Historic, Archive Document

Historic,

Archive

Document

Do

not

assume

content

reflects

current

United States Departmentof Agriculture National Agricultural Library

National AgriculturaJ Library

Bibliographies and Literature of Agriculture

Number

123 December1992

Biotechnology

of

Algae:

A

Bibliography

United States Departmentof Agriculture National Agricultural Library AgrlcnbinmlUbnrr Bibliographies andLiterature of Agriculture

Number

123 December1992

Biotechnology

of

Algae:

A

Bibliography

A

selected bibliography

of

research

and

product

develop-ment

using genetic

engineering

and

molecular

biology

tech-niques

and

species

of

fresh

water

and

marine

algae.

by

Virginia

Stone

and

Robert

D.

Warmbrodt

Biotechnology

Information

Center

Reference

and

User

Services

Branch

Public

Services

Division

National

Agricultural

Library

United States

Department

of

Agriculture

Beltsville,

Maryland

20705-2351

and

Ann Townsend

Young

Aquaculture

Information

Center

Information

Centers

Branch

Public

Services

Division

National

Agricultural

Library

United States

Department

of

Agriculture

Beltsville,

Maryland

20705-2351

10301 Balftmor*BNfdL

MO

20705-2351

National

Agricultural Library

National Agricultural Library

Cataloging Record:

Stone,

Virginia

Biotechnology

of

algae : a bibliography.

1.

Algae

—

Biotechnology

—

Bibliography. I.

Warmbrodt,

Robert

D.

II.Young,

Ann

Townsend.

III.Title.

QK565.5

...

Contents

Preface v

AvailabilityofCited

Documents

vii

List ofCitations

GeneralInterest 1

Culture 3

Gene

Expression

and

SequencingStudies 6

Products and Product

Development

29

BioremediationUsing Algae 47

Preface

The

fieldof biotechnologycx)ntinues to expandrapidlywith innovativeresearch,

new

technologies,and thedevelopmentofbeneficialproductsfor animalsand humans.

The

many

disciplinesusing genetic engineeringand molecularbiologytechniquesattestto thesuggestionthat

biotechnologyis truly a multidisciplinaryfield. In addition,the speciesused as investigative tools

are as widerangingandvariedas the biological sciencesthemselves. For example,in agriculture,

virtuallyall ofthemajorplant commodities

and

animalspeciessuch as swine,cattle,sheep, and fish are the subjectof biotechnologyresearch,non-photosyntheticmicroorganismssuch as Bacillus

thuringiensis,yeasts,and

Rhizobium

spp.play a criticalrole inbiotechnologyand even

numerous

speciesoffresh and marine wateralgaecontribute toboth basic

and

appHed

research

and

product

developmentin biotechnology.

The

use ofalgaeinbiotechnology researchand inthebiotechnologyindustryis significant. Algaeplaycriticalroles as bioreactors for the production offood, chemicals,

and

fuels.

They

are

becomingextremelyimportantin the developmentofsolarenergy technology

and

in

biodegradation

and

bioremediationprograms,and theirimportancein the ever-expanding

domestic

and

internationalaquacultureindustrycannotbeover-emphasized.

Becauseof theeconomic importanceofthisdiversegroup of organisms,

NAL's

Biotechnology Information Center,in conjunction with itsAquaculture Information Center, has

compiledthisbibliographyofbasic and applied researchon algae

and

biotechnology.

The

citationsHsted herein represent researchthat

was

selected for itscreativity,innovation,

and

timehness.

The

bibliographywillbe invaluable to researchers, industry representatives,

governmentofficials, environmental groups, the interestedpubUc,

and

others interestedin algae

and

biotechnology.

This bibliography hasbeensub-dividedinto severalsectionsrepresenting the majorefforts in algalbiotechnologyresearch.

The

first section represents Hterature ofa generalnature

followedby sections

on

the specifictopicsofculture,geneexpressionand sequencing information, products and productdevelopment,

and

finally,bioremediationandbiodegradation.

An

author indexfollows thebibliographictext.

The

citationsincludedin thisbibliographyweretakenfrom the

NAL AGRICOLA

database

and

from

BIOSIS

Previews. In additionto the title,author, source, and,

where

available, an abstract, eachcitation alsoincludeskey descriptors and the

NAL

Call

Number

ifthematerialis

part ofthe

NAL

collection.

Fordirections regarding

document

deliveryofthe listedcitations,pleaseconsult the

information sheet entitled "Availabilityof CitedDocuments"in thispublication.

ROBERT

D.

WARMBRODT

COORDINATOR,

BIOTECHNOLOGY

INFORMATION CENTER

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL

LIBRARY

Availability

of Cited

Documents

General Service Patrons

The

materiallisted in thisbibliography

may

beobtainedthrough interlibraryloan.

The

librarian

in yourpublic, state,universityorcorporate Ubrarycan assistyou. All requestsmustcomplywith

the National or InternationalInterHbrary

Loan

Code. Current chargesforphotocopies are$5.00 for the first 10 pages;$3.00 for each additonal 10pages; $5.00 for thefirst fiche

and

$.50 foreach

additionalfiche; $10.00 fordupUcatereelof microfilm.

Submit lending requests

on

IndividualRequest

Forms

(IRF),

one

requestper form; provide

complete address,telephonenumber,jobtitle andoriginalsignatureof the requesterto:

Document

DeliveryServicesBranch

USDA

NationalAgriculturalLibrary

6th Floor,

NAL

Bldg.

10301

Bahimore

Blvd.

BeltsviUe,

MD

20705-2351

USDA

Patrons

Submit

one

Form

AD

245 foreach item requiredfrom thisbibliographyto your local

Agency

or

Regional

Document

DeliverySystemLibraryor directlyto the NationalAgricultural Library,

Document

DeliveryServicesBranch.

* _{Generalinformation,call}

(301) 504-5755.

* _{Referenceservice,subject searchingand identificationof newest editionsor}

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_{delivery service}

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Biotechnology

of Algae:

A

Bibliography

General

Interest

1

Introduction toApplied Phycology

Akatsuka, I.

Source:

Academic

Publishing,

The

Hague,Netherlands, 1990, 683 pp.

Descriptors:book; commercialuses; geneticengineering;toxicity; tissueculture

Abstract:

This reference

work

presents thelatestresearch into the commercialuse of algae.

TechniquesandpracticalappHcationsare described.

The

topicscovered include biotechnology,geneticengineering,tissueculture, pollutionand toxicity.

The

text is

supplemented by diagrams, graphs, tables,chemical

compounds

diagrams,photographs, an

author indexand a subject index.

2

Algaland CyanobacterialBiotechnology

Cresswell,R.C.; Rees, T.A.V.;Shah,N., editors

Source: Wiley,

New

York, 1989, 341 pp.

Descriptors: algae-biotechnology;cyanobacteria-biotechnology

DNAL

Call No.:

TP248.27.A46A44

3

SeaweedBiotechnology Current Status

and

FutureProspects Evans, L.V. and Butler,

D.M.

Source:

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE PHYTOCHEMICAL

SOCIETY

OF

EUROPE,

vol. 28.

Biochemistry of theAlgae

and

Cyanobacteria;Aberystwyth, Wales,

UK,

April 1987. Rogers, L.J.

and

Gallon, J.R., editors. OxfordUniversity Press,

New

York, 1989, pp. 335-350.

Descriptors: agar; alginic acid;carrageenan; biotechnology; protoplasts; seaweeds;reviews;in vitro

culture; seaweedproducts;enteromorpha;porphyra; gracilaria;fucus

4

YeastsMolds

and

Algae

Jacobson, G.K.

and

Jolly, S.O.

Source:

BIOTECHNOLOGY:

A

COMPREHENSIVE

TREATISE,

vol. 7B.

Gene

Technology.

VCH

Publishers, Inc.,

New

York, _{1989, pp.}279-314.

Descriptors: review; food; bioconversion;bakingindustry; brewingindustry; dairy industry;biomass

conversion;wastewater treatment;soil fertihzers;finechemicals;geneticengineering; biotechnology

DNAL

Call No.:

QR53.B52

5

TheBiotechnology of Microalgae

and

Cyanobacteria Kerby,

N.W. and

Stewart,W.D.P.

Source:

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE PHYTOCHEMICAL

SOCIETY

OF

EUROPE,

vol. 28.

Biochemistry oftheAlgae andCyanobacteria;Aberystwyth, Wales,

UK,

April 1987. Rogers, L.J. and Gallon,J.R., editors. Oxford University Press,

New

York, 1989, pp. 319-334.

Descriptors: biomass;

ammonia; amino

acids;pigments;toxins; animal;cellgrowth; stimulants;

lipids;fatty acids; antibiotics;plant growth stimulants;restriction endonucleases

DNAL

Call No.:

QK898.T4E26

6

ComparativePhysiology

and

Biochemistry ofChlorella Species as theBasis fortheir

Taxonomy and

fortheir Utilization in Research

and

Biotechnology

Kessler,E.

Source:

PHYCOTALK,

vol. 1.

Kumar,

H.D.,editor. Rastogiand Co.,Subhash Bazar,Meerut,

India, 1989, pp. 141-154.

Descriptors: Chlorella-fusca; Chlorella-vulgaris; Chlorella-sorokiniana; Chlorella-saccharophila;

Chlorella-zofingiensis;Chlorella-minutissima;Chlorella-homosphaera;Chlorella-kessleri;

Chlorella-luteoviridis;Chlorella-protothecoides

7

PhycotechnologyYesterday Today

and Tomorrow

Maybe

Lewin,R.A.

Source:

BULL

MAR

SCI

47(l):256-257(1990).

Descriptors: abstract;spiruHna;dunaliella;protozoa contamination

8

Bioconversionof Seaweeds

Morand,

P.;Carpentier,B.; Charlier,R.H.; Maze,J.; Orlandini, M.;Plunkett, B.A.;

De

Waart,J.

Source:

SEAWEED

RESOURCES

IN

EUROPE:

USES

AND

POTENTIAL.

Guiry,

M.D.

and

Blunden, G., editors. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Somerset,

New

Jersey, 1991, pp. 95-148.

Descriptors: marinealgae;seaweedcultivation; fuel; biomass; bioengineering;

Europe

DNAL

Call No.: SH390.7.S44

9

Permeabilized Cyanobacteria:

A

Model

Systemfor Photosynthetic

and

Biotechnological Studies Papageorgiou,G.C.

Source:

NATO

ASI

SERIES:

SERIES

A:

LIFE

SCIENCES

168:449-467 (1989).

Descriptors: cyanobacteria;biotechnology;permeabiHty; photosynthesis; ultrastructure;electron

microscopy; literaturereviews

DNAL

Call No.:

QH301.N32

10

Seaweeds

and

BiotechnologyInseparable

Companions

Renn,

D.W.

Source:

HYDROBIOLOGIA

204-205(0):7-14 (1990).

Descriptors: polysaccharides;algin;carrageenan;agar; agarose;separation techniques

DNAL

Call No.: 410

H992

11

RecentAdvancesin MicroalgalBiotechnology

Vonshak, A.

Source:

BIOTECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

8(4):709-728(1990).

Descriptors: spiruHna;dunaliella;chlorella haematococcus;algae;biotechnologyindustry;biomass

conversion

Culture

12

TheBiotechnology ofCultivating the HalotolerantAlga Dunaliella

Ben-Amotz,A.;Avron,

M.

Source:

TRENDS

IN

BIOTECHNOLOGY

8(5):121-126 (1990).

Descriptors: dunaliella;biotechnology;algae culture; plant products;salt tolerance

DNAL

Call No.:

TA166.T72

13

Effects ofSalinityIncreaseon CarotenoidAccumulation in the GreenAlga Dunaliella-salina Borowitzka,M.A.;Borowitzka,L.J.;Kessly, D.

Source:

JOURNAL OF

APPLIED

PHYCOLOGY

2(2):111-120 (1990).

Descriptors: food industry; lutein; beta carotene; alphacarotene; shock; osmoticstress;

biotechnology

DNAL

Call No.:

QK564.J68

Abstract:

The

effectofsudden sahnity increases

on

thekineticsofgrowth and carotenogenesis

was

studiedin three geographicallydiverseisolatesofDunaUellasaUna.

A

sudden increasein

sahnityresults in a lagphasein growth andthe length ofthislagphaseis dependent on

the final salinity

and

the magnitudeof thesahnitychange (no lag at

10-15%

wA'NaCl, 4-daylagat

30%

NaCl). Thereis also a lagbeforean increasein thetotal carotenoid content can bemeasuredfollowingthe salinityup-shock,

and

the lengthof the lag

dependslargely

on

theinitialsalinityandthe magnitudeof thesalinityup-shock,whereas

the rateofcarotenogenesisandthe finalcarotenoid contentreached

depend on

the final

sahnity.

The

increasein total carotenoid contentis mainlydue to .beta.-carotene.

Followingthe salinityup-shock (especiallyfrom

10%

to

20%

NaCl) the proportion of

lutein as a percentage oftotalcarotenoidsdecreases,whereaszeaxanthinincreases. This

suggests that thepathway synthesising lutein is

more

sensitiveto salt orosmoticstress

and

is inhibitedat higher salinitiesthusleadingto .beta.-caroteneformation.

The

proportion

of.alpha.-carotenedoes not change.

14

On-Line Optimization ofBiotechnological ProcessesI. Application to

Open

Algal

Pond

Guterman, H. and Ben-Yaakov,S.

Source:

BIOTECHNOLOGY

AND

BIOENGINEERING

35(4):417-426 (1990).

Descriptors: algae;biotechnology;production; ponds; mathematical models

DNAL

Call No.:381 J8224

Abstract:

A

new

on-lineoptimization andcontrol procedure appHcableto biotechnologicalsystems

forwhich a precisemathematical

model

is unavailablehasbeen developedandtested.

The

proposed approachis based

on

anon-linesearch for

optimum

conditionsby an

automatic system using a modified simplex algorithmto which severalfeatureshavebeen

added

to permitrealtimeoperation.

The

simplexalgorithmis theupper levelofa

hierarchicalsoftwarepackageinwhich theother levelsarecost evaluation, control, data

acquisition,and signalprocessing.

The

optimization

method

was testedin a laboratory

minipond for the cultivationofSpiruHnaplatensis.

The

controlled parameterswereHght

intensity,optical density,pH, and temperature.

The

proposedoptimization

method

can

be

apphed

to otherbiologicalprocesses providedthatthe pertinent variablescanbe measured and controlled andthe cost function canbe defined mathematically.

15

The

Mass

CultureofDunaliella-viridisvolvocales chlorophytafor Oxygenated Carotenoids Laboratory

and

Pilot PlantStudies

Moulton, T.P.

and

Burford,

M.A.

Source:

HYDROBIOLOGIA

204-205(0):401-408 (1990).

Descriptors: dunaliella-salina;beta carotene; biotechnology

DNAL

Call No.: 410

H992

16

EffectsofLightIntensity on the GrowthRate ofthe

Red

AlgaPorphyridium-cmentum

Sada,E.; Katoh, S.; Kheirolomoon,A.; Yokoi,H.

Source:

JOURNAL OF FERMENTATION

AND

BIOENGINEERING

67(2):135-137 (1989).

Descriptors:batch fermentation;continuous fermentation; arachidonicacid; yield;biotechnology

industry;pharmaceuticals

DNAL

Call No.:

OP601.A1J6

Abstract:

The

red alga,Porphyridiumcruentum,which isone ofthe potentialsources ofarachidonic

acid,

was

cultured in batchand continuousvessels.

The

growth ratesin batch cultures

werecorrelatedto the

mean

light intensityin thevessels,

and

thecell concentrationsin

continuouscultureswereestimatedby thoseresults.

The

yieldofarachidonicacidwas about 1.2 _{g per 1012} cell at cellconcentrationsrangingfrom0.5 to 1.5 .times. 1010 cell/1

and

independentof the

mean

lightintensity.

17

Macroalgal Strain Selection

and

ImprovementinJapan

Saga, N.

Source:

BULL

MAR

SCI

47(1):260 (1990).

Descriptors: abstract;food; energysource; chemical production; breeding;cultivation;

biotechnology

18

Mass

Culture ofSpirulina-fusiformisand itsNutritional

and

ToxicologicalEvaluation

Seshadri,C.V.

Source:

FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY

4(1):607 (1990).

Descriptors: abstract; algae;food; protein;vitaminbioavailabiHty;mineralbioavailability;

biotechnology

DNAL

Call No.: TP248.65.F66F66

19

Growth Chemical Composition of Cyanobacteria Spirulina-maximain Batch Cultures Tadros,M.; Tadros, S.; Smith, W.;Mbuthia,P.;Joseph, B.

Source:

ABSTR

ANNU

MEET

AM

SOC

MICROBIOL

90(0):233.

DNAL

Call No.: 448.39.S012A

20

Porphyra Cell Cultures Isolation Growth

and

PolysaccharideProduction

Tait,M.I.;Milne,A.M.; Grant,D.;Somers, J.A.; Staples,J.;Long, W.F.;WilHamson, F.B.; Wilson, S.B.

Source:

JOURNAL

OF

APPLIED

PHYCOLOGY

2(l):63-70 (1990).

Descriptors:bioengineering;nutrients

Abstract:

A

range ofcell lineswas isolatedfrom Porphyra umbilicalis L. (Rhodophyta) tissueusing

a varietyofmethods, themost successful involvingexposureto a

Hmpet

acetone

powder

enzyme

extract for 24 h, homogenisationand filtrationthrough a seriesofpolyester meshes. All estabhshedHnes grewas 0.1-5

mm

diameter aggregatesin liquid culture;

most were stableand have been grownin shake-flaskor air-liftculture for periodsin

excessof 1 yrwithout reverting to the foliosegrowth form.

An

investigationofthe

medium

usedto grow theselines indicated thatitwas not nitrogen-deficientand that the

sodiumchlorideconcentrationwas optimal.

The

additionofan organicbuffer increased thefinalcell yield.

None

ofthese cellHnes grewheterotrophicallyin

medium

supplementedwith a range offixedcarbon sources.

The

infraredspectraof

polysaccharidesisolatedfrom Porphyraaggregatesand from tissuegrown underidentical conditionsindicated that the structuresof thetwo isolateswereanalogous.

21

Absorption of Carbon DioxideinAlgal

Mass

CultureSystems aDifferent CharacterizationApproach

Talbot,P.; Gortares, M.P.; Lencki,R.W.;

De

la Noue, J.

Source:

BIOTECHNOLOGY

AND

BIOENGINEERING

37(9):834-842

Descriptors: algae;microorganism; biotechnologyindustry; masstransfer; kinetics;photosynthesis;

bioreactor

DNAL

Call No.: 381 J8224

Abstract:

Forthecharacterizationof

C02

absorption in aerated microalgalculture systems, a

different approach based

on

KLa(02) determination

and

transformationwasstudied.

To

confirmthevalidityofthismethod, the influenceofreactionsbetween

C02

and

compounds

(OH-,

H20,

and

NH3)

present in the culture

medium

upon

the absorption

mechanism was

evaluatedunder differentphysical

and

chemicalculture conditions.

Under

these conditions,knowledgeoftherelativemagnitudesof thediffusion and

reaction kineticspermitted the evaluation of theirrelativeimportance. For the

determination of theparametersrequiredfor the calculation of the

C02

absorption

constant, empiricalcorrelation calculations for

KLO

and

awere used that

had

been

previously verifiedwith experimental datafor

02

absorption. Since, for theconditions

studied, the absorptionrate

was

shown

to be independentofthechemicalreactionstaking

placein the Hquidphase,the

KLa

for

C02

couldbe directlyrelated to the

KLa

for

02

by

a simplefactor that tookinto account thedifferencein aqueousdiffusivityof thetwo

gases. Thus, usingmethods developedfor determining

02

absorption ingas-liquid

contactors, it ispossible to adequatelycharacterize

C02

absorption for laboratoryand

pilot scale algalproductionsystems.

22

Effectof

Low-Dose

Ultrasonic Treatmenton

Growth

Rates

and

BiomassYieldof

Anabaena-flos-aquae

and

Selenastrum-capricornutum

Thomas,

B.J.;Mcintosh, D.;Taylor, S.R.; Francko, D.A.;

Ownby,

J.

Source:

BIOTECHNOLOGY

_TECHNIQUES

3(6):389-392 (1989).

Descriptors:chlorophyta; biomassproduction;growth rate;yields; ultrasonictreatment;cell

culture; biotechnology

DNAL

Call No.:TP248.24.B55

Abstract:

Major

project tasksincluded assembly ofan ultrasonictreatment array

and measurement

ofthe cell culture growth rate as a functionofultrasonic frequency,

and

uUrasonic

power

leveland dosage.

Growth

rates for

Anabaena

flos aquaewereincreasedwith both single

mechanicalstirring. Selenastrum capricornutum growth ratesweredecreased by

ultrasonictreatment.

The

resultswerealso

shown

to be independentof thedegree ofcell

agglomeration. Collectively,thedata support theconclusion that low-dose, short duration

ultrasonictreatment induceschangesin culture growth ratesinboth algal species

examined.

23

Phototropismin Dunaliella

and

itsApplication in a Han'esting Device

Toha,J.; Soto, M.A.;Contreras,S.

Source:

BIOTECHNOLOGY

TECHNIQUES

4(5):321-324 (1990).

Descriptors: algae;methods; equipment;biotechnology;large scale culture

DNAL

Call No.:TP248.24.B55

Abstract:

The

influenceof wavelength,light intensityand algalconcentrationon the phototropism

ofDunaliellasp. is described.

A

practical devicefor harvestingthe alga,basedin this

effectis shown.

24

BiotechnologyStudieson theBreedingofPorphyra-yezoensisueda

Wang,

S.; Zhou, Y.; He, P.

Source:

JOURNAL OF

PHYCOLOGY

27 (3 suppl.):75 (1991).

Descriptors: abstract;somaticcells; growth; development;sporeyield; mariculture

DNAL

Call No.:

QK564.J6

Gene

Expression

and

Sequencing

Studies

25

Characterization oftheIS895Family ofInsertion Sequencesfrom theCyanobacterium

Anabaena

sp.

strain

PCC

7120

Alam, J.; Vrba, J.M.; Cai, Y.; Martin,J.A.;Weislo, L.J.; Curtis,S.E.

Source:

JOURNAL

OF

BACTERIOLOGY

173(18):5778-5783 (1991).

Descriptors: anabaena;strains; transposable elements; nucleotidesequences;

amino

acidsequences

DNAL

Call No.: 448.3 J82

Abstract:

A

familyofrepetitiveelementsfrom the cyanobacterium

Anabaena

sp. strain

PCC

7120

was

identifiedthrough the proximity of one elementto the

psbAl

gene. Four

members

of

this

seven-member

familywereisolatedand

shown

to havestructures characteristicof

bacterialinsertionsequences.

Each

elementis approximately1,200bp in length, is

delimitedby a 30-bp inverted repeat, and containstwo open readingframesin

tandem on

the

same

DNA

strand.

The

fourcopiesdiffer from each other by small insertionsor

deletions,

some

ofwhich alterthe

open

reading frames.

By

usinga system designedto

trap insertionelements,

one

ofthe elements,denoted IS895,was

shown

to be mobile.

The

targetsitewas not duplicated

upon

insertionof theelement.

Two

other filamentous

cyanobacterialstrainswerealso found tocontain sequences

homologous

to IS895.

26

Evolution oftheRubisco Operon fromProkaryotes toAlgae: Structure

and

AnalysisoftherbcS

Gene

ofthe

Brown

AlgaPylaiella littoralis

Source:

PLANT

MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY:

AN

INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL

ON

MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY,

BIOCHEMISTRY

AND

GENETIC

ENGINEERING

17(4):853-863 (1991).

Descriptors: phaeophyta;genes; ribulose-bisphosphatecarboxylase;nucleotidesequences;

amino

acidsequences;plastids;genomes;phylogeny; restrictionmapping; transcription

DNAL

Call No.:

QK710.P62

Abstract:

The

rbcSgenecodingfor the smallsubunit of ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate

carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of the

brown

algaPylaiella littorahs islocated within the

plastid

genome and

is transcribed as asinglepolycistronic

mRNA

with thegenefor the

large subunit of Rubisco,rbcL.

The

structure ofthe Rubisco operon fromP. HttoraHs

was

determined. MolecularphylogeniesforrbcS and rbcLwith awiderange of prokaryotes

and

eukaryoteswereconstructedwhicharecongruent with recent evidencefor

polyphyletic plastidorigins. Both rbcL

and

rbcS of the beta-purple bacterium Alcaligenes

eutrophusclearly clusterwith therhodophyte and chromophyteproteins.

The

data

suggest that the Rubisco operonsof redalgal and chromophyticplastids derivefrom

beta-purpleeubacterialantecedents,ratherthan thecyanobacteriallineageof eubacteriafrom which other oftheirgenesderive. ThisimpUesa lateraltransferofRubiscogenesfrom

beta-purpleeubacterialancestorsto the cyanobacterialancestor ofrhodophyte

and

chromophyteplastids.

27

DifferentFates ofthe Chloroplast tufA

Gene

Followingits TransfertotheNucleusin Green Algae

Baldauf,S.L.;Manhart,J.R.;Palmer,J.D.

Source:

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE NATIONAL

ACADEMY

OF

SCIENCES

OF

THE

UNITED

STATES

OF

AMERICA

87(14):5317-5321 (1990).

Descriptors: algae; chloroplasts; dna;evolution;geneticcode;genetics

DNAL

Call No.:500

N21P

28

Characterization of an Insertion Sequence (IS891) ofNovelStructurefrom theCyanobacterium

Anabaena

sp. Strain

M-131

Bancroft,I. and Wolk,

CP.

Source:

JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

171(1 1):5949-5954 (1989).

Descriptors: anabaena;strains; nucleotidesequence;characterization

DNAL

Call No.: 448.3J82

Abstract:

When

recombinantplasmidsthat heretransferred to thecyanobacterium

Anabaena

sp. strain

M-131

weretransferredbackto Escherichiacoli,

some

ofthe transformants containedinserts.

One

ofthe insertion sequences(ISs) as characterizedby sequencing.

This 1,351-base-pair IS containedan

open

readingframethat

was

capable ofencoding a

peptide of310

amino

acids and hadterminalsequences with distinctivestructures, but it

lacked terminal invertedrepeatsand didnot duplicate target

DNA

upon

insertion.

The

elementboreno significantsequencehomology to anysequencestoredin the

GenBank

database. Restriction analysisofthe

genomes

of

Anabaena

sp. strain

M-131 and

Anabaena

sp. strain

PCC

7120

showed

thosestrainsto be closely related. Sequences

homologous

to the IS elementwere alsopresentin the

DNA

of

Anabaena

strain

PCC

7120, but thecopy

numbers and chromosomal

locationsor such sequencesdifferedin the

two strains.

The

largestvisualizedplasmid

was

425 kilobases (kb) in

M-131 and

410kb in

PCC

7120; at leastthe formerplasmid containedmultiplecopiesof the element,asdida 115-kb plasmidin M-131.

29

Studieson

Chlamydomonas

Chloroplast Transformation: Foreign

DNA

can beStablyMaintainedin

the

Chromosome

Blowers, A.D.;Bogorad,L.; Shark, K.B.;Sanford, J.C.

Souree:

THE PLANT

CELL

1(1):123-132 (1989).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;chloroplast genetics;genetictransformation;homologous

recombination; dna; dna hybridization; repetitivedna;restrictionmapping; messengerrna; northern blotting;gene expression;chimeras

DNAL

CallNo.:

QK725.P532

30

TranscriptionalAnalysis ofEndogenous

and

Foreign Genes in Chloroplast _{Transformants of}

Chlamydomonas

Blowers, A.D.;

EUmore,

G.S.; Klein, U.; Bogorad, L.

Source:

THE

PLANT

CELL

2(11):1059-1070 (1990).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;chloroplast genetics; genetictransformation;chloroplasts;

genes;beta-glucuronidase; reportergenes; transcription;promoters; geneticregulation;gene

expression; deletions;mutagenesis; nucleotide sequences;

homologous

recombination

DNAL

Call No.:

QK725.P532

31

Characterization _ofInsertion Sequence IS892

and

RelatedElements from the Cyanobacterium

Anabaena

sp. Strain

PCC

7120

Cai,Y.

Source:

JOURNAL

OF

BACTERIOLOGY

173(18):5771-5777 (1991).

Descriptors: anabaena;strains; transposableelements; nucleotidesequences;

amino

acidsequences

DNAL

Call No.:448.3 J82

Abstract:

IS892,

one

of theseveral insertionsequence(IS) elements discoveredin

Anabaena

sp.

strain

PCC

7120 (Y. Cai and

CP.

Wolk, J.Bacterid. 172:3138-3145, 1990), is 1,675 bp with 24-bp near-perfect inverted terminal repeatsandhastwo

open

readingframes

(ORFs)

that couldcode for proteinsof 233 and 137

amino

acids.

Upon

insertion into

target sites, thisIS generatesan 8-bp directlyrepeatedtarget duplication.

A

32-bp

sequencein the region between

ORFl

and

ORF2

issimilar to thesequenceof the invertedtermini. Similarinvertedrepeatsarefoundwithin each of those threesegments,

and

the sequencesof these repeatsbear

some

similarityto the

U-bp

direct repeats

flankingthe 11-kb insertion interruptingthe nifD geneofthis strain (J.W. Golden, S.J.

Robinson, and R. Haselkorn,Nature [London] 314:419-423, 1985).

A

sequencesimilar to thatof a bindingsitefor the EscherichiacoH integration host factoris found about 120 bp

from the leftend ofIS892. Partialnucleotide sequences ofactiveIS elementsIS892N and

IS892T,

members

of the IS892 familyfrom the

same

Anabaena

strain,were

shown

to be

very similar to thesequenceofIS892.

32

Useof a ConditionallyLethal

Gene

in

Anabaena

sp. Strain

PCC

7120toSelectforDouble

Recombinants

and

to EntrapInsertion Sequences Cai,Y. and Wolk,

CP.

Source:

JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY

172 (6):3138-3145 (1990).

Descriptors: anabaena;strains; lethals;recombination

DNAL

Call No.:448.3 J82

Abstract:

simple,effective,positive selectionfor double recombinantsin

Anabaena

sp. strain

PCC

7120, a filamentous cyanobacterium. This gene,which encodesthe secretorylevansucrase

ofBacillussubtilis,was inserted intothe vector portion ofa suicideplasmid bearinga

mutantversion of a

chromosomal

gene. Cellsofcoloniesin which such aplasmid

had

integratedinto the

Anabaena

chromosome

through singlerecombinationwereplated

on

soHd

medium

containing

5%

sucrose.

Under

thiscondition, the presence ofthe sacBgene

islethal.

A

small fractionofthecells frominitiallysucrose-sensitive colonies

became

sucrose resistant;the majority of thesesucrose-resistant derivatives

had

undergone a

second recombinational eventin whichthesacB-containing vector

had

beenlost and the

wild-type formof the

chromosomal

genehad been replacedby themutantform.

By

the

use of thistechnique,

we

mutated two selectedgenesin the

chromosome

of

Anabaena

sp.

strain

PCC

7120.

The

conditionallylethalnature ofthe sacBgene

was

also usedto detect

insertionsequencesfrom this

Anabaena

strain. Sucrose-resistantcolonies derivedfrom

cellsbearinga sacB-containingautonomouslyreplicatingplasmidwereanalyzed. Five

different,

presumed

insertionsequenceswere found to have inserted into thesacB gene of theplasmidsin these colonies.

One

ofthem, denotedIS892,

was

characterizedbyphysical

mapping. It is 1.7 kilobasesin size and ispresentin atleast fivecopiesinthe

genome

of

Anabaena

sp. strain

PCC

1720.

33

Codon

Usagein HigherPlants, GreenAlgae, and Cyanobacteria Campbell,

W.H.

and

Gowri, G.

Source:

PLANT

PHYSIOLOGY

92(1): 1-11 (1990).

Descriptors:cyanobacteria;chlorophyceae;plant breeding;proteinsynthesis; geneticcode; codon;

genome

analysis

DNAL

Call No.: 450 P692

Abstract:

Codon

usage is theselectiveand

nonrandom

use of synonymous codons by an organismto

encodethe

amino

acids in thegenes for its proteins. Duringthe last fewyears, a large

number

ofplant geneshave beencloned andsequenced,which

now

permitsa meaningful

comparisonofcodon usage inhigherplants, algae,andcyanobacteria. For thenuclear

and

organellargenes of these organisms, a small set ofpreferredcodons are usedfor

encodingproteins.

Codon

usageis different for each

genome

type with the variation mainly occurringin choicesbetween codons endingin cytidine (C) or guanosine(G)

versus those endingin adenosine (A) or uridine (U). Fororganellargenomes,

chloroplastic

and

mitochondrialproteins areencodedmainly withcodons endingin

A

or

U. In most cyanobacteria

and

the nucleiofgreen algae,proteins are encoded

preferentiallywith codonsendingin

C

or G. Although only a fewnucleargenesof higher

plantshave beensequenced,a clear distinctionbetween Magnoliopsida(dicot)

and

Liliopsida (monocot) codon usage isevident. Dicotgenes use a set of44preferred

codonswith a slightpreferencefor codons endingin

A

or U.

Monocot

codon usage is

more

restrictedwith an average of38codons preferred,which arepredominantlythose

endingin

C

or G.But two classesofgenes can berecognizedin monocots.

One

set of

monocot

genes usescodons similar to those in dicots, whiletheother genesare highly biasedtoward codons endingin

C

or

G

with a patternsimilar to nucleargenesofgreen

algae.

Codon

usageis discussedin relation to evolutionofplants

and

prospects for

intergenic transfer ofparticular genes.

34

Expression oftheMosquitocidal-Protein GenesofBacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis

and

the

Herbicide-Resistance

Gene

Barin Synechocystis

PCC6803

Source:

CURRENT

MICROBIOLOGY

21(5):283-288 (1990).

Descriptors: bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis;cyanobacteria;bacterialproteins;genes;gene

transfer;genetictransformation;promoters; markergenes;geneexpression;insecticidalaction;

culicidae;biologicalcontrol agents; biological control; herbicide resistance;geneticmodels

DNAL

Call No.:

QR1.C78

35

Group

II Twintron:an Intron within an Intron in a ChloroplastCytochrome b-559

Gene

Copertino,

D.W.

and

Hallick, R.B.

Source:

THE

EMBO

JOURNAL-EUROPEAN

MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY ORGANIZATION

10(2):433-442 (1991).

Descriptors: euglena; chloroplasts;cytochromes; geneticcode; photosystemii; introns;

transposableelements;gene

mapping

DNAL

Call No.:

QH506.E46

Abstract:

The

psbF geneofchloroplast

DNAs

encodesthebeta-subunitofcytochromeb-559 ofthe

photosystemII reaction center.

The

psbF locusofEuglena gracilischloroplast

DNA

has

an unusual 1042 nt group

H

intron that appearsto be formedfrom the insertionof

one

group II intron into structural

domain

V

ofa secondgroup II intron. Using both direct

primerextension

cDNA

sequencingand

cDNA

cloning and sequencing,

we

have determinedthat a 618 nt internalintronis first excisedfromthe 1042 nt intronof psbF

pre-mRNA,

resultingin a partiallyspliced

pre-mRNA

containinga 424 nt group II intron

with a spHced

domain

V.

The

424 nt intronis then

removed

to yieldthe maturepsbF

mRNA.

Therefore,the 1042 nt intronofpsbFisa group II intronwithinanothergroup

II intron.

We

usethe term'twintron' to definethis

new

type of genetic element.

Intermediatesin the splicingpathwayweredetectedby northern hybridization. Splicingof

both the internaland external intronsoccurs via lariatintermediates. Twintron splicing

was

found to proceed by a sequentialpathway, theinternalintronbeing

removed

prior to

the excisionofthe external intron.

A

possible

mechanism

for twintron formationby

intron transpositionisdiscussed.

36

Amplified Expression of Ribulose Bisphosphate CarboxylaseIOxygenaseinpBR322-Transformantsof

Anacystisnidulans

Daniell,H.; Torres-Ruiz,J.A.; Inamdar,A.;

McFadden,

B.A.

Source:

ARCHIVES

OF

MICROBIOLOGY

151(l):59-64 (1989).

Descriptors: anacystis nidulans;

enzyme

activity;ribulose-bisphosphatecarboxylase;plasmids;

recombination;

chromosomes

DNAL

Call No.:442.8

AR26

37

A

Transposon with an Unusual

LTR

Arrangement from

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii Containsan

Internal

Tandem

Array of 76 bpRepeats

Day, A.

and

Rochaix,J.D.

Source:

NUCLEIC ACIDS

RESEARCH

19(6):1259-1266(1991).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;transposableelements; nucleotide sequences

DNAL

Call No.:

QD341.A2N8

Abstract:

TOCl,

a transposableelementfrom

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii,is5662bases long.

The

217 and 237 base long terminal repeat sequences of

TOCl

are unusually arrangedaround

the4600

and

123 baseuniqueregions: [217]-4600-[237][217]-123-[237]. Although

TOCl

with virus-likeretroposons, itsunique4600 base regionis

more

similar to thestructure of

the

LI

familyof non-virusretroposons: first, 11 3/4 tandemlyrepeated copies ofa 76 base

repeatare found 813 bases from theleft endof

TOCl,

and second usingthe universal geneticcode large

open

readingframeswerenot found in

TOCl. The

relationship

between

TOCl,

virus-hkeretroposons andthe LI familyof non-virus retroposons is

unclear

and

may

beverydistant sinceonlypoor similarity

was

found betweenthe

TOCl

encoded

ORFs

and retroviruspolypeptides.

The

lengthof the

tandem

arrayof76 base repeatsequenceswas conservedin most

TOCl

elementsand solo76 base repeat sequenceswerenot foundoutside

TOCl

elementsin the C. reinhardtiigenome.

Nucleotidesubstitutions allowallcopiesofthe76 base repeatto be distinguishedfrom

one

another.

38

Structure

and

Inheritance _{of Sense}

and

Anti-sense Transcriptsfroma Transposon in theGreen Alga

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii Day, A.

and

Rochaix,J.D.

Source:

JOURNAL OF

MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY

218(2):273-291 (1991).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;strains; transposableelements; transcription;patterns;

antisense rna; inheritance;progeny; strain differences;molecularmapping;geneticanalysis

DNAL

Call No.: 442.8J8224

Abstract:

We

havestudiedthe transcriptionpattern of a5700 base-pairtransposon

(TOCl)

in

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii. Northern blotting

and

nuclease SI protection experiments define threeclassesofmajor

TOCl RNAs

that accumulateto differentlevels ina

number

ofstrainsand segregateindependentlyin theprogenyofcrosses: class 1

RNAs

are unstablenear full-length sensetranscripts

whose

5' end

maps

to the left217 base-pair repeat of

TOCl,

class2 and class3

RNAs

arelarge,discretechimaerictranscripts containingfull-length sense(class 2) and anti-sense(class₃₎ copies of

TOCl.

Sequence

motifs

common

to the5' non-transcribed regions of C. reinhardtiigenes werefound upstreamfrom theputativeinitiationsite ofclass 1 transcripts.

A

functional

polyadenylationsite

was

locatedinthe far-right237base-pairrepeatof

TOCl.

Class 1

TOCl

transcriptsareinitiated,andprobably terminated, within the terminal repeats of

TOCl

and

may

representretrotranspositionintermediates. Class2 and 3

TOCl

transcriptsco-segregatewith specific

TOCl

elementsidentified

on

Southernblots.

The

loci that control theproduction of highlevelsofclass 1 transcriptscould correspondto

specific

TOCl

elements,i.e.only a few

TOCl

elementsare transcribed,orto a regulatory

locus.

The

accumulation of an 11,500 to 12,000base sensetranscript (class2) is reduced

two- to fourfold by thepresence ofa 9500 to 9700 baseanti-sense transcript (class3). In

contrast, the accumulation ofthe5' endsofclass 1 transcripts areunaffectedby the

anti-sense

TOCl

transcript.

39

Genetic Analysisofa 9

kDa

Phycocyanin-Associated LinkerPolypeptide

De

Lorimier, R.; Bryant, D.A.;Stevens, S.E.Jr.

Source:

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA

ACTA:

INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL OF

BIOCHEMISTRY

AND

BIOPHYSICS

1019(1):29-41 (1990).

Descriptors: synechococcus; strains;gene mapping;geneticanalysis;geneticcode;molecular

genetics;mutations; nucleotide sequences;polypeptides;

amino

acidsequences; cyanin

DNAL

Call No.:381

B522

Abstract:

The

gene encoding LR9, a

9kDa

phycocyanin-associatedlinkerpolypeptide,

was

cloned

PR-6). This gene,termed

q?cD was

locatedimmediately3' _{to q)cC, agene which encodes}

another phycocyanin-associated Unker,LR33. Mutationof

cpcD

by insertion led to the

loss of

LR9

as theonly detectablechange in phycobilisome composition. Cellsand

isolatedphycobilisomesfromthecpcD- strain didnot detectablydiffer fromthe wild-type

inabsorption or steady-statefluorescenceemission. Purifiedphycobihsomesfromthe wild-type

and

cpcD-strainswere

compared

by electronmicroscopy.

The

number

of

phycocyanin discs in therod substructuresofthe mutant

was

more

variablethan in the

wild-type. Hence,

one

functionof

LR9

may

beto minimizetheheterogeneity of rod

length, possiblybybindingto the core-distal face ofphycocyanin-LR33 complexesto

prevent the

tandem

joiningof such units.

A

mutant inwhich

cpcD

and cpcC-cpcD

intergenicsequencesaredeletedshows a partial lossof LR33. Inverted repeatsin this

intergenicregion

may

berequiredfor optimalstabilityof the

cpcC

transcript.

40

Molecular

and

Biophysical Analysis ofHerbicide-ResistantMutantsof

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii:

Structure-Function RelationshipofthePhotosystemII

Dl

Polypeptide

Erickson,J.M.; Pfister,K.; Rahire,M.; Togasaki, R.K.; Mets,L.; Rochaix,J.D.

Source:

THE PLANT

CELL

1(3):361-371 (1989).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;genes;photosystem ii;polypeptides;nucleotide

sequences;mutants; herbicideresistance;atrazine;diuron; bromacil; bindingsite;

amino

acid sequences;chlorophyll, fluorescence; electron transfer

DNAL

Call No.:

QK725.P532

41

Characterization of a

Chlamydomonas

Transposon, Gulliver, Resemblingthosein HigherPlants

Ferris, P.J.

Source:

GENETICS

122(2):363-377 (1989).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;

chromosome

analysis;linkagemaps; moleculargenetics;

cloning; deletions;

chromosome

maps; nucleotidesequence

DNAL

Call No.: 442.8

G28

Abstract:

Whilepursuing a

chromosomal

walkthrough themt(-l-) locusoflinkagegroup

VI

of

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii,I encountereda 12-kb sequence thatwas found to bepresent

in approximately 12 copiesin thenucleargenome.

Comparison

of various C. reinhardtii laboratorystrainsprovided evidencethatthe sequence wasmobile and thereforea

transposon.

One

of two separatenatural isolates interfertilewith C. reinhardtii,C. smithii (CC-1373), containedthe transposon, but at completely differentlocationsin its nuclear

genome

than C. reinhardtii;and a second,

CC-1952

(sl-C5) lackedthe transposon

altogether. Geneticanalysisindicated that thetransposonwas found at dispersedsites

throughout the genome,but had a conserved structure at each location. Sequence

homology

betweenthe terminiwaslimited to an imperfect 15-bp invertedrepeat.

An

8-bp target siteduplicationwascreatedbyinsertion; transposon sequenceswerecompletely

removed upon

excisionleavingbehindboth copies ofthe targetsiteduplication,with

minorbase changes.

The

transposoncontained aninternalregionofunique repetitive

sequenceresponsible for restrictionfragment length heterogeneity

among

thevarious copies of thetransposon. In severalcases it

was

possible to identifywhich of the dozen

transposonsin a given strain served as thedonor

when

a transpositionevent occurred.

The

transposon often

moved

into a site genetically linked to the donor, and transposition

appearedto benonreplicative.

Thus

the

mechanism

of transpositionand excisionof the transposon, which I have

named

Gulliver,resemblesthatofcertainhigherplant

42

The5'-FlankingRegion ofthe

Gene

EncodingtheLarge Subunit ofRibulose-l,5-bisphoshate

Carboxylaseloxygenaseis Crucial forGrowth ofthe CyanobacteriumSynechococcussp. Strain

PCC

7942attheLevelof

C02

inAir

Friedberg,D.; Kaplan,A.; Ariel, R.; Kessel,M.; Seijffers,J.

Source:

JOURNAL OF BACTRIOLOGY

171(ll):6069-6076 (1989).

Descriptors: synechococcus; strains;growth;carbon dioxide;ribulose-bisphosphatecarboxylase;

mutants; nucleotidesequence

DNAL

Call No.:448.3 J82

Abstract:

Transformationofthehigh-C02-requiringmutants (her) 0221 and

El

derivedfromthe

cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain

PCC

7942 byawild-type

DNA

hbrary restored

their abihty togrow at the levelof

C02

in air.

A

plasmid (pE12) containinga 10-kilobase

DNA

insert

was

rescuedfroma 0221 heterogenoteand provedto transform both0221

and

El

to the wild-typephenotype.

The

capacityofthe

pE12

subclones to confer the

wild-typephenotypeto 0221 transformants enabled the

mapping

of themutation in0221

(designatedhcr0221) withina 232-base-pairPstl-BstXI

DNA

restrictionfragment.

Sequenceanalysisrevealedtwo

open

reading frames

(ORFs)

atpositions-1745 to -1262

(ORFI) and

-1218 to -393 (ORFII) upstreamofthe rbcL gene.

A

3-kilobase PstI

fragment of0221

was

cloned, andhcr0221

was

foundto be apoint mutationwithin the Pstl-BstXI region -1309 nucleotidesupstreamofthe rbcLgene.

The

significanceofthis

flankingregion for adaptationto air levelsof

C02

was furtherdemonstratedby the

generation of

new

her mutants following insertional inactivationofwild-type

DNA

inthe

BstXI site. Electron microscopyrevealed aberrantcarboxysomestructuresin growingcells

of theher mutants, a defect thatwaspossibly related to themutation,since

transformation with

pE12

derivativesrestored the carboxysomestructure to normal.

43

Red

AlgalPlasmids

Goff, L.J.and

A.W. Coleman

Source:

CURRENT

GENETICS

18(6):557-565 (1990).

Descriptors: rhodophyta;plasmids; nucleotidesequences;

amino

acidsequences; dna;

biotechnology

DNAL

Call No.:

QH426.C8

44

Transgenic Expression of AminoglycosideAdenine Transferasein the Chloroplasta SelectableMarker

for Site-Directed Transformation of

Chlamydomonas

Goldschmidt-Clermont,

M.

Source:

NUCLEIC ACIDS

RESEARCH

19(15):4083-4090 (1991).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii; bacterialaada gene transformation;vectors; transcription;

translation

DNAL

Call No.:

AD341.A2N8

Abstract:

Expressionvectors for

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtiichloroplasttransformationhavebeen

constructedwith transcriptionandtranslationsignalsfromchloroplast genes.

The

bacterial

aadA

sequencecodingfor aminoglycoside3" adenyltransferase,

was

insertedin

thesevectors

and

introducedinto the C. reinhardtii chloroplastby particlegun

transformation.

The

stabletransgenicexpression ofthisforeignprotein in the chloroplast confersspectinomycin andstreptomycin resistance to thetransformed cells. This

new

markercan be used asa reporter ofgeneexpression,

and

as a portableselectablecassette

photosynlhisis,tscA andpsaC,werethusobtained.

A

genedisruptionof an unidentified

open

reading frame,

ORF472,

remainedheteroplasmic, suggestingthat ithasa vital

function.

45

Trans-splicingMutantsof

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii

Goldschmidt-Clermont, M.; Girard-Bascou,J.; Choquet,Y.; Rochaix,J.D.

Source:

MGG:

MOLECULAR AND GENERAL

GENETICS

223(3):417-425 (1990).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;chloroplasts;genomes;plant proteins; photosystemi;

genes;introns; exons; loci; messengerrna;alternativesplicing;mutants;deletions; restriction mapping; northernblotting; segregation;recombination;complementation

DNA

Call No.:442.8

Z34

46

Gabaculine-ResistantGlutamate 1-Semialdehyde Aminotransferase of Synechococcus. Deletion of a

Tripeptide Closetothe

NH2

Terminus

and

Internal

Amino

Acid Substitution.

Grimm,

B.;Smith, A.J.;Kannangara,C.G.; Smith,

M.

Source:

THE JOURNAL OF

BIOLOGICAL

CHEMISTRY

266(19):12495-12501 (1991).

Descriptors: synechococcus; aminotransferases; glutamicacid; aminolevulinicacid; mutants; genes;

cloning; nucleotidesequences; aminolevulinicacid; mutants;genes; cloning; nucleotidesequences

DNAL

Call No.: 381 J824

Abstract:

Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase

(GSA-AT)

is thelast

enzyme

in the

C5

pathwayconverting glutamateintothe tetrapyrroleprecursor delta-aminolevulinatein

plants, algae,

and

several bacteria. Sequenceanalysisofthegenes encoding

GSA-AT

in

barley, Synechococcus,

and

Escherichiacolirevealed

50-70%

similarity in the primary

structuresof the proteins.

The

enzyme

is inhibited rapidlyby gabaculine

when

added

in

approximatelystoichiometricamountswith the enzyme.

A

gabacuHne-tolerant

Synechococcusstrain,

GR6,

was

found to produce a

GSA-AT

less sensitive to the

inhibitor. Accordingly, the mutant gene

was

isolated

and

sequenced. Incomparisonwith the wild-typegeneit containsa deletionof nine nucleotides(position 12-20)

and

a

guanineto adeninesubstitution (position 743). Thisresultedin the loss ofthe

amino

acidsserine,proline,

and

phenylalanine(position 5-7) close to the

NH2

terminus of the

enzyme and

an exchangeofMet-248 for isoleucinein the middleof the polypeptidechain. Wild-typeand mutant

GSA-AT

wereexpressedin E.coli

and

purified close to

homogeneity. Although the specific activityof the mutant

GSA-AT

was

onlyone-fifth of

thewildtype,it displayeda 100-foldincreasedresistance to gabaculine. Peaksin the

absorptionspectrumof thepurifiedrecombinant

GSA-ATs

at 335

and

417

nm

aretypical

ofa transaminase containinga

B6

cofactor. Incubationwith substrate

and

with inhibitor

inducedspectralchangescharacteristicofother gabaculine-sensitive,B6-requiring enzymes.

47

Escherichia-coli

and

Anacystis-nidulansPlasmidShuttle Vectors Containingthe

P-L

Promoter from

Bacteriophage

Lambda

Gruber, M.Y.; GHck, B.R.;

Thompson,

J.E.

Source:

CURRENT

MICROBIOLOGY

22(1):15-20 (1991).

Descriptors: temperature-sensitive;CI857 repressorgene;geneticengineering;temperature

regulated; foreigngeneexpression

DNAL

Call No.:

QR1.C78

Abstract:

containing the leftwardpromoter, PL, of bacteriophagelambda

and

thegenefor the temperature-sensitiverepressor, cI857, wereconstructed and usedto transformA.

nidulans.

The

transformationefficiencies

and

restriction endonuclease

maps

of these

plasmidsare reported.

The

use of these shuttlevectorsshould allow temperature

regulationofforeigngeneexpressionin A. nidulans.

48

Self-splicingofthe

Chlamydomonas

Chloroplast

psbA

Introns Herrin, D.L.;Bao,Y.;

Thompson,

A.J.;Chen, Y.F.

Source:

THE PLANT

CELL

3(10):1095-1107 (1991).

Descriptors: chlamydomonas; introns; alternativespHcing; transcription;photosystem ii;plant

proteins;genes;chloroplast genetics;nucleotidesequences;chloroplasts;

genomes

DNAL

Call No.:

QK725.P532

Abstract:

We

usedalpha-(32)P-GTPlabelingoftotal

RNA

preparationsto identifyself-splicing group I intronsin

Chlamydomonas.

Several

RNAs

become

labeledwith

alpha-(32)P-GTP,

asubset ofwhich isnot seen with

RNA

froma mutant that lacksboth copiesof the

psbA

gene. Hybridization of theGTP-labeled

RNAs

to chloroplast

DNA

indicates that

theyoriginatefromthe

psbA

and

rrn23s genes, respectively,theonly genes

known

to

containgroup I intronsin this organism. Introns 1, 2,

and

3 of

psbA

(with flankingexon

sequences)were subcloned

and

transcribedin vitro.

The

synthetic

RNAs

were found to

self-splice;splicingrequiredMg2-t-,

GTP, and

elevatedtemperature. In addition,the accuracy ofself-splicing

was

confirmedfor introns 1

and

2,

and

intermediatesin the

splicingreactionswere detected. These results, together with ourrecent data

on

the23S

intron,indicate thatthe abilityto self-spliceis a generalfeatureof

Chlamydomonas

group

I introns. Thesefindingshavesignificantimplications for the

mechanism

ofgroup I

intron splicing

and

evolutionin

Chlamydomonas and

otherchloroplast genomes.

49

RNA

Splicingin

Chlamydomonas

Chloroplasts. Self-splicingof23

S

preRNA

Herrin, D.L.;Chen,Y.F.; Schmidt,

G.W.

Source:

THE JOURNAL OF

BIOLOGICAL

CHEMISTRY

265(34):21 134-21 140(1990).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;chloroplast genetics; rna; precursors; introns;gene

mapping;transcription

DNAL

Call No.: 381 J824

50

Cloning

and

Expression ofthe Chloroplast-EncodedrbcL

and

rbcS Genes from theMarine

Diatom

Cylindrothecasp.strain

Nl

Hwang,

S.R.

and

Tabita,F.R.

Source:

PLANT

MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY:

AN

INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL

ON

MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY,

BIOCHEMISTRY

AND

GENETIC

ENGINEERING

13(l):69-79 (1989).

Descriptors: bacillariophyta; escherichiacoli; anacystisnidulans; multiple genes;

ribulose-bisphosphatecarboxylase;genomes;chloroplast genetics;geneexpression; cloning;gene mapping; restrictionmapping; recombinantdna; genesplicing;

enzyme

activity

DNAL

Call No.:

QK710.P62

Abstract:

Boththe rbcL and rbcS genes,encodingthelarge andsmall subunits, respectively,of

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase,havebeen found to beencoded by

chloroplast

DNA

in the marine diatom Cyhndrothecasp. Nl.

The

rbcSgene in this

Southern-blotting analyses, usingheterologous probes; (ii) examination of recombinantproteins synthesizedin Escherichiacoli,directedby cloned rbcL/rbcSgenes; and (iii)synthesisof enzymaticallyactiveheterologousRubiscoproteinin vivoby recombinant

DNA

procedures using large subunitsofAnacystis nidulans

and

smallsubunitsof Cylindrotheca

sp. Nl. Itappearsthat two copies of rbcLandrbcS genes are encoded by the chloroplast

DNA

ofthis diatom.

51

Cloning ofthe

psbK

Gene

from Synechocystissp.

PCC

6803

and

Characterization of PhotosystemIIin

Mutants Lacking PSII-K

Ikeuchi, M.; Eggers, B.; Shen,G.; Webber,A.;Yu, J.;Hirano,A.; Inoue, Y.;Vermaas,

W.

Source:

THE JOURNAL

OF

BIOLOGICAL

CHEMISTRY

266(17): 11 111-1 II 15 (1991).

Descriptors: cyanobacteria;mutants;photosystem ii;genetic engineering;plant proteins; cloning;

nucleotidesequences

DNAL

Call No.: 381 J824

Abstract:

We

cloned and sequencedthe

psbK

gene, codingfor a small photosystem II

component

(PSII-K), from thetransformablecyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp.

PCC

6803, and

determinedtheN-terminalsequenceofmaturePSII-K.

The

psbK

geneproduct is

processedby cleaving off eight

amino

acidresiduesfrom the

N

terminus.

A

mutant

lacking

psbK

was

constructed; this mutant grewphotoautotrophically,but its growth rate

was

reduced.

The

number

ofphotosystemII reaction centerson a chlorophyll basis

was

decreasedby less than a factor of 2 in the psbK-deletion mutant. In Synechocystissp.

PCC

6803, the

psbK

geneistranscribed as a single geneand isnot partofan operon.

Single-sitemutationswereintroduced into

psbK

leadingto early termination or deletion

of the presequence.

The

phenotypeof these mutantsstrongly resembles thatofthe

psbK

deletion mutant, indicating that indeedthechange in phenotypein the deletion mutantis

directlycorrelatedwith PSII-K. PSII-K is not essential for photosystem II assembly or

activitybutis

needed

for optimalphotosystem II function.

52

Splice SiteSelection

and

Role oftheLariatin a

Group

IIIntron

Jacquier,A.

and

Jacquesson-Breuleux,N.

Source:

JOURNAL OF

MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY

219(3):415-428 (1991).

Descriptors: fungi; algae;plants; rna; molecular conformation; introns; cataboHsm;hydrolysis;

mutants

DNAL

Call No.: 442.8J8224

Abstract:

The

structuralelements involvedin5' and 3' splice site(SS) selection ina group II intron

were analyzed. While 5' _SS selectionappearsto bedefinedby only

one

element,the

EBSl-IBSl

pairing,fourdistinct structuralcomponents contribute to3' SS selection,one

ofwhich beinganalogous to the "internal guidesequence" describedfor group I introns. Moreover,

some

of the mutants analyzed duringthisstudy induce efficient5'

_SS

hydrolysis

and suggest

how

5' _SS transesterificationis selected against hydrolysis. Finally,thelariat

structure

was

found to accelerateboth steps ofsplicing, suggesting that is"locks" the

ribozyme in anactiveconfiguration.

53

TransientExpression ofFireflyLuciferasein Protoplastsofthe Green Alga Chlorella-ellipsoidea

Jarvis,E.E. and Brown, L.M.

Source:

CURRENT

GENETICS

19(4):317-322 (1991).

DNAL

Call No.:

QH426.C8

Abstract:

We

reporthere

on

the developmentofa transient expressionsystemfor Chlorella eUipsoidea usinga heterologous gene,fireflyluciferase. Cellsofthisunicellulargreen algawereconvertedto protoplasts andtreatedwith plasmidpD0432, whichbears

luciferaseunderthe controlof the

CaMV

35s promoter. Thistreatmentresultedin

detectable luciferaseactivity in cellextracts. Expression requiredCellulysintreatment,

activecellmetaboHsm, andthe additionofcarrier

DNA

andpolyethyleneglycol.

Linearization oftheluciferaseplasmid did not significantly alter the activity.

A

time course of expression

showed

that luciferaseis

made

rapidly,within about 7 h after additionof

DNA,

butthat theactivity disappearsover thecourse ofa few days. These

experiments representanimportantfirststep inthedevelopment ofa Chlorella transformationsystem.

54

MolecularStudiesof Linkage

Group

XIX

of

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii:Evidence Against a Basal

Body

Location

Johnson, D.E.

and

Dutcher, S.K.

Source:

THE

JOURNAL OF

CELL

BIOLOGY

113(2):339-346 (1991).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;dna; linkagegroups; restrictionfragmentlength

polymorphism;organelles; flagella;repetitivedna; transposableelements; dna hybridization

DNAL

Call No.: 442.8J828

Abstract:

Linkage group

XIX

(also

known

asthe

UNI

linkagegroup) in thegreenalga,

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii,exhibitsa

number

ofunusualproperties thathaveleadto the suggestionthat it representsabasalbody-associatedchromosome.

To

begin a molecular

analysisofthislinkagegroup,

we

have identified

DNA

sequencesfromit

and

used

them

to determinethecopy

number

ofHnkage group

XIX

within thecell.

We

find that Hnkage group

XIX

ispresent in the

same

copy

number

per cellas nuclearhnkagegroups in both haploid

and

diploidstrains.

We

also find that thecopy

number

ofHnkage group

XIX

is

unchangedin mutants lacking basal bodies.

We

conclude thatthereis no convincing evidencethatlinkagegroup

XIX

localizesto thebasalbodies of

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtiicells.

55

Expression of

Salmon

Growth

Hormone

in the CyanobacteriumAgmenellum-quadruplicatum

Kawata,Y.;

Yamano,

N.; Kojima, H.; Itoh, S.

Source:

BIOTECHNOLOGY

LETTERS

13(12):851-856 (1991).

Descriptors: escherichia-coli; bacteria;microorganism;fishgenetics;genetransfer;

TRP

promoter;

totalcellprotein;aquaculture;biotechnology industry

DNAL

Call No.:

QR53

B56

Abstract:

The

salmon growth

hormone

gene

was

introducedinto thecyanobacterium

Agmenellum

quadruplicatum

PR-6

by plasmid transformation.

The

geneexpressed the

hormone

under

the trppromoter ofEscherichiacoli.

The

amount was

estimatedto beapproximately

0.1%

of thetotalcell protein.

56

Engineeringthe Chloroplast

Genome:

Techniques

and

Capabilitiesfor ChloroplastTransformation in

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtii

Kindle,K.L.; Richards,K.L.; Stern, D.B.

UNITED

STATES

OF

AMERICA

88(5):1721-1725 (1990).

Descriptors:

chlamydomonas

reinhardtii;chloroplast genetics;genetic engineering;genetic

transformation;genomes; metliodology

DNAL

Call No.: 500

N21P

Abstract:

Chloroplast transformation of

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtiihasbeen

accomphshed

by

agitatingcellwall-deficientcells in thepresence ofglassbeads

and

DNA.

By

usingthe

atpB geneasthe selectedmarkerand cellsgrown in 0.5

mM

5-fluorodeoxyuridine,

we

haverecoveredup to 50 transformants permicrogramof

DNA.

This

method

iseasy and doesnot requirespecializedequipment,althoughit is not as efficientas the tungsten

particle

bombardment method

[Boynton, J.E.,Gillham,N.W., Harris, E.H.,Hosier, J.P.,

Johnson, A.M.,Jones, A.R., Randolph-Anderson, B.L.,Robertson, D., Klein,T.M., Shark, K.B.

and

Sanford, J.C. (1988) Science240, 1534-1537].

By

usingparticle

bombardment,

we

have developeda cotransformationapproach in whichspectinomycin-resistant 16S

rRNA-encoding

DNA

isthe selectedmarker, and

we

have demonstratedthat

cotransformation of an unselectedmarker

on

an independentrepUcon isvery efficient.

We

have used thisstrategy (i) to recover transformants with partiallydeletedatpBgenes that could not otherwisehavebeen selected sincethey did not restore photosynthetic

capability to a recipient carrying a

more

extensiveatpB deletion

and

(ii) to generate

specificdeletionmutations in awild-type recipient. Thismethodologyshould allow the introduction ofany desiredchange into the chloroplastgenome, evenin theabsence of phenotypicselection,and thusa detailed functional analysisof anychloroplast

DNA

sequenceshouldbepossible.

57

High-FrequencyNuclear Transformation of Chlamydomonas-reinhardtii Kindle,K.L.

Source:

PROCEEDINGS OF

THE NATIONAL

ACADEMY

OF

SCIENCES

OF

THE

UNITED

STATES

OF

AMERICA

87(3):1228-1232(1990).

Descriptors:photosynthesis;chloroplast;biogenesis; dna;transfection;geneticengineering

DNAL

Call No.:500

N21P

Abstract:

By

usinga

method

in whichcell-wall-deficient

Chlamydomonas

reinhardtiicellswere

agitatedin thepresence of

DNA,

glassbeads,

and

polyethyleneglycol, nuclear

transformationratesof .apprxeq.103 transformationsper .mu.g of plasmid

DNA

were

achieved.

The

nitratereductasegenefromwild-type

Chlamydomonas was

usedto

complement

a mutation in thecorrespondinggeneofa straincontainingnitl-305.

Transformantswereselectedby growth with nitrate as solesource of nitrogen.

The

transforming

DNA

integrated into the

genome

at a low-copy

number

in

nit-l-transformants.

When

cells carrying nitl-305 were agitatedin the presence oftwo

plasmids,one with thegene for nitratereductase and the secondwith an unselected gene, the unselectedgene

was

present in 10-50% ofnit-I- transformants. This high frequency of cotransformationwillallow anyclonedgeneto be introducedinto

Chlamydomonas.

Moreover,the overall efficiencyoftransformationshould be high enoughto permit

isolationofgenesfrom genomic librariesby complementationofstable nuclear mutants.

The

availabilityofefficientnuclear and chloroplasttransformationin

Chlamydomonas

providesspecificadvantagesfor the study ofchloroplast biogenesis, photosynthesis, and

nuclear-chloroplast

genome

interactions.

58

TheCyanellestrOperon from Cyanophoraparadoxa:SequenceAnalysis

and

Phylogenetic