Standards & Standards
A Quick Look!
1 American Petroleum Institute 1
1.1 Standards and certification. . . 1
1.2 Educator intervention . . . 2 1.3 Public advocacy . . . 2 1.4 Lobbying . . . 2 1.5 See also . . . 3 1.6 References. . . 3 1.7 External links . . . 3 2 ASTM International 4 2.1 History . . . 4 2.2 Standards . . . 5
2.3 Membership and organization . . . 5
2.4 Standards compliance . . . 5 2.5 Standards . . . 6 2.6 See also . . . 6 2.7 References. . . 6 2.8 External links . . . 6 3 ASME 7 3.1 ASME Codes and Standards . . . 7
3.1.1 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). . . 7
3.1.2 ASME Performance Test Codes (PTC) . . . 8
3.1.3 Nuclear Quality Assurance-1 . . . 8
3.2 Notable members . . . 8
3.3 Society Awards . . . 9
3.3.1 ASME Fellow Member . . . 9
3.4 Student Professional Development Conference (SPDC). . . 9
3.5 Student Competitions . . . 9
3.6 Organization . . . 10
3.6.1 Centers . . . 10
3.6.2 Council on Standards and Certification . . . 10
3.6.3 Institutes . . . 12 i
ii CONTENTS
3.6.4 Knowledge & Community . . . 12
3.6.5 Strategic Management . . . 12 3.7 Controversy . . . 13 3.8 See also . . . 13 3.9 References . . . 13 3.10 Further reading . . . 14 3.11 External links . . . 14
4 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) 15 4.1 History. . . 15
4.2 Code Sections . . . 15
4.3 ASME BPVC Section II - Materials . . . 17
4.4 ASME BPVC Section III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components . . . 18
4.5 ASME BPVC Section V - Nondestructive Examination. . . 19
4.6 ASME BPVC Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels . . . 19
4.6.1 ASME Section VIII Division 1 . . . 19
4.6.2 Division 2 - Alternative Rules . . . 22
4.6.3 Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels . . . 23
4.7 See also . . . 23
4.8 References. . . 23
5 Oil Industry Safety Directorate 24 5.1 Overview . . . 24
5.2 See also . . . 24
5.3 References. . . 24
5.4 External links . . . 25
6 International Organization for Standardization 26 6.1 Name and abbreviations . . . 26
6.2 History . . . 26
6.3 Structure . . . 26
6.3.1 IEC joint committees . . . 27
6.4 Membership . . . 27
6.5 Financing . . . 28
6.6 International Standards and other publications . . . 28
6.6.1 Document copyright . . . 29
6.7 Standardization process . . . 29
6.8 Products named after ISO . . . 31
6.9 Criticism . . . 31
6.10 See also . . . 32
6.11 Notes and references . . . 32
6.13 External links . . . 34
7 American National Standards Institute 35 7.1 History . . . 35
7.2 Members . . . 36
7.3 Process . . . 36
7.4 International activities . . . 36
7.4.1 Standards panels[9] . . . . 37
7.4.2 American national standards . . . 37
7.4.3 Other initiatives . . . 38
7.5 See also . . . 38
7.6 References. . . 38
7.7 External links . . . 39
8 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 40 8.1 History. . . 40
8.2 OSHA Coverage. . . 40
8.3 Rights and responsibilities under OSHA law . . . 41
8.4 Health and safety standards . . . 42
8.5 Enforcement. . . 43
8.5.1 Complaint reporting system. . . 43
8.5.2 Exemptions . . . 43 8.5.3 Whistleblower laws . . . 44 8.6 State plans . . . 44 8.7 Controversy . . . 44 8.8 See also . . . 44 8.9 References. . . 45 8.10 External links . . . 46
8.11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses . . . 47
8.11.1 Text . . . 47
8.11.2 Images . . . 48
Chapter 1
American Petroleum Institute
The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the largest U.Strade associationfor the oil and natural gas industry. It claims to represent about 400 corporations involved inproduction,refinement,distribution, and many other aspects of thepetroleum industry.
The association’s chief functions on behalf of the industry include advocacyandnegotiation with governmental, legal, and regulatory agencies;researchinto economic, toxicological, and environmental effects; establishment and certification of industry standards; andeducation outreach.[2]API both funds and conducts research related to many
aspects of the petroleum industry.[2]The currentCEOisJack Gerard.
It has manyfront groups, including theNH Energy Forumthat in August 2011 hosted aNew Hampshireevent for
Republicanpresidential candidateRick Perry[3][4]
1.1 Standards and certification
API distributes more than 200,000 copies of its publications each year. The publications, technical standards, and electronic and online products are designed, according to API itself, to help users improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of their operations, comply with legislative and regulatory requirements, and safeguard health, ensure safety, and protect the environment. Each publication is overseen by a committee of industry professionals, mostly member company engineers.
These technical standards tend to be uncontroversial. For example, API 610 is the specification for centrifugal pumps, API 675 is the specification for controlled volume positive displacement pumps, both packed-plunger and diaphragm types are included. Diaphragm pumps that use direct mechanical actuation are excluded. API 677 is the standard for gear units and API 682 governs mechanical seals.
API also defines the industry standard for the energy conservation of motor oil. API SN is the latest specification to which motor oils intended for spark-ignited engines should adhere since 2010. It supersedes API SM.[5]Different
specifications exist forcompression-ignitedengines.
API provides vessel codes and standards for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels that help safeguard the lives of people and environments all over the world.
API also defines and drafts standards for measurement for manufactured products such as: • Precision thread gauges
• Plain plug and ring gauges • Thread measuring systems • Metrology and industrial supplies • Measuring instruments
• Custom gauges
• Precision machining and grinding • ISO 17025registered calibration
API has entered petroleum industry nomenclature in a number of areas: • API gravity, a measure of the density of petroleum.
• API number, a unique identifier applied to each petroleum exploration or production well drilled in the United States.
• API unit, a standard measure of naturalgamma radiationmeasured in a borehole.
1.2 Educator intervention
In addition to training industry workers and conducting seminars, workshops, and conferences on public policy, API develops and distributes materials and curricula for schoolchildren and educators. The association also maintains a website,Classroom Energy. These materials take a boldly pro-oil-industry view of various major controversies includingoil spills,pipelines,global warming, andocean acidity.
1.3 Public advocacy
In the second half of 2008, as theUS presidential electionneared, API began airing a series of television ads where spokeswomanBrooke Alexanderencourages people to visit their new website,EnergyTomorrow.orgAPI does not use their own name in the ads but does call themselves “The People of America’s Oil and Natural Gas Industry.” In January 2012, the American Petroleum Institute launched the voter education campaign - Vote 4 Energy. The campaign claims that increased domestic energy production can create jobs, increase government revenue, and pro-vide U.S. energy security. The Vote 4 Energy campaign does not promote any specific candidate or party, but rather provides voters with energy information to equip them to evaluate candidates on the federal and local levels and make decisions in favor of domestic energy on Election Day. The main components of the Vote 4 Energy campaign include the website - Vote4Energy.org - and social media communities, along with a series of advertisements and events around the country.
1.4 Lobbying
API spent more than $3 million annually each year during the period 2005 to 2009 on lobbying; $3.6 million in 2009.[6]As of 2009, according to API’s quarterly “Lobbying Report” submitted to the US Senate, the organization
had 16 lobbyists lobbying various Congressional activities.[7]
API conducts lobbying and organizes its member employees’ attendance at public events to communicate the indus-try’s position on various issues. A leaked summer 2009 memo from API PresidentJack Gerardasked its member companies to urge their employees to participate in planned protests (designed to appear independently organized) against thecap-and-tradelegislation theHousepassed that same summer. “The objective of these rallies is to put a human face on the impacts of unsound energy policy and to aim a loud message at [20 different] states,” including Florida, Georgia, and Pennsylvania. Gerard went on to assure recipients of the memo that API will cover all orga-nizational costs and handling of logistics. In response to the memo, an API spokesman told media that participants will be there (at protests) because of their own concerns, and that API is just helping them assemble.[8]
To help fight climate control legislation that has been approved by the US House, API supports the Energy Citizens group, which is holding public events.[9][10] API encouraged energy company employees to attend one of its first
Energy Citizen events held in Houston in August 2009, but turned away Texas residents who were not employed by the energy industry.Fast Companyreported that some attendees had no idea of the purpose of the event, and called it “astroturfingat its finest.“[11][12]
1.5. SEE ALSO 3
1.5 See also
• United States Oil and Gas Association, formerly the Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association
1.6 References
[1] “Jack N. Gerard - President and Chief Executive Officer, American Petroleum Institute - Biography”. Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
[2] “About API”. American Petroleum Institute. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
[3] Johnson, Brad (August 15, 2011). “Rick Perry’s First Stop In New Hampshire Is Funded By Big Oil”. ThinkProgress. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
[4] “Rick Perry stumps Manchester - next stop Iowa”, New Hampshire Public Radio, 14 August 2011. [5] “Engine Oil Guide”. American Petroleum Institute. March 2010.
[6] “Lobbying: American Petroleum Institute”. Center for Responsive Politics. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [7] “Second Quarter Lobbying Form, 2009, Secretary of the Senate”. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
[8] Stone, Daniel (August 20, 2009).“The Browning of Grassroots”. Newsweek. Retrieved March 29, 2012. [9] New York Times, “Oil industry backs protests of emissions bill,” August 19, 2009
[10] McNulty, Sheila (August 20, 2009).“The big oil backlash?". Financial Times. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
[11] Schwartz, Ariel (August 21, 2009). “American Petroleum Institute Demonstrates How to Screw Up a Grassroots Event”. Fast Company. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
[12] Talley, Ian (August 11, 2009).“Lobby Groups to Use Town Hall Tactics to Oppose Climate Bill”. The Wall Street Journal.
1.7 External links
• API Website• Organizational Profile–National Center for Charitable Statistics(Urban Institute)
• Center for Biological Diversity v Dept of the InteriorDC Appellate Decision stopping offshore Alaska Oil Leases. April 17, 2009
• Sourcewatch profile
• Center for Responsive Politics profile
• Energy Citizens, API-sponsored organization
• Vote 4 Energy, API-sponsored voter education campaign
ASTM International
ASTM HQ in West Conshohocken, PA, as seen from a nearby bridge
ASTM International, known until 2001 as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is an inter-nationalstandards organizationthat develops and publishes voluntary consensus technicalstandardsfor a wide range of materials, products, systems, andservices. The organization’s headquarters is inWest Conshohocken, Pennsylva-nia, about 5 mi (8.0 km) northwest ofPhiladelphia.
ASTM, founded in 1898 as the American Section of the International Association for Testing and Materials, predates other standards organizations such asBSI(1901),DIN(1917),ANSI(1918) andAFNOR(1926).
2.1 History
A group ofscientistsandengineers, led byCharles Benjamin Dudleyformed the American Society for Testing and Materials in 1898 to address the frequentrail breaksaffecting the fast-growingrailroadindustry. The group developed a standard for the steel used to fabricate rails. In 2001, ASTM changed its name to ASTM International.
2.2. STANDARDS 5
2.2 Standards
The standards produced by ASTM International fall into six categories:
• the StandardSpecification, that defines the requirements to be satisfied by subject of the standard.
• the StandardTest Method, that defines the way a test is performed and the precision of the result. The result of the test may be used to assess compliance with a Standard Specification.
• the Standard Practice, that defines a sequence of operations that, unlike a Standard Test Method, does not produce a result.
• the Standard Guide, that provides an organized collection of information or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action.
• the Standard Classification, that provides an arrangement or division of materials, products, systems, or services into groups based on similar characteristics such as origin, composition, properties, or use.
• the Terminology Standard, that provides agreed definitions of terms used in the other standards. The quality of the standards is such that they are frequently used worldwide.
2.3 Membership and organization
Membership in the organization is open to anyone with an interest in its activities.[1]Standards are developed within
committees, and new committees are formed as needed, upon request of interested members. Membership in most committees isvoluntaryand is initiated by the member’s own request, not by appointment nor by invitation. Members are classified as users, producers, consumers, and “general interest”. The latter include academics and consultants. Users include industry users, who may be producers in the context of other technical committees, and end-users such as consumers. In order to meet the requirements ofantitrustlaws, producers must constitute less than 50% of every committee or subcommittee, and votes are limited to one per producer company. Because of these restrictions, there can be a substantial waiting-list of producers seeking organizational memberships on the more popular committees. Members can, however, participate without a formal vote and their input will be fully considered.
As of 2014, ASTM has more than 30,000 members, including over 1,150 organizational members, from more than 150 countries.[2]ASTM International presents several awards for contributions to standards authorship, including the
ASTM International Award of Merit(the organization’s highest award)[3] ASTM International is classified by the
United StatesInternal Revenue Serviceas a501(c)(3)nonprofit organization.
2.4 Standards compliance
ASTM International has no role in requiring or enforcing compliance with its standards. The standards, however, may become mandatory when referenced by an external contract, corporation, or government.
• In theUnited States, ASTM standards have been adopted, by incorporation or by reference, in many federal, state, and municipal government regulations. TheNational Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, passed in 1995, requires the federal government to use privately developed consensus standards whenever possible. The Act reflects what had long been recommended as best practice within the federal government.
• Other governments (local and worldwide) also have referenced ASTM standards[4]
• Corporations doing international business may choose to reference an ASTM standard.
• All toys sold in the United States must meet the safety requirements of ASTM F963, Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety, as part of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA). The law makes the ASTM F963 standard a mandatory requirement for toys while the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) studies the standard’s effectiveness and issues final consumer guidelines for toy safety.[5]
2.5 Standards
Main article:List of ASTM standards
2.6 See also
• International Organization for Standardisation
• Materials property
• Pt/Co scale
• Technical standard
2.7 References
[1] http://www.astm.org/MEMBERSHIPOpen membership in ASTM [2]
[3] ASTM Awards
[4] Transport Canada use of ASTM
[5]
2.8 External links
• Media related toASTMat Wikimedia Commons • ASTM International
Chapter 3
ASME
“American Society of Mechanical Engineers” redirects here. For the magazine editors’ society, seeAmerican Soci-ety of Magazine Editors.
ASME, founded as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, is aprofessional associationthat, in its own words, “promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe” via "continuing education, training andprofessional development, codes andstandards,research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach.”[1]ASME is thus anengineering society, astandards
organization, aresearch and developmentorganization, alobbyingorganization, a provider of training and educa-tion, and anonprofit organization. Founded as an engineering society focused onmechanical engineeringinNorth America, ASME is today multidisciplinary and global.
ASME has over 130,000 members in 158 countries worldwide.[2]
ASME was founded in 1880 byAlexander Lyman Holley, Henry Rossiter Worthington, John Edison Sweetand
Matthias N. Forneyin response to numerous steamboilerpressure vessel failures.[3] Known for setting codes and
standards for mechanical devices, ASME conducts one of the world’s largest technical publishing operations,[4]holds
numerous technical conferences and hundreds ofprofessional developmentcourses each year, and sponsors numerous outreach and educational programs.
3.1 ASME Codes and Standards
ASME is one of the oldest standards-developing organizations in America. It produces approximately 600 codes and standards, covering many technical areas, such as boiler components, elevators, measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits, cranes, hand tools, fasteners, and machine tools. Some ASME standards have been translated into languages other than English, such as Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish.[5]
Note that according to ASME:[6]
• A Standard can be defined as a set of technical definitions and guidelines that function as instructions for designers, manufacturers, operators, or users of equipment.
• A standard becomes a Code when it has been adopted by one or more governmental bodies and is enforceable by law, or when it has been incorporated into a business contract.
3.1.1
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
The largest ASME standard, both in size and in the number of volunteers involved in its preparation, is theASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). BPVC is a standard that provides rules for the design, fabrication, and inspection ofboilersandpressure vessels. It is reviewed every two years. The BPVC consists of twelve volumes. Stamps for defining and certification of a boiler and a pressure vessel according to the ASME code include some of the more common S, U, U2, U3, U4, U5, U6, U7, U8, U9 and U10 of many.[7]
3.1.2
ASME Performance Test Codes (PTC)
ASME Performance Test Codes (PTCs) provide uniform rules and procedures for the planning, preparation,execution, and reporting of performance test results. Test results provide numerical characteristics to the performance of equip-ment, systems, and plants being tested. The codes provide guidelines for test procedures that yield results of the highest level of accuracy based on current engineering knowledge, taking into account test costs and the value of information obtained from testing. Code tests are suitable for use whenever performance must be determined with minimum uncertainty. They are meant specifically for equipment operating in an industrial setting.
Most ASME PTCs are applicable to a specified type of equipment defined by the respective Standards. There may be several subcategories of equipment covered by a single document. Types of equipment for which PTCs apply can be classified into five broad categories as follows: (a) Electrical or mechanical power producing; (b) Combustion and heat transfer; (c) Fluid handling; (d) Emission control; (e) Other equipment.
Examples of ASME Performance Test Codes:[8]
• ASME PTC 6Steam Turbines
• ASME PTC 8.2Centrifugal Pumps
• ASME PTC 11Fans
• ASME PTC 12.5Single Phase Heat Exchangers
• ASME PTC 19.1Test Uncertainty
• ASME PTC 22Gas Turbines
• ASME PTC 25Pressure Relief Valves
• ASME PTC 40Flue Gas Desulfurization
• ASME PTC 42Wind Turbines
• ASME PTC 46 Overall Plant Performance • ASME PTC 55Aircraft Engines
3.1.3
Nuclear Quality Assurance-1
The ASME created and maintains the Nuclear Quality Assurance-1 (NQA-1) regulatory standard.
3.2 Notable members
The following people are, or were, notable members of ASME: • Dennis Assanis
• Charles Brinckerhoff Richards( 1833–1919) Founder, manager from 1881–1882, Vice-president from 1888-1890[9][10]
• Alexander T. Brown(1854–1929) • Ken P. Chong
• Nancy D. Fitzroy[11]
• Henry Gantt(1861–1919)
• James Powers(1871-1927), inventor of the Powers Accounting Machines, whose business was a predecessor ofSperry RandandUnisys.[12]
3.3. SOCIETY AWARDS 9
• William Mason(1837–1913)[13]
• Alexander C. Monteith(1902–1979) • Hugh Pembroke Vowles(1885–1951) • Samuel T. Wellman(1847–1919) • John I. Yellott(1908–1986)
• Alexander Lyman Holley(1832–1882) - Founder[14]
• Henry Rossiter Worthington(1817–1880) - Founder[14]
• John Edson Sweet (1832–1916) - Founder[14]
• Walter Polakov[15]
3.3 Society Awards
• ASME Medal
• Charles T. Main Award • Henry Laurence Gantt Medal
• Student Section Advisor Award • Worcester Reed Warner Medal
• ASME Burt L. Newkirk Award
3.3.1
ASME Fellow Member
ASME Fellow Member is a Membership Grade of Distinction conferred by The ASME Board of Governors[16]to an
ASME member with significant publications or innovations and distinguished scientific and engineering background. Over 3,000 members have attained the grade of Fellow.[16] The ASME Fellow membership grade is the highest
elected grade in ASME.[17]
3.4 Student Professional Development Conference (SPDC)
ASME runs the Student Professional Development Conference (SPDC), which allows students and working engineers to network, hosts contests, and promotes ASME’s benefits to professionals. Conferences are held in ten different districts. Districts A-F are held in North America, District G is in Asia and Australia, District H includes most of Europe, District I is in Central and South America, and District J covers the Middle East and parts of Africa. The location for each district changes every year.[18]
3.5 Student Competitions
ASME holds a variety of competitions every year for engineering students from around the world.[19]
• Human Powered Vehicle Challenge (HPVC) • Student Design Competition (SDC)
• Student Mechanism and Robot Design Competition • ASME/FIRST Robotics
• Old Guard Competitions • Innovation Showcase (IShow) • Design Review Competition • Rapid Design Challenge • Student Design Expositions
3.6 Organization
Following the reorganization of the ASME during the Continuity and Change process in 2004-2005, volunteer activity was organized into five sectors. Each sector is led by a volunteer Senior Vice President who reports directly to the Board of Governors.
3.6.1
Centers
Senior Vice President: Clark G. McCarrell
Groups (Centers) within Centers are led by Vice Presidents: • Education: Robert Warrington
• Leadership and Diversity: Mary Lynn Realff
• Career and Professional Advancement: Betty Bowersox • Public Awareness: Vincent Wilczynski
3.6.2
Council on Standards and Certification
Groups (Boards) within Standards and Certification are as follows: • Codes & Standards Operations
• Conformity Assessment (BCA) • Hearings and Appeals
• Nuclear Codes and Standards
• BPV Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facility Components (III) • BPV Committee on Nuclear Inservice Inspection (XI)
• Standards Committee on Cranes for Nuclear Facilities • Standards Committee on Nuclear Risk Management (CNRM) • Committee on Board (NCS) Strategic Initiatives
• Standards Committee on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment • Joint Committee on Nuclear Risk Management (JCNRM) • Standards Committee on Nuclear Quality Assurance
• Standards Committee on Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants
• Standards Committee on Qualification of Mechanical Equipment Used in Nuclear Facilities • New Development
• Aerospace and Advanced Engineering Drawing Standards Committee (AED) • Committee on ASME C&S in Spanish
3.6. ORGANIZATION 11
• Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection Standards Committee • Slewing Ring Bearings Standards Committee
• Pressure Technology Codes and Standards[20]
• ASME/API Joint Committee on Fitness for Service
• B16 Standardization of Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Gaskets Standards Committee • B31 Code for Pressure Piping Standards Committee
• Bioprocessing Equipment Standards Committee (BPE)
• Project Team on Glass Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping • Project Team on Thermoplastic Piping
• BPV Committee on Power Boilers (I), Materials (II), Heating Boilers (IV), Welding and Brazing (IX), Nondestructive Examination (V), Pressure Vessels (VIII), Fiber- Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (X), Transport Tanks (XII)
• Pressure Technology Post Construction Committee • Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy (PVHO)
• Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant Equipment Main Committee (RTP) • Structures for Bulk Solids (SBS)
• Technical Oversight Management Committee (TOMC) • Committee on Turbine Water Damage Prevention (TWDP) • Safety Codes and Standards
• A120 Safety Requirements for Powered Platforms for Building Maintenance • A13 Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems
• A17 Elevators and Escalators
• A18 Platform Lifts and Stairway Chairlifts • A90 Safety Standards for Manlifts
• B20 Safety Standards for Conveyors and Related Equipment
• B30 Safety Standards Committee for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings • BTH Standards Committee, Design of Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices
• CSDAFB Controls and Safety Devices for Automatically Fired Boilers
• P30 Planning for the Use of Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Cableways, Aerial Devices and Lifting Accessories • Portable Automotive Service Equipment Committee (PASE)
• QEI Qualification of Elevator Inspectors • Rail Transit Vehicle Standards Committee • Standardization and Testing
• A112 Plumbing Materials and Equipment • B1 Screw Threads
• B107 Hand Tools and Accessories
• B18 Standardization of Bolts, Nuts, Rivets, Screws, Washers, and Similar Fasteners • B29 Chains, Attachments, and Sprockets for Power Transmission and Conveying • B32 Metal and Metal Alloy Wrought Mill Product Nominal Sizes
• B40 Committee on Standards for Pressure and Temperature Instruments and Accessories • B46 Classification and Designation of Surface Qualities
• B47 Gage Blanks
• B5 Machine Tools - Components, Elements, Performance, and Equipment • B73 Chemical Standard Pumps
• B89 Dimensional Metrology
• EA Industrial System Energy Assessment Standards Committee • HST Hoists - Overhead
• MFC Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits • Performance Test Codes Standards Committee
• RAM Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability of Power Plants
• Special Committee H213 on Harmonization of Dimensional and Geometrical Product Specifications and Verification
• STS Steel Stacks
• V&V Verification and Validation in Computational Modeling and Simulation • Y14 Engineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices
• Committee on Strategic Planning and Performance
3.6.3
Institutes
Senior Vice President: David Wisler
Groups (Institutes) within Institutes are led by Vice Presidents: • International Gas Turbine: Dilip Ballal
• International Petroleum Technology: Terry Lechinger • Continuing Education
• Engineering Management Certification International • Emerging Technologies
3.6.4
Knowledge & Community
Senior Vice President: Richard Laudenat
Groups (Communities) within Knowledge & Community are led by Vice Presidents: • Affinity: Justin Young
• Financial Operations: Lawrence A. Kielasa • Global: Thomas Libertiny
• Programs & Activities: John W. Wesner, PE • Technical: Dan Segalman
• Piemels
3.6.5
Strategic Management
Senior Vice President: Robert Pangborn
The Strategic Management Sector Board of Directors (SMBOD) under the direction of the Board of Governors, is responsible for the activities of the Society relating to identification, capture and transfer of knowledge that will sup-port ASME’s strategies for the technical innovation and advocacy of public policies that are imsup-portant to advancement of industry and the profession. The units of the Sector include the Board on Government Relations, the Industry Ad-visory Board, the Strategic Initiatives and Innovation Committee and the Strategic Issues Committee. The operation guide defines the voting members, election of sector leadership, committee duties, meetings and records.
Groups (Boards) within Knowledge & Community are led by a Vice President, Members-at-Large, and Committee Chairs:
3.7. CONTROVERSY 13
• Member-at-Large: Susan Ipri-Brown • Member-at-Large: Elizabeth Kisenwether
• Vice President, Government Relations: Michael Reischman • Chair, Strategic Issues: Win Phillips
• Chair, Strategic Initiatives and Innovation: Chris Przirembel • Chair, Industry Advisory Board: Charla Wise
3.7 Controversy
ASME became the first non-profit organization to be guilty of violating theSherman Antitrust Act in 1982. The Supreme Court found the organization liable for more than $6 million inAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corp.
3.8 See also
• ASME Y14.41-2003Digital Product Definition Data Practices • List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks
• ASME Medal
• ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
• ASME Fellow
3.9 References
[1] ASME.“ASME.org > About ASME”. Retrieved 2011-12-27. [2] “About ASME - At a Glance”. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [3] “Setting the Standard”. History. ASME. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
[4] “Welcome to the ASME Digital Library!". ASME Digital Library. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [5] “Standards Are Global”. History of ASME Standards. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [6] “Standards & Certification FAQ”. ASME. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
[7] “ASME Stamps”. ONE/TÜV/BV. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
[8] http://cstools.asme.org/csconnect/CommitteePages.cfm?Committee=C90000000
[9] Frederick Remsen Hutton, ed. (1915). A history of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers from 1880 to 1915. The Society. p. 16.
[10] “Machinery”. The Industrial Press. 1908. p. 826. Richards was one of the founders of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1881
[11] “Fitzroy, Nancy Deloye ASME President, 1986-1987”(cfm). ASME.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
[12] “James Powers”. New York Times. 10 November 1927. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
[13] American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1914). “Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers”.
Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (The Society) 35. Retrieved 19 November 2011. |chapter=
[14] “ASME Founders”. ASME’s 125th Anniversary. asme.org. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
[15] Wren, Daniel (1980),“Scientific Management in the U.S.S.R., with Particular Reference to the Contribution of Walter N. Polakov”, The Academy of Management Review 5 (1): 1–11,doi:10.5465/amr.1980.4288834
[16] “Fellows”. ASME. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
[17] “Award Descriptions & Applications”. ASME IPTI. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
[18] “Student Professional Development Conference”. ASME.Archivedfrom the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
[19] “ASME Competitions”. ASME. Retrieved 2012-06-25.
[20] “Board on Pressure Technology Codes and Standards”. Codes & Standards. ASME CSConnect. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
3.10 Further reading
• Calvert, Monte A. The Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1910: Professional Cultures in Conflict. Balti-more: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967.
• Hutton, Frederick Remson (1915)A History of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME. • Sinclair, Bruce. A Centennial History of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1880-1980. Toronto:
Toronto University Press, 1980.
• John H. White (1979). A History of the American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-23818-0.
3.11 External links
• ASME
• ASME Peerlink
Chapter 4
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
(BPVC)
The ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is anAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME)
standardthat provides rules for the design,fabrication, and inspection ofboilersandpressure vessels.[1]Volunteers,
who are nominated to its committees based on their technical expertise and on their ability to contribute to the writing, revising, interpreting, and administering of the document, write the BPVC.[2]TheAmerican Society of Mechanical
Engineers(ASME) works as an Accreditation Body and entitles independent third parties such as verification, testing and certification agencies to inspect and ensure compliance to the BPVC.[3]
4.1 History
The BPVC was created in response to public outcry after several serious explosions in the state ofMassachusetts. A fire-tube boiler exploded at theGrover Shoe FactoryinBrockton, Massachusettson March 20, 1905 which resulted in the deaths of 58 people and injured 150. Then on December 6, 1906 a boiler in the factory of the P.J. Harney Shoe Company exploded inLynn, Massachusetts. As a result the state of Massachusetts enacted the first legal code based on ASME’s rules for the construction of steam boilers in 1907.[4][5]
ASME convened the Board of Boiler Rules before it became the ASME Boiler Code Committee which was formed in 1911. This committee put in the form work for the first edition of the ASME Boiler Code - Rules for the Construction of Stationary Boilers and for the Allowable Working Pressures, which was issued in 1914 and published in 1915.[5]
The first publication was known as the 1914 edition, and it developed over time into the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code, which today has over 92,000 copies in use, in over 100 countries around the world.[5]
The first edition of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (1914 edition) consisted of one book, 114 pages long, measuring 5 x 8 inches[6]which evolved into today’s edition which consists of 28 books, including twelve dedicated
to the construction and inspection of nuclear power plant components and two Code Case books. (The 2001 edition of the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is more than 16,000 pages.) The 28 books are either standards that provide the rules for fabricating a component or they are support documents, such as Materials, Nondestructive Examination, and Welding and Brazing Qualifications.[7]
After the first edition of the Code, the verifications that the manufacture was to the Code was performed by inde-pendent inspectors, which resulted in a wide range of interpretations. Hence in February 1919, the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors was formed.[5]
4.2 Code Sections
LIST OF SECTIONS[9]• ASME BPVC Section I - Rules for Construction of Power Boilers • ASME BPVC Section II - Materials
• Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications • Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications
• Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals • Part D - Properties (Customary)
• Part D - Properties (Metric)
• ASME BPVC Section III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components • Subsection NCA - General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2 • Division 1
• Subsection NB - Class 1 Components • Subsection NC - Class 2 Components • Subsection ND - Class 3 Components • Subsection NE - Class MC Components • Subsection NF - Supports
• Subsection NG - Core Support Structures
• Subsection NH - Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service • Appendices
• Division 2 - Code for Concrete Containments
• Division 3 - Containments for Transportation and Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive Material and Waste
• Subsection WA - General Requirements for Division 3 • Subsection WB - Class TP (Type B) Containment • Subsection WC - Class SC storage Containments • Division 4 - Reserved for fusion reactors (Not Active)
• Division 5 - Construction rules for high temperature reactors (Not Active) • Subsection HA - General Requirements
• Subsection HB - Class A Metallic Pressure Boundary Components • Subsection HC - Class B Metallic Pressure Boundary Components • Subsection HF - Class A and B Metallic Supports
• Subsection HG - Class A Metallic Core Support Structures • Subsection HH - Class A Non-Metallic Core Support Structures • ASME BPVC Section IV - Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers • ASME BPVC Section V -Nondestructive Examination
• ASME BPVC Section VI - Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers • ASME BPVC Section VII - Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers
• ASME BPVC Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels • Division 1
• Division 2 - Alternative Rules
• Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels • ASME BPVC Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications
4.3. ASME BPVC SECTION II - MATERIALS 17
• ASME BPVC Section XI - Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components
• ASME BPVC Section XII - Rules for the Construction & Continued Service of Transport Tanks
ADDENDA
Addenda, which include additions and revisions to the individual Sections of the Code, are issued accordingly for a particular edition of the code up until the next edition.[9]
INTERPRETATIONS
ASME’s interpretations to submitted technical queries relevant to a particular Section of the Code are issued accord-ingly. Interpretations are also available through the internet.[10]
CODES CASES
Code Cases provide rules that permit the use of materials and alternative methods of construction that are not covered by existing BPVC rules.[11]For those Cases that have been adopted will appear in the appropriate Code Cases book:
"Boilers and Pressure Vessels" and "Nuclear Components."[9]
Codes Cases are usually intended to be incorporated in the Code in a later edition. When it is used, the Code Case specifies mandatory requirements which must be met as it would be with the Code. There are some jurisdictions that do not automatically accept Code Cases.[9]
4.3 ASME BPVC Section II - Materials
The section of the ASME BPVC consists of 4 parts.Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications
This Part is a supplementary book referenced by other sections of the Code. It provides material specifications for ferrous materials which are suitable for use in the construction of pressure vessels.[12]
The specifications contained is this Part specify the mechanical properties, heat treatment, heat and product chemical composition and analysis, test specimens, and methodologies of testing. The designation of the specifications start with 'SA' and a number which is taken from the ASTM 'A' specifications.[12]
Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications
This Part is a supplementary book referenced by other sections of the Code. It provides material specifications for nonferrous materials which are suitable for use in the construction of pressure vessels.[12]
The specifications contained is this Part specify the mechanical properties, heat treatment, heat and product chemical composition and analysis, test specimens, and methodologies of testing. The designation of the specifications start with 'SB' and a number which is taken from the ASTM 'B' specifications.[12]
Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals
This Part is a supplementary book referenced by other sections of the Code. It provides mechanical properties, heat treatment, heat and product chemical composition and analysis, test specimens, and methodologies of testing for welding rods, filler metals and electrodes used in the construction of pressure vessels.[12]
The specifications contained is this Part are designated with 'SFA' and a number which is taken from theAmerican Welding Society(AWS) specifications.[12]
Part D - Properties (Customary/Metric)
This Part is a supplementary book referenced by other sections of the Code. It provides tables for the design stress values, tensile and yield stress values as well as tables for material properties (Modulus of Elasticity, Coefficient of heat transfer et al.)[12]
4.4 ASME BPVC Section III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility
Components
Section III of the ASME Code Address the rules for construction of nuclear facility components and supports. The components and supports covered by section III are intended to be installed in a nuclear power system that serves the purpose of producing and controlling the output of thermal energy from nuclear fuel and those associated systems essential to safety of nuclear power system. Section III provides requirements for new construction of nuclear power system considering mechanical and thermal stresses due to cyclic operation. Deterioration, which may occur in service as result of radiation effects, corrosion, or instability of the material, is typically not addressed.
• Subsection NCA (General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2) • NCA-1000 Scope of Section III
• NCA-2000 Classification of Components and Supports • NCA-3000 Responsibilities and Duties
• NCA-4000 Quality Assurance • NCA-5000 Authorized Inspection
• NCA-8000 Certificates, Nameplates, Code Symbol Stamping, and Data Reports • NCA-9000 Glossary
• Division 1- Metallic Components
• Subsection NB Class 1 components (Those components that are part of the fluid-retaining pres-sure boundary of the reactor coolant system. Failure of this prespres-sure boundary would violate the integrity of the reactor coolant pressure boundary)
• Reactor Pressure Vessel • Pressurizer Vessel • Steam Generators • Reactor Coolant Pumps • Reactor Coolant Piping • Line Valves
• Safety Valves
• Subsection NC Class 2 components (Those components that are not part of the reactor coolant pressure boundary, but are important for reactor shutdown, emergency core cooling, post-accident containment heat removal, or post-accident fission product removal)
• Emergency Core Cooling • Post Accident Heat Removal
• Post Accident Fission Product Removal
• Includes Vessels, Pumps, Valves, Piping, Storage Tanks, and Supports
• Subsection ND Class 3 components (Those components that are not part of class 1 or 2 but are important to safety)
• Cooling Water Systems • Auxiliary Feedwater Systems
• Includes Vessels, Pumps,Valves, Piping, Storage Tanks, and Supports • Subsection NE Class MC supports
4.5. ASME BPVC SECTION V - NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION 19
• Penetration Assemblies (Does not include piping, pumps and valves which if passing through thecontainment must be class 1 or class 2)
• Subsection NF Supports • Plate and Shell Type • Linear Type • Standar Supports
• Support Class is the class of the Component Supported • Subsection NG Core Support Structures (class CS)
• Core Support Structures • Reactor Vessel Internals
• Subsection NH Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service (Those components that are used in elevated temperature service)
• Elevated Temperature Components • Service Temperature over 800°F • Appendices[13]
4.5 ASME BPVC Section V - Nondestructive Examination
The section of the ASME BPVC contains the requirements for nondestructive examinations which are referred and required by other sections of the Code.[14]
The section also covers the suppliers examination responsibilities, requirements of the authorized inspectors (AI) as well as the requirements for the qualification of personnel, inspection and examinations.[14][15]
4.6 ASME BPVC Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure
Ves-sels
The section of the ASME BPVC consists of 3 divisions.[16]
4.6.1
ASME Section VIII Division 1
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and nonmandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15 psi (100 kPa).[9]
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired.[16]The pressure may be from external sources, or by the application
of heating from an indirect or direct source, or any combination thereof.[9]
The Division is not numbered in the traditional method (Part 1, Part 2 etc.) but is structured with Subsections and Parts which consist of letters followed by a number. The structure is as follows:[9]
• Subsection A - General Requirements
• Part UG - General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials • Materials: UG-4 through to UG-15
• Design: UG-16 through to UG-35
• Braced and Stayed Surfaces: UG-47 through to UG-50 • Fabrication: UG-75 through to UG-85
• Inspection and Tests: UG-90 through to UG-103 • Marking and Reports: UG-115 through to UG-120 • Overpressure Protection: UG125 through to UG-140
• Subsection B - Requirements Pertaining to Methods of Fabrication of Pressure Vessels • Part UW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Welding
• General: UW-1 through to UW-3 • Materials: UW-5
• Design: UW-8 through to UW-21 • Fabrication: UW-26 through to UW-42
• Inspection and Tests: UW-46 through to UW-54 • Marking and Reports: UW-60
• Pressure Relief Devices: UW-65
• Part UF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Forging • General: UF-1
• Materials: UF-5 through to UF-7 • Design: UF-12 through to UF-25 • Fabrication: UF-26 through to UF-43
• Inspection and Tests: UF-45 through to UF-55 • Marking and Reports: UF-115
• Pressure Relief Devices: UF-125
• Part UB - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Brazing • General: UB-1 through to UB-3
• Materials: UB-5 through to UB-7 • Design: UB-9 through to UB-22 • Fabrication: UB-30 through to UB-37
• Inspection and Tests: UB-40 through to UB-50 • Marking and Reports: UB-55
• Pressure Relief Devices: UB-60
• Subsection C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials
• Part UCS - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels • General: UCS-1
• Materials: UCS-5 through to UCS-12 • Design: UCS-16 through to UCS-57
• Low Temperature Operation: UCS-65 through to UCS-68 • Fabrication: UCS-75 through to UCS-85
• Inspection and Tests: UCS-90 • Marking and Reports: UCS-115 • Pressure Relief Devices: UCS-125
• Nonmandatory Appendix CS: UCS-150 through to UCS-160
4.6. ASME BPVC SECTION VIII - RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS 21
• General: UNF-1 through to UNF-4 • Materials: UNF-5 through to UNF-15 • Design: UNF-16 through to UNF-65 • Fabrication: UNF-75 through to UNF-79
• Inspection and Tests: UNF-90 through to UNF-95 • Marking and Reports: UNF-115
• Pressure Relief Devices: UNF-125
• Appendix NF: Characteristics of the Nonferrous Materials (Informative and Nonmanda-tory)
• Part UHA Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel • General: UHA-1 through to UHA-8
• Materials: UHA-11 through to UHA-13 • Design: UHA-20 through to UHA-34 • Fabrication: UHA-40 through to UHA-44
• Inspection and Tests: UHA-50 through to UHA-52 • Marking and Reports: UHA-60
• Pressure Relief Devices: UHA-65
• Appendix HA: Suggestions on the Selection and Treatment of Austenitic Chromium– Nickel and Ferritic and Martensitic High Chromium Steels (Informative and Nonmanda-tory)
• Part UCI - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Iron • General: UCI-1 through to UCI-3
• Materials: UCI-5 through to UCI-12 • Design: UCI-16 through to UCI-37 • Fabrication: UCI-75 through to UCI-78
• Inspection and Tests: UCI-90 through to UCI-101 • Marking and Reports: UCI-115
• Pressure Relief Devices: UCI-125
• Part UCL - Requirements for Welded Pressure Vessels Constructed of Material With Corrosion Resistant Integral Cladding, Weld Metal Overlay Cladding, or With Applied Linings
• General: UCL-1 through to UCL-3 • Materials: UCL-10 through to UCL-12 • Design: UCL-20 through to UCL-27 • Fabrication: UCL-30 through to UCL-46
• Inspection and Tests: UCL-50 through to UCL-52 • Marking and Reports: UCL-55
• Pressure Relief Devices: UCL-60
• Part UCD - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Ductile Iron • General: UCD-1 through to UCD-3
• Materials: UCD-5 through to UCD-12 • Design: UCD-16 through to UCD-37 • Fabrication: UCD-75 through to UCD-78
• Inspection and Tests: UCD-90 through to UCD-101 • Marking and Reports: UCD-115
• Pressure Relief Devices: UCD-125
• Part UHT Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Ferritic Steels With Tensile Properties Enhanced by Heat Treatment.
• General: UHT-1
• Materials: UHT-5 through to UHT-6 • Design: UHT-16 through to UHT-57 • Fabrication: UHT-75 through to UHT-86 • Inspection and Tests: UHT-90
• Marking and Reports: UHT-115 • Pressure Relief Devices: UHT-125
• Part ULW Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Layered Construction • Introduction: ULW-1 through to ULW-2
• Materials: ULW-5
• Design: ULW-16 through to ULW-26 • Welding: ULW-31 through to ULW-33
• Nondestructive Examination of Welded Joints: ULW-50 through to ULW-57 • Fabrication: ULW-75 through to ULW-78
• Inspection and Tests: ULW-90 • Marking and Reports: ULW-115 • Pressure Relief Devices: ULW-125
• Part ULT Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Materials Having Higher Allow-able Stresses at Low Temperature
• General: ULT-1 through to ULT-5 • Design: ULT-16 through to ULT-57 • Fabrication: ULT-76 through to ULT-86
• Inspection and Tests: ULT-90 through to ULT-100 • Marking and Reports: ULT-115
• Pressure Relief Devices: ULT-125
• Part UHX - Rules for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
• Part UIG - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Impregnated Graphite • General: UIG-1 through to UIG-3
• Materials: UIG-5 through to UIG-8 • Design: UIG-22 through to UIG-60 • Fabrication: UIG-75 through to UIG-84
• Inspection and Tests: UIG-90 through to UIG-112 • Marking and Reports: UIG-115 through to UIG-121 • Pressure Relief Devices: UIG-125
• MANDATORY APPENDICES: 1 through to 44 • NONMANDATORY APPENDICES: A through to NN
4.6.2
Division 2 - Alternative Rules
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and nonmandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15 psi (103 kPa).[17]
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired.[16]The pressure may be from external sources, or by the application
of heating from an indirect or direct source as a result of a process, or any combination of the two.[17]
The rules contained in this section can be used as an alternative to the minimum requirements specified in Division 1. Generally the Division 2 rules are more onerous than in Division 1 with respect to materials, design and nondestructive examinations but higher design stress intensity values are allowed.[16] Division 2 has also provisions for the use of
finite element analysisto determine expected stress in pressure equipment, in addition to the traditional approach of design by formula (Part 5: “Design by Analysis requirements”).
4.7. SEE ALSO 23
4.6.3
Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels
This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and nonmandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 10,000 psi (70,000 kPa).[18]
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired.[16]The pressure may be from external sources, by the application
of heating from an indirect or direct source, process reaction or any combination thereof.[18]
4.7 See also
• Pressure Equipment Directive
• List of welding codes
• EN 13445
• PD 5500
4.8 References
[1] Antaki, George A. (2003).Piping and pipeline engineering: design, construction, maintenance, integrity, and repair. Marcel Dekker Inc.
[2] ASME Codes and Standards
[3] Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspection According to ASME
[4] Balmer, Robert T (2010). Modern Engineering Thermodynamics. 13.10 Modern Steam Power Plants: Academic Press. p. 864.ISBN 978-0-12-374996-3.
[5] Varrasi, John (June 2009). “To Protect and Serve - Celebrating 125 Years Of Asme Codes & Standards”. MEMagazine. [6] Canonico, Domenic A. (February 2000). “The Origins of ASME’s Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code”. MEMagazine. [7] “Setting the Standard”. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
[8] “Standards and Certification Chronology”. History of ASME Standards. ASME. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
[9] An International Code 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
-Division 1. ASME. July 1, 2011.
[10] “Codes & Standards Interpretations On-Line”. Codes and Standards Electronic Tools. ASME International. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
[11] “Code Cases of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code”. ASME. Retrieved 7 November 2011. [12] “II. Materials”. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - 2010 Edition. ASME. Retrieved 9 November 2011. [13] §
[14] “V. Nondestructive Examinations”. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - 2010 Edition. ASME. Retrieved 9 November 2011. [15] §§§§
[16] “VIII. Pressure Vessels - Division 1”. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code - 2010 Edition. ASME. Retrieved 9 November 2011. [17] An International Code 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
-Division 2: Alternative Rules. ASME. July 1, 2011.
[18] An International Code 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
Oil Industry Safety Directorate
The Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) is a regulatory and technical directorate inIndia. It was established in 1986 byMinistry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.[1][2][3]The OISD formulates and implements safety standards for
the oil industry.
5.1
Overview
The main responsibilities OISD are: • Standardization;
• Formulation of the disaster management plan; • Accident analysis;
• Evaluation of safety performance.[1]
OISD has framed rules and guidelines for safe distances to be observed for various facilities in an oil installation. All the newliquefied petroleum gas(LPG) bottling plants in India are designed based on the guidelines of OISD. Further, The LPG plants can be started only after the approval of OISD. OISD has also issued guidelines for the safe operations ofpetrol stationsand standards related to petroleum installations.[2]
5.2 See also
• Energy law• Petroleum And Explosives Safety Organisation
• Petrol stations in India
5.3 References
[1] Verma, Anil (1997). Challenge of change: industrial relations in Indian industry. Allied Publishers. pp. 227–228.ISBN 9788170236511.
[2] Naseem, Mohammad (2011).Energy Law in India. Kluwer Law International. p. 131.ISBN 9789041133793.
[3] P Saikia, Siddhartha (November 24, 2010).“Oil, gas installations to come under safety directorate”.Financial Chronicle. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
5.4. EXTERNAL LINKS 25
5.4 External links
International Organization for
Standardization
“ISO” redirects here. For other uses, seeISO (disambiguation).
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is aninternational standard-setting body composed of representatives from various nationalstandards organizations.
Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promotes worldwide proprietary, industrial and commercialstandards. It is headquartered inGeneva, Switzerland,[2]and as of 2013 works in 164 countries.[4]
It was one of the first organizations grantedgeneral consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
6.1 Name and abbreviations
The three official languages of the ISO areEnglish,French, andRussian.[3]The name of the organization in French is
Organisation internationale de normalisation, and in Russian, Международная организация по стандартизации. According to the ISO, as its name in different languages would have different abbreviations (“IOS” in English, “OIN” in French, etc.), the organization adopted “ISO” as its abbreviated name in reference to the Greek word isos (ἴσος, meaning equal).[5]However, during the meetings founding the new organization and choosing its name, this Greek
word was not evoked, so this explanation may have been imagined later.[6]
Both the name “ISO” and the logo are registered trademarks, and their use is restricted.[7]
6.2 History
The organization today known as ISO began in 1926 as the International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations (ISA). It was suspended in 1942[8] duringWorld War II, but after the war ISA was approached by
the recently formed United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee (UNSCC) with a proposal to form a new global standards body. In October 1946, ISA and UNSCC delegates from 25 countries met in London and agreed to join forces to create the new International Organization for Standardization; the new organization officially began operations in February 1947.[9]
6.3 Structure
ISO is a voluntary organization whose members are recognized authorities on standards, each one representing one country. Members meet annually at a General Assembly to discuss ISO’s strategic objectives. The organization is coordinated by a Central Secretariat based inGeneva.[10]
6.4. MEMBERSHIP 27
Plaque marking the building inPraguewhere the ISO’s predecessor, the ISA, was founded. (Click to enlarge / read.)
A Council with a rotating membership of 20 member bodies provides guidance and governance, including setting the Central Secretariat’s annual budget.[10][11]
The Technical Management Board is responsible for over 250 technical committees, who develop the ISO standards.[10][12][13][14]
6.3.1
IEC joint committees
ISO has formed joint committees with theInternational Electrotechnical Commission(IEC) to develop standards and terminology in the areas of electrical, electronic and related technologies.
ISO/IEC JTC 1 Information technology Main article:ISO/IEC JTC 1
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) was created in 1987 to "[d]evelop, maintain, promote and facilitate IT standards”.[15]
ISO/IEC JTC 2
Joint Project Committee – Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 2 (JTC 2) was created in 2009 for the purpose of "[s]tandardization in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources”.[16]
6.4 Membership
ISO has 164national members,[17]out of the206total countries in the world.
ISO has three membership categories:[17]
• Member bodies are national bodies considered the most representative standards body in each country. These are the only members of ISO that have voting rights.
• Correspondent members are countries that do not have their own standards organization. These members are informed about ISO’s work, but do not participate in standards promulgation.
ISO member countries with a national standards body and ISO voting rights. Correspondent members (countries without a national standards body). Subscriber members (countries with small economies).
Non-member countries withISO 3166-1codes.
• Subscriber members are countries with small economies. They pay reduced membership fees, but can follow the development of standards.
Participating members are called “P” members, as opposed to observing members, who are called “O” members.
6.5 Financing
ISO is funded by a combination of:[18]
• Organizations that manage the specific projects or loan experts to participate in the technical work.
• Subscriptions from member bodies. These subscriptions are in proportion to each country’sgross national productand trade figures.
• Sale of standards.
6.6 International Standards and other publications
See also:List of International Organization for Standardization standardsISO’s main products are international standards. ISO also publishes technical reports, technical specifications, publicly available specifications, technicalcorrigenda, and guides.[19][20]
International standards These are designated using the format ISO[/IEC] [/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:[yyyy] Title, where nnnnn is the number of the standard, p is an optional part number, yyyy is the year published, and Title describes the subject. IEC forInternational Electrotechnical Commissionis included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC1 (the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee). ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) is used for standards developed in cooperation withASTM International. yyyy and IS are not used for an incomplete or unpublished standard and may under some circumstances be left off the title of a published work.
Technical reports These are issued when a technical committee or subcommittee has collected data of a different kind from that normally published as an International Standard,[19] such as references and explanations. The
6.7. STANDARDIZATION PROCESS 29
naming conventions for these are the same as for standards, except TR prepended instead of IS in the report’s name.
For example:
• ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security Management
• ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation — Metadata for construction documentation
Technical and publicly available specifications Technical specifications may be produced when “the subject in question is still under development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possi-bility of an agreement to publish an International Standard”. A publicly available specification is usually “an intermediate specification, published prior to the development of a full International Standard, or, in IEC may be a 'dual logo' publication published in collaboration with an external organization”.[19]By convention, both
types of specification are named in a manner similar to the organization’s technical reports. For example:
• ISO/TS 16952-1:2006 Technical product documentation — Reference designation system — Part 1: General application rules
• ISO/PAS 11154:2006 Road vehicles — Roof load carriers
Technical corrigenda ISO also sometimes issues “technical corrigenda” (where “corrigenda” is the plural ofcorrigendum). These are amendments made to existing standards due to minor technical flaws, usability improvements, or limited-applicability extensions. They are generally issued with the expectation that the affected standard will be updated or withdrawn at its next scheduled review.[19]
ISO guides
These are meta-standards covering “matters related to international standardization”.[19] They are named using the
format “ISO[/IEC] Guide N:yyyy: Title”. For example:
• ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities — General vocabulary • ISO/IEC Guide 65:1996 General requirements for bodies operating product certification
6.6.1
Document copyright
ISO documents are copyrighted and ISO charges for most copies. It does not, however, charge for most draft copies of documents in electronic format. Although they are useful, care must be taken using these drafts as there is the possibility of substantial change before they become finalized as standards. Some standards by ISO and its official U.S. representative (and, via the U.S. National Committee, theInternational Electrotechnical Commission) are made freely available.[21][22]
6.7 Standardization process
A standard published by ISO/IEC is the last stage of a long process that commonly starts with the proposal of new work within a committee. Here are some abbreviations used for marking a standard with its status:[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
• PWI - Preliminary Work Item
• NP or NWIP - New Proposal / New Work Item Proposal (e.g., ISO/IEC NP 23007) • AWI - Approved new Work Item (e.g., ISO/IEC AWI 15444-14)
