdr .

1.3 :

CMrabTwkenAkñúgebtug ³

manktþa3y:agEdleFVIeGayTwkGacqøgkatebtug)anKW ³

1-rn§es<atrbs;ebtugekIneLIg EdlbNþalmkBIkarbgðab;min)anl¥b¤bNþalmkBI

mansµameRbHenAkñúgebtugEdlbNþalmkBIBBuHqµa² EdlpusecjBIépÞxageRkam

ehIyCYnkalenAeBlbgðab;ebtug k_GacbNþaleGaydac;l,ayBIKñaEdlGacbegáIt

Casñamqµa².

2-eRkamGMeBIénkMedAeFVIeGayebtugrYj EdlbgáeGaymansñameRbHqµa² .

3-karekIneLIgnUvrn§es<at bNþalmkBIbrimaNTwkeRcInenAkñúgebtug EdlkñúgenaHva

Tak;TgeTAnigemKuNeRCobTwk EdlmanTMnak;TMngeTAnigpleFobénTwknigsuIm:g;

W/C.

eBalKWebIpleFobenHkan;EtFM vabNþaleGayemKuNeRCobTwkenHekIneLIg

Edr pÞúyeTAvijebIpleFobtUc emKuNk_tUcEdr .

1.4

³PaBrYjénebtug ³

PaBrYjrbs;ebtugKWmansar³sMxan;Nas; EdlGacsMKal;BIKuNPaBrbs;ebtug BI

eRBaHkareRbHRsaMk_GacekItmaneLIgedaysarPaBrYjrbs;ebtugenHEdr.

)atuPUtenHekIteLIgedaysarmanbrimaNTwkeRcInhYskMNt;enAkñúgebtug b¤

brimaNTwkminRKb;RKan;enAkñúgkarlay .edIm,Ikat;bnßynUv)atuPUtenHcaM)ac;RtUveRbI

R)as

; Chemical Admixture

enAkñúgebtug BIeRBaHvaGackat;bnßybrimaNTwkmYycMnYn

FM

eBalKWEFVIeGaybrimaNTwkticCagmun b:uEnþrkSaKuNPaBebtugdEdl .

1.5 :

TMnak;TMngrvagsuILaMg nigKUb³

sBVéf¶enHeKGacEckecjCaBIrRkumcMeBaHRbeTsEdlniymeRbIR)as;suILaMg nigKUb

. RbeTsEdlniymeRbIsuILaMgenaHdUcCashrdæGaemric nigCbu:ncMENkRbeTsEdl

niymeRbIKUbenaHKWRbeTssUevot sm<½n§mitþshPaBsUevotnigRbeTsmYycMnYneTot.

tamkarBiesaFn_CaeRcInbBa¢ak;fa sMrab;fµbMEbkEdlmanTMhmcab;BI

10-15mm

R

tUv)aneKniymeRbIsMrab;;;

High strength concrete and Very High strength concrete

manlkçN³l¥RbesirCagfµbMEbkEdlmanTMhM

20mm .

kalBImunTMhMKUbnigsuILaMgmanTMhMxusKñanaeBlbc©úb,nñ ³

RbePT

TMhMBImun TMhMnaeBlbc©úb,nñ

KUb

150mm X 150 mm 100mm X 100mm

suILaMg

150mm X 300 mm 100mm X 200 mm

tamkarRsavRCavCaeRcIn)anbgðajeGayeXIjfakareRbIKUbnigsuILaMgEdlmanTMhM

³

100mm X 100mm nig 100mm X 200 mm

PaBFn;rbs;ebtug

5%

manPaBx<s;Cag ebIeRbobeFobeTAkareRbIR)as;KUbnigsuILaMgBImun .

tambTdæanrbs;Gg;eKøs

BS 1881

,)anbgðajfaPaBFn;rbs;ebtugsMrab;KUbFMCagPaB

Fn;rbs;suILaMgRbmaNBI

1,05 - 1,35 .

CaTUeTAeKkMNt;)annUvrUbmnþEdlbgðajBI

TMnak;TMngrvagersuIsþg;sgát;rbs;KUbnigsuILaMgdUcxageRkam ³

19

Cylinder Strength

20

Cylinder Strength = Cub Strength -

Cub Strength

CaTUeTAxSac;manTMhMepSg²KñaEdlGacbMEbkecjCa 4RbePT ³

-

xSac;RbePTFM Edlman

F.M > 2.50 -

xSac;RbePTFMmFüm Edlman

F.M = 2.20 - 2.50 -

xSac;hµt; Edlman

F.M = 1.00 –2.00 -

xSac;manTMhMtUcEmnETnEdlman

F.M = 1.00 –1.50

kMNt;sMKal

; ³ F.M = ( Fine modulus )

cMNat;fñak;énxSac; ³

sMNg;TUeTA ³ s<an GKar TYrENl düaEm:trbs;kERBa¢gCa mm PaKryEdlRCuH % 10 100 5 90-100 2.5 80-100 1.2 50-90 0.6 25-65 0.3 10-35 0.15 2-10

BiesaFn_xSac;eday Sieve Shaker

eKalbMNgénkarBiesaFn_ ³ enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_enHKWeyIg cg;)annUvcMNat;fñak;rbs;xSac; . 1-]bkrN_BiesaFn_ ³ - kERBa¢gtamlMdab; - d = 9.5 mm - d = 4.75 mm - d = 2.0 mm - d = 0.85 mm - d = 0.425 mm - d = 0.106 mm - d = 0.075 mm

- m:asuInErgxSac; Sieve Shaker - TUsMgYt

2-sMPar³BiesaFn_ ³ - xSac; 500g

3- viFIsaRsþkñúgkarBiesaFn_ ³

- eyIgykxSac; 500g dak;kñúg kERBa¢gEdlman 0.075 mm ehIyykeTAlageGays¥atrhUtTwk eLIgføa .

- ykxSac;eTAsMgYtenAkñúgTUsMgYtry³eBl 24h eRkamsuItuNðPaB 105 C . - ykxSac;eTAcak;enAelIkERBa¢gEdlerobCaesrI rYccab;P¢ab;eTAnigm:asuIn .

taragsrublT§plsrubénkarBiesaFn_ Sieve size ( mm ) Masse Retain ( g ) Masse Retain total( g ) Percentage Retaining total % Percentage Passing total % 9.5 4.75 2.0 0.850 0.425 0.250 0.106 0.075 kMNt;cMNaM ³

Masse Retain KWCam:as;EdleyIgTTYl)anenAelIkERBa¢gnimYy ²

Masse Retain total KWCam:as;EdleyIgTTYl)anBIkarbUkbBa©ÚlKña énm:as;elIkERBa¢gnimYy ²

Percentage Retaining total = x 100 , %

Percentage Passing total = 100 % - Percentage Retaining total , %