German

INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

GERMAN LYRIC

DICTION

WORKBOOK

A graded method of phonetic transcription which employs

frequently occurring words from German art song literature

Third Edition

Cheri Montgomery

S.T.M. Publishers Nashville, TN

PREFACE

This publication was created from the lyrics of over 1,200 art songs set by Schubert, Schumann, Brahms and Wolf. The most frequently occurring words are short in length and appear in enunciation exercises. Other commonly occurring words are introduced in graded order and categorized according to German speech sounds as defined by the International Phonetic Alphabet. A study of articulatory phonetics is provided and includes consonant and vowel charts for student application and definition of terms.

Consecutive units highlight a specified group of symbols providing enunciation instructions with transcribed exercises, rules for transcription, in-class application and individually assigned word lists. Units progress in cumulative order culminating with exercises which allow students to enunciate short phrases and lyrics from German art song literature. This method includes five units dedicated to helping students recognize elements of the German language. Familiarity is gained as numerous words are encountered. Accurate transcription and proficiency of memorized rules is assessed through enunciation.

Common exceptions to the rules for transcription are outlined and occur throughout the text. The open vowel exceptions are prevalent. It is beneficial to memorize them at the onset of the course. A review of rules and list of exceptions are provided for easy reference. The answer key is also available for alternate lesson plans which may include student grading and board work.

I am grateful for instruction received from Mr. Philip Highfill. Kristina Hinneburg provided indications for stressed syllables. I owe special thanks to Mr. Archie Kliewer for his time in editing text and translation.

The German Lyric Diction Workbook introduces students to the major elements of the German language through transcription and enunciation of a basic lyric vocabulary. It works consecutively within our series of workbooks created for lyric diction courses.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit

Topic

Section

Page

1 Classification of symbols Pronunciation guide 1

Consonant charts 4

Application of rules 5

Vowel charts/Application 6

Monophthongs:

2 Voiced alveolar trill [|] and vowel [ä] Enunciation exercises 7 Rules for transcription 8

Application of rules 9 Individual exercises 10

3 Voiceless palatal fricative [1] and Enunciation exercises 16

voiceless velar fricative [U] Rules for transcription 17

Application of rules 18 Individual exercises 19

Review Units 1 - 3 Practice quiz 25

4 Long closed front [i:], short open Enunciation exercises 27

front [N], [h] and glottal stop [/] Rules for transcription 28 Application of rules 29 Individual exercises 30

5 Long closed front [e:], short open Enunciation exercises 36

front [D], schwa [B], [v] and [f] Rules for transcription 37 Application of rules 38 Individual exercises 39

6 Long closed back [u:], short open Enunciation exercises 45

back [L], [G], [s] and the Eszett: ß Rules for transcription 46 Application of rules 47 Individual exercises 48

7 Long closed back [o:], short open Enunciation exercises 54

back [C], [z] and [ts] Rules for transcription 55

Application of rules 56 Individual Exercises 57

Review Units 4 - 7 Practice quiz 63

8 Long closed mixed [y:], short open Enunciation exercises 64

mixed [Y], [j], final -ie and -ik and Rules for transcription 65

consonant blends with

p

Application of rules 66

Individual exercises 67

9 Long closed mixed [V:], short open Enunciation exercises 73

mixed [Z], [E] and [k] Rules for transcription 74

Application of rules 75 Individual exercises 76

Unit

Topic

Section

Page

10 Long dark back [A:], short bright Enunciation exercises 82

front [a], long open front [D:], short Rules for transcription 83

open front [D] and th Application of rules 84

Individual exercises 85

11 Diphthongs: [ae], [Ao] and [CV], Enunciation exercises 91

unvoicing of b, d, g and the sounds Rules for transcription 92

of c Application of rules 93

Individual exercises 94

Review Units 8 - 11 Practice quiz 100

Words Containing Multiple Elements:

12 Identifying multiple elements Enunciation exercises 101

Rules for transcription 102 Application of rules 103 Individual exercises 104

13 Open vowel prefixes and prefixes Enunciation exercises 110

with diphthongs Rules for transcription 111

Application of rules 112 Individual exercises 113

14 Closed vowel prefixes Enunciation exercises 119

Rules for transcription 120 Application of rules 121 Individual exercises 122

15 Suffixes Enunciation exercises 128

Rules for transcription 129 Application of rules 130

Individual exercises 131

Review Units 12 - 15 Practice quiz 137

16 Inflectional endings Enunciation exercises 138

Rules for transcription 139 Application of rules 140

Individual exercises 141

17 Unvoicing, l, r, n and the apostrophe Enunciation exercises 147 Rules for transcription 148 Application of rules 149

Individual exercises 150

18 Compound words Enunciation exercises 156

Rules for transcription 157 Application of rules 157

Individual exercises 158

vi

Unit

Topic

Section

Page

19 Phrases from German art song literature 165

Review Units 1 - 19 Practice Quiz 178

20 Lyrics from German art song literature 185

German Vowel Chart 206

Review of Rules 208 Closed and Open Vowel Exceptions 210 Frequently Occurring Words 212

ANSWER KEY

Unit

Topic

Page

1 Classification of Symbols 214

2 Voiced alveolar trill [|] and vowel [ä] 215

3 Voiceless palatal fricative [1] and voiceless velar fricative [U] 218

Review Units 1 - 3 220

4 Long closed front [i:], short open front [N], [h] and glottal stop [/] 220 5 Long closed front [e:], short open front [D], schwa [B], [v] and [f] 223 6 Long closed back [u:], short open back [L], [G], [s] and the Eszett: ß 225

7 Long closed back [o:], short open back [C], [z] and [ts] 227

Review Units 4 - 7 230

8 Long closed mixed [y:], short open mixed [Y], [j], final -ie and -ik and p 230

9 Long closed mixed [V:], short open mixed [Z], [E] and [k] 232

10 Long dark back [A:], short bright front [a], ä and th 235

11 Diphthongs: [ae], [Ao] and [CV], unvoicing of b, d, g and the sounds of c 237

Review Units 8 - 11 239

12 Identifying multiple elements 240

13 Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs 242

14 Closed vowel prefixes 244

15 Suffixes 247

Review Units 12 - 15 249

16 Inflectional endings 249

17 Unvoicing, l, r, n and the apostrophe 252

18 Compound words 254

Review Units 16 - 18 256

19 Phrases from German art song literature 257

Review Units 1 - 19 263

20 Lyrics from German art song literature 269

Supplemental Resources 279 Bibliography 282

INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

GERMAN LYRIC DICTION

WORKBOOK

viii

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

Discussion of Terms

IPA stands for the International Phonetic Alphabet. It was instituted by the International Phonetic Association

around 1888. Each symbol stands for one phonetic sound and is enclosed in brackets.

Pronunciation: conversion of letters into the proper choice of speech sounds as represented by IPA Enunciation and Articulation: the act of speaking or singing phonetic sounds

Expression: the act of conveying mood, color and sentiment of lyric texts

Monophthong: a vowel sound which maintains one articulatory position throughout the course of a syllable –

diphthongs contain two vowel sounds, triphthongs three

Aspirate: a consonant which is sounded with an audible release of breath (English p, t, k) Prevocalic: refers to a consonant which precedes a vowel sound

Intervocalic: refers to a consonant which stands between vowel sounds Postvocalic: refers to a consonant which follows a vowel sound

Initial: the first letter or sound of a word

Medial: a letter or sound in the middle of a word Final: the last letter or sound of a word

Introduction to German Lyric Diction

Most German sounds are familiar to the English speaking singer. German and English share many of the same words, word origins, grammar characteristics and a primary stress of the first syllable. Qualities unique to German include: distinct formation and forward placement of vowels, prevalent use of double consonants and consonant clusters and a frequent occurrence of words with multiple elements.

Characteristics of the German language

1) All nouns are capitalized

2) German uses several letters in addition to the English alphabet: Umlaut ä, ö, ü and Eszett ß

3) Sounds not familiar to English include the ich Laut [1], ach Laut [U], long vowels [:], double consonants and mixed vowels [y:], [Y], [V:] and [Z]

4) Vowels are precise, pure, and highly resonated

5) Consonants are articulated in a quick, crisp and clear manner 6) An aspirate quality is required for consonants p, t and k 7) An alveolar point of contact is required for d and t 8) Dental articulation is required for voiced lateral l

9) Long vowels and double consonants require a lengthening of the sound

Warnings

1) Do not diphthongize monophthongs

2) Do not assign a medial placement to vowel sounds 3) Do not omit consonants from consonant clusters

4) Do not allow an intervening pause or schwa to divide consonant clusters 5) Do not substitute an English consonantal point of contact for German dental l

Formation of the phonetic symbols:

1) Form the symbols from the top down and include brackets at the beginning and end of the transcription. Details are important. For example: [r] with a stem is rolled r while [|] without a stem is flipped r. 2) The symbols must be formed with accuracy: [F] and [z] represent two different sounds.

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

FRONT VOWELS

IPA ENGLISH GERMAN

[iÉ]

eat, greet

ihm, Liebe, dir

[/iÉm]

[liÉbE]

[diÉä]

[I]

bit, quick

Kind, Himmel

[kInt]

[hImmEl]

[eÉ]

chaos, décor

mehr, Leben, Seele

[meÉ|]

[leÉbEn] [zeÉlE]

[‹] / [‹:]

met, friend

Herz, Maádchen

[h‹|ts]

[m‹ÉtCEn]

[a]

Wald, Schatten

[valt] [GattEn]

BACK VOWELS

[uÉ]

food, blue

Uhr, Blume

[/uÉ|]

[bluÉmE]

[ç]

look, put

Duft, Stunde

[dçft]

[GtçndE]

[oÉ]

obey, protect

Sohn, Vogel, Boot

[zoÉn] [foÉgEl]

[boÉt]

[O]

talk, ought

Wonne, Morgen

[vOnnE]

[mO|gEn]

[AÉ]

father, hot

Jahr, Abend, Saal

2

MIXED VOWELS

IPA ENGLISH GERMAN

[yÉ]

fruáh, Hügel

[f|yÉ]

[hyÉgEl]

[Y]

Glück, Lüfte

[glYkk] [lYftE]

[VÉ]

schoán, fröhlich

[GVÉn] [f|VÉlIC]

[{]

öffnen, Toáchter

[/{ffnEn]

[t{CtEä]

CENTRAL VOWELS

[E]

sofa, angel

meine, gegeben

[maenE]

[gE'geÉbEn]

[ä]

für, wandern

[fyÉä]

[vandEän]

DENTAL CONSONANTS

₍

_{The following consonants are classified as}

dental in German but alveolar in English)

[z]

Sonne, weise

[zOnnE]

[vaezE]

[s]

Fest, Haus, müssen

[f‹st] [hAos]

[mYssEn]

[l]

Lied, als, stille

[liÉt]

[/als]

[GtIllE]

ALVEOLAR CONSONANT

[|]

thread, throne

recht, Frieden, Herr

PREPALATAL CONSONANTS

[G]

short, passion

Stein, spricht, rasch

[Gtaen]

[

Gp|ICt] [|aG]

[tG]

chair, latch

Deutsch, plätschert

[dOVtG]

[pl‹tGEät]

PALATAL CONSONANTS

[C]

huge, humor

gleich, nicht ewig

[glaeC] [nICt]

[/eÉvIC]

[j]

yet, year

jung, Jäger

[jçN] [j‹ÉgEä]

VELAR CONSONANTS

[X]

Buch, machen

[buÉX]

[maXEn]

[N]

finger, link

Engel, danke

[/‹NEl]

[daNkE]

GLOTTAL STOP

[/]

age, ever

Auge, einander

[/AogE][/aen'/andEä]

DIACRITIAL MARKS

[:]

Long vowel

Meer, Wogen

[meÉ|]

[voÉgEn]

[']

Stressed

return, again

Gesicht,

*

zurück

syllable

[¨I'tMn]

[/H'g‹n]

[gE'zICt] [tsu'|Ykk]

Indications for transcription: In German the first syllable is usually accented.

Stress on a following syllable is indicated in the text by an underlined vowel.

* Vowel length: Unstressed syllables may not require the long vowel mark

following closed or dark vowels (check dictionary).

16 Enunciation Exercises

UNIT 3: Voiceless palatal fricative [1] & voiceless velar fricative [U]

Guidelines for enunciation:

Voiceless palatal fricative [1]

Articulation: With tongue tip touching lower front teeth, arch the back of the tongue toward hard palate

allowing space between the articulators (assume tongue position of [j], initial sound of the word you). Direct a voiceless stream of air between the articulators. The sound is similar to the h of humor and hue.

Warning: Do not replace [1] with prepalatal fricative [G] (initial sound of the word she). The ich-Laut

should maintain a clean aspiration without interfering liquid sounds.

Voiceless velar fricative [U]

Articulation: With tongue tip touching lower front teeth, arch the back of the tongue toward the soft

palate allowing space between the articulators. Direct a voiceless stream of air through the narrowed passageway.

Warning: Do not allow the articulators to contact – this would form a velar stop [k]. The ach-Laut

should maintain a clean aspiration without interfering guttural sounds.

Enunciate the following frequently occurring words which contain [1] and [U]:

[1]

[U]

[1]

1. ich (I) Nacht (night) König (king)

[/N1] [naUt] [kV:nN1]

2. gleich (same) hoch (high) Gesicht (face)

[glae1] [ho:U] [gB'zN1t]

3. mich (me) Sehnsucht (longing) ewig (eternal)

[mN1] [ze:nzuUt] [/e:vN1]

4. euch (you) auch (also) leichten (easy)

[/CV1] [/AoU] [lae1tBn]

5. nicht (not) sprach (spoke) ruhig (calmly)

[nN1t] [Gp|A:U] [|u:N1]

6. durch (through) noch (still) freundlich (friendly)

[dL|1] [nCU] [f|CVntlN1]

7. sich (itself) macht (makes) Bächlein (little brook)

[zN1] [maUt] [bD1laen]

8. Licht (light) doch (however) fröhlich (merrily)

[lN1t] [dCU] [f|V:lN1]

9. schlecht (bad) Nachtigall (nightingale) Liebchen (sweetheart)

[GlD1t] [naUtNgall] [li:p1Bn]

10. dich (you) lacht (laughs) selig (blessed)

[dN1] [laUt] [ze:lN1]

11. reich (rich) ach (oh) endlich (at last)

[|ae1] [/aU] [/DntlN1]

12. bricht (breaks) nach (after) traurig (sadly)

RULES FOR TRANSCRIPTION

VOICELESS PALATAL FRICATIVE

[1]

front or mixed vowel + ch:

Licht

[lN1t] möchte [mZ1tB]

(Exception:

ach

is [aU])

consonant + ch:

welch

[vDl1]

TRANSCRIPTION OF -ig

[N1]

[Ng]

[Nk]

final -ig

-ig

+ consonant

-ig + vowel

-ig + lich

-ig + reich

König

Königs

Königin

königlich

Königreich

[kV:nN1]

[kV:nN1s]

[kV:nNgNn]

[kV:nNklN1]

[kV:nNk|ae1]

VOICELESS VELAR FRICATIVE

[U]

back vowel + ch:

Hauch

[hAoU]

a

+ ch:

Nacht

[naUt]

Spellings for ich-Laut and ach-Laut:

[1]

[U]

i

+ ch

spricht

[Gp|N1t]

a

+ ch

Pracht

[p|aUt]

ie + ch

kriecht

[k|i:1t]

o + ch

doch

[dCU]

e + ch

recht

[|D1t]

u + ch

Frucht

[f|LUt]

ä + ch

Bäche

[bD1B]

au + ch

auch

[/AoU]

ö

+ ch

höchste

[hV:1stB]

ü

+ ch

flücht

[flY1t]

ei + ch

leicht

[lae1t]

eu + ch

euch

[/CV1]

äu + ch

Bräuche [b|CV1B]

cons. + ch Lerche

[lD|1B]

Note: chs within the root is [ks]: Achse, Achsel, Büchse, Dachs, Flachs, Fuchs,

18 Application of Rules

CLASS WORK #3:

Voiceless palatal fricative [1], voiceless velar fricative [U]

Provide IPA:

1. herzig

(sweet)

10. wacht

(wakes)

[hD|tsN ]

[va t]

2. leuchten

(to shine)

11. möcht

(would like to)

[lCV tBn]

[mZ t]

3. Schlacht

(battle)

12. bleich

(pale)

[Gla t]

[blae ]

4. heilige

(holy)

13. inniglich

(dearly)

[haelN B]

[/NnnN lN ]

5. rechte

(right)

14. Tochter

(daughter)

[|D tB]

[tC tBä]

6. Brauch

(usage)

15. Gesträuche

(shrubs)

[b|Ao ]

[gB'Gt|CV B]

7. horch

(listen)

16. Früchte

(fruits)

[hC| ]

[f|Y tB]

8. Luchs

(lynx)

17. lächelt

(smiles)

[lL s]

[lD Blt]

9. einzig

(only)

18. nichts

(nothing)

UNIT 6: Long closed back [u:] and short open back [L]

Guidelines for enunciation:

Back vowels

The term back vowel refers to a back arch of the tongue (front and back designations indicate tongue arch, not placement). Closed [u:] requires the most backed arching of the tongue and a small space between rounded lips. Open [L] maintains a progressively taller proximity between articulators. The tongue arch moves slightly farther forward for closed [o:] with a small space between rounded lips. Open [C] maintains a progressively taller proximity between articulators.

Long closed back [u:]

Description: German long closed back [u:] requires distinct lip rounding with frontal placement.

Enunciation: With soft palate raised and tongue tip touching lower front teeth, protrude and round lips into

a “whistle” position. The lips maintain a circular shape with the sensation of no mouth corners. Vocalized tone is directed toward the upper front teeth.

Warning: A delayed lip rounding would result in diphthongization of [u:]. Maintain vowel quality

throughout vocalization. Do not sing [u:] with the upper lip curled down over the front teeth. Do not nasalize [u:] or mix with [i:]. Do not weaken the vowel quality of [u] in unstressed syllables.

Exercise: Contrast German/English words: du / you, zu / to, tut / do, nun / noon, Blume / bloom, Fuß / food

Short open back [L]

Enunciation: Follow enunciation instructions for [u:] with a lowered jaw position. German [L] is formed

with more lip rounding than its English counterpart. In speech, English [L] of should maintains a relaxed, medial placement while German [L] of Schuld requires distinct lip rounding and pointed frontal placement.

Warning: Do not replace [L] with [H]: German jung is [jLE] while English young is [jHE]. Contrast German / English words: mußt / must, Mutter / mother, Lust / lust, unter / under, Wunder / wonder

Enunciate the following frequently occurring words which contain [u:] and [L]:

[u:]

[L]

[u:]

1. Flut (flood) Stunde (hour) Blumen (flowers)

[flu:t] [GtLndB] [blu:mBn]

2. du (you) zum (to the) Natur (nature)

[du:] [tsLm] [nA'tu:|]

3. Glut (glow) Kuß (kiss) rufen (to call)

[glu:t] [kLss] [|u:fBn]

4. ruh (rest) Luft (air) Suche (search)

[|u:] [lLft] [zu:UB]

5. Blut (blood) muß (must) Wehmut (melancholy)

[blu:t] [mLss] [ve:mut]

6. nun (now) und (and) genug (enough)

[nu:n] [/Lnt] [gB'nu:k]

7. gut (good) drum (around it) Ruder (rudder)

[gu:t] [d|Lm] [|u:dBä]

8. zu (to) Sturm (storm) Tugend (virtue)

[tsu:] [GtL|m] [tu:gBnt]

9. tut (do) uns (us) buhlen (to woo)

[tu:t] [/Lns] [bu:lBn]

10. Flur (hall) Lust (desire) Ufer (shore)

[flu:|] [lLst] [/u:fBä]

11. Mut (courage) um (around) trugen (carried)

[mu:t] [/Lm] [t|u:gBn]

12. Gruß (greeting) Mund (mouth) Bruder (brother)

46

RULES FOR TRANSCRIPTION

LONG CLOSED BACK

[u:]

u

+ single consonant or final:

Gute

[gu:tB] du [du:]

u

+ h:

Ruhe

[|u:B]

SHORT OPEN BACK

[L]

u

+ two or more consonants:

Luft

[lLft]

OPEN VOWEL EXCEPTIONS CLOSED VOWEL EXCEPTIONS

um [/Lm] (around) Buch/Buche [bu:U] (book/beech) Buße [bu:ssB] (repentance) zum [tsLm] (to the) Fluch [flu:U] (curse) Fuß [fu:ss] (foot) Jesus [je:zLs] (Jesus) Kuchen [ku:UBn] (cake) Gruß [g|u:ss] (greeting) rum [|Lm] (around) ruchlos [|u:Ulo:s] (wicked) Muße [mu:ssB] (leisure)

suchen [zu:UBn] (to search) husten [hu:stBn] (to cough)

Tuch [tu:U] (cloth) Schuster [Gu:stBä] (shoemaker)

Wuchs [vu:ks] (growth) Geburt [gB'bu:|t] (birth)

VOICELESS PREPALATAL FRICATIVE

[G]

Spelling sch:

Schein

[Gaen] zwischen [tsvNGBn] frisch [f|NG]

Initial st [Gt] of word or element:

stand

[Gtant]

Initial sp [Gp] of word or element:

Spiel

[Gpi:l]

Note: Medial and final st, sp and final s retain the [s] sound:

Geist

[gaest] Knospe [knCspB] Winters [vNntBäs]

THE ESZETT:

ß

[ss]

Affects preceding vowel as a doubled consonant: Roß [|Css]

CLASS WORK #6:

Long closed back [u:], short open back [L], [G], [s],

B

Provide IPA:

1. Stirn

(brow)

10. stille

(quiet)

2. Kunde

(news)

11. Rufe

(calls)

3. ruht

(rests)

12. Kuß

(kiss)

4. um

(around)

13. schnell

(fast)

5. Rubin

(ruby)

14. Kugel

(ball)

6. sucht

(s is [z])

(searches)

15. Muß

(necessity)

7. Wassers

(water’s)

16. Schwester

(sister)

8. zum

(z is [ts])

(to the)

17. Mutter

(mother)

110 Enunciation Exercises

UNIT 13: Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs

Guidelines for enunciation:

Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs

Many prefixes which contain a final single consonant are transcribed with an open vowel: mit [mNt]. Transcription of prefixes must be memorized. Each element maintains its assigned pronunciation regardless of following spellings – an open vowel prefix may be followed by an element which begins with a vowel or a consonant. For example, the vowel in hin remains open when followed by either an initial vowel as in hinauf [hNn'Aof] or an initial consonant as in Hinweis [hNnvaes].

Schwa prefixes: The schwa is a low central vowel which is difficult to sustain as required in singing. It

may be preferable to replace with [D] (see page 36).

Glottal stop: This text applies glottal stops to initial vowels words and elements. For singing, the

glottal stop should be reserved for initial vowel words or elements which are stressed within the phrase.

Enunciate the following frequently occurring words with open prefixes and diphthongs:

1.

Geliebte (true love) entlang (along) zerflossen (dissolved)

[gB'li:ptB] [/DntlaE] [tsDä'flCssBn]

2.

umfangen (surround) vergebens (in vain) angetan (each other)

[/Lm'faEBn] [fDä'ge:bBns] [/angBtA:n]

3.

hinab (down there) bedeckt (covered) unterbricht (interrupts)

[hNn'ap] [bB'dDkkt] [/LntBäb|N1t]

4.

Entzücken (delight) einander (each other) fortgegangen (went away)

[/Dnt'tsYkkBn] [/aen'/andBä] [fC|tgBgaEBn]

5.

getan (done) durchbebt (trembled) abgewandt (to turn away)

[gB'tA:n] [dL|1'be:pt] [/apgBvantt]

6.

erwacht (awaked) Abgrund (abyss) untersagt (forbidden)

[/Dä'vaUt] [/apg|Lnt] [/LntBä'zA:kt]

7.

herein (in here) beisammen (together) aufgegangen (to arise)

[hD|'aen] [bae'zammBn] [/AofgBgaEBn]

8.

erfreut (pleased) unendliche (infinite) mißgönnt (grudges)

[/Dä'f|CVt] [/Ln'/DntlN1B] [mNss'gZnnt]

9.

hinaus (outside) abwärts (downward) miteinander (with one another)

[hNn'Aos] [/apvD|ts] [mNt/aen/andBä]

10.

vergessen (to forget) zerbricht (breaks) auserwählter (more chosen)

[fDä'gDssBn] [tsDä'b|N1t] [/Aos/DävD:ltBä]

11.

Anmut (charm) begraben (buried) weggebrannt (burned away)

[/anmu:t] [bB'g|A:bBn] [vDkgBb|annt]

12.

hervor (forth) anzuziehn (rise) durchwebt (interweave)

RULES FOR TRANSCRIPTION

OPEN VOWEL PREFIXES AND PREFIXES WITH

DIPHTHONGS

Each element of a word is transcribed independently:

WORD PREFIX ROOT TRANSCRIPTION DEFINITION

vereint ver

eint

[fDä'/aent]

(united)

geheim ge

heim

[gB'haem]

(secret)

Abbild Ab

bild

[/apbNlt]

(copy)

Memorize transcriptions for the following:

OPEN/ DIPHTHONG TRANSCRIPTION MEANING

PREFIXES

ab- [/ap] off, down, away

an- [/an] at, to, on

auf- [/Aof] on, upon

aus- [/Aos] from, out, of

be- [bB] verb prefix

bei- [bae] by, near, with

durch- [dL|1] through, across

ein- [/aen] a, one

emp- [/Dmp] x

ent- [/Dnt] denotes separation

er- [/Dä] denotes start

fort- [fC|t] away, off, forth

ge- [gB] denotes collectivity

*her'- [hDä] hither, here

*hin- [hNn] away from, undone

miß- [mNss] indicates opposite

mit- [mNt] with, along with

um- [/Lm] round about, again

un- [/Ln] indicates negation

unter- [/LntBä] beneath, among

ver- [fDä] indicates change

weg- [vDk] away, gone, lost

zer- [tsDä] indicates breaking

apart of something

RULES FOR VOWEL [ä] PREFIXES

final [ä] of prefix + initial r of root word is [ä|]: Verrat [fDä'|A:t]

final [ä] of prefix + initial vowel element is [ä/]: überall [/y:bBä'/all]

* No glottal stop for initial vowel prefixes which follow her-, hin-, dar-, vor-:

112 Application of Rules

CLASS WORK #13: Open vowel prefixes and prefixes with diphthongs

Provide IPA:

1. angezogen

(attracted)

12. unbekannt

(unknown)

2. zerfloß

(dissolved)

13. beiseit

(since)

3. weggewöhnen (to know the way)

14. durchdrang

(pierced)

4. bereit

(ready)

15. eingedenk

(recalling)

5. ausgeknallt

(slammed)

16. auftut

(opens)

6. Mitgift

(dowery)

17. forttragen

(to carry away)

7. Unterschied

(difference)

18. verschlossen (locked)

8. Empfang

(reception)

19. entfliehn

(to escape)

9. umschlingt

(entwines)

20. Mißton

(tone of discord)

10. Abtei

(abbey)

21. hinwerfen

(to throw down)

UNIT 18: Compound words

Guidelines for enunciation:

Compound words

A frequent occurrence of compound words characterizes the highly descriptive nature of the German language. Compounds portray several ideas with one word. For example, a glove is a hand shoe or

Handschuh; a spiral staircase is winding steps or Wendeltreppe. German and English share many compound word equivalents: immergrün / evergreen, barfuß / barefoot, seitwärts / sideways,

Sonnenschein / sunshine, Mitternacht / midnight, Heimatland / homeland, Händedruck / handshake, Sonntag / Sunday and Meisterstück / masterpiece.

Enunciation: Accurate enunciation is dependent upon recognition of the root words. There are five

common connective spellings which are easily identifiable (see rules on page 157).

Enunciate the following frequently occurring compound words:

1.

Sonnenschein (sunshine) Lenzeszeit (spring time) Festgesang (festival song)

[zCnnBnGaen] [lDntsBstsaet] [fDstgBzaE]

2.

Morgenrot (morning glow) Widerhall (echo) himmelwärts (heaven bound)

[mC|gBn|o:t] [vi:dBähall] [hNmmBlvD|ts]

3.

willkommen (welcome) Abendschein (evening light) Liebblaublümelein (small blue flower)

[vNllkCmmBn] [/A:bBntGaen] [lipblAobly:mBlaen]

4.

Vaterland (native country) Jahreszeit (season) Schneeglöcklein (small snow bells)

[fA:tBälant] [jA:|Bstsaet] [Gne:glZkklaen]

5.

Himmelreich (heaven) wunderschönen (beautiful) Augenblick (instant)

[hNmmBl|ae1] [vLndBäGV:nBn] [/AogBnblNkk]

6.

Rosenblümelein (little rose) Allzeit (all time) Hirtenknab (shepherd boy)

[|o:zBnbly:mBlaen] [/alltsaet] [hN|tBnknA:p]

7.

Mondenschein (moon light) Herzenskind (hearts child) Blütenbaum (bloom tree)

[mo:ndBnGaen] [hD|tsBnskNnt] [bly:tBnbAom]

8.

tausendmal (thousand times) Feinslieb (fine dear) Jungfräulein (young lady)

[tAozBntmA:l] [faensli:p] [jLEf|CVlaen]

9.

Mitternacht (midnight) Hochland (high country) herzensgrund (heart reason)

[mNttBänaUt] [ho:Ulant] [hD|tsBnsg|Lnt]

10.

nimmermehr (never more) gegenwart (present) wohlgemut (cheerful)

[nNmmBäme:|] [ge:gBnva|t] [vo:lgBmu:t]

11.

Abendrot (evening glow) herzallerliebste

(heart’s

dearest) Volkslied (folk song)

[/A:bBnt|o:t] [hD|ts/allBäli:pstB] [fClksli:t]

12.

Hochzeit (wedding) barfuß (barefoot) Saitenspiel (string play)

Application of Rules 157

RULES FOR TRANSCRIPTION

COMPOUND WORDS

Each element of a compound word is transcribed independently

When identifying separate elements, watch for final -e, -en, -er, -es or -s of

initial element (er- may also be a prefix):

Rosengarten

(Rosen-garten)

As general rule, do not split a word between consonants which form blends:

Abendstern

(Abend-stern) wunderschönen (wunder-schönen) Liebeshauch (Liebes-hauch)

CLASS WORK #18: Compound words

Provide IPA:

1.

Abendlied

(evening song)

10.

Lobgesang

(hymn of praise)

2.

Geisterhauch (spirit breath)

11.

Himmelslicht

(sky light)

3.

vielgeliebten (much-loved)

12.

Schilfrohr

(reed)

4.

Jungfrau

(young lady)

13.

weitergehn

(to move on)

5.

Winternacht

(winter night)

14.

Sonnenroße

(sun horses)

6.

Blumenfeld

(field of flowers)

15.

Mondesschimmer (moon glow)

7.

Morgenröte

(morning glow)

16.

Heimweh

(homesickness)

8.

Hochzeitsfest (wedding feast)

17.

Demutsinn

(humble soul)

218 Instructor’s Manual Class work #3: Voiceless palatal fricative [1] and voiceless velar fricative [U]

1. herzig [hD|tsN 1 ] (sweet)

2. leuchten [lCV 1 tBn] (to shine)

3. Schlacht [Gla U t] (battle)

4. heilige [haelN g B] (holy)

5. rechte [|D 1 tB] (right)

6. Brauch [b|Ao U ] (usage)

7. horch [hC| 1 ] (listen)

8. Luchs [lL k s] (lynx)

9. einzig [/aentsN 1 ] (only)

10. wacht [va U t] (wakes)

11. möcht [mZ 1 t] (would like to)

12. bleich [blae 1 ] (pale)

13. inniglich [/NnnN k lN 1 ] (dearly)

14. Tochter [tC U tBä] (daughter)

15. Gesträuche [gB'Gt|CV 1 B] (shrubs)

16. Früchte [f|Y 1 tB] (fruits)

17. lächelt [lD 1 Blt] (smiles)

18. nichts [nN 1 ts] (nothing)

Class work #3: Voiceless palatal fricative [1] and voiceless velar fricative [U]

#1 #2

Bach [ba U ] (brook) Gesicht [gB'zN 1 t] (face)

durchs [dL| 1 s] (through) Nächte [nD 1 tB] (nights)

sprechen [Gp|D 1 Bn] (to speak) flüchten [flY 1 tBn] (to flee)

blutig [blu:tN 1 ] (bloody) artig [/a|tN 1 ] (well-behaved)

wächst [vD k st] (grows) schattige [GattN g B] (shady)

schleicht [Glae 1 t] (sneaks) Beichte [bae 1 tB] (confession)

krachen [k|a U Bn] (to crash) Töchtern [tZ 1 tBän] (daughters)

feuchten [fCV 1 tBn] (to moisten) sacht [za U t] (gently)

Knochen [knC U Bn] (bones) echte [/D 1 tB] (genuine)

duftig [dLftN 1 ] (fragrant) Frucht [f|L U t] (fruit)

Dichter [dN 1 tBä] (poet) manche [man 1 B] (some)

allmächtige [/all'mD 1 tN g B] (almighty) flocht [flC U t] (wove)

höchste [hV: 1 stB] (highest) Achsel [/a k sBl] (shoulder)

freudig [f|CVdN 1 ] (joyfully) lustig [lLstN 1 ] (merry)

Bruch [b|L U ] (break) königlich [kV:nN k lN 1 ] (royal)

schüchtern [GY 1 tBän] (shy) leuchtet [lCV 1 tBt] (shines)

luftiger [lLftN g Bä] (more breezy) Künftig [kYnftN 1 ] (future)

Gebrauch [gB'b|Ao U ] (use) Strauch [Gt|Ao U ] (bush)

#3 #4

fechten [fD 1 tBn] (to fence) scheuchte [GCV 1 tB] (chased away)

schlicht [GlN 1 t] (plain) Buchen [bu: U Bn] (beech trees)

Bräuch [b|CV 1 ] (customs) selige [ze:lN g B] (blessed)

nüchtern [nY 1 tBän] (sober) mutig [mu:tN 1 ] (bold)

alleinige [/al'laenN g B] (exclusive) Töchter [tZ 1 tBä] (daughters)

hauchen [hAo U Bn] (to breathe) kroch [k|C U ] (crawled)

Griechen [g|i: 1 Bn] (Greek) bändigen [bDndN g Bn] (to restrain)

welche [vDl 1 B] (which) Schächer [GD 1 Bä] (thief)

Knöchel [knZ 1 Bl] (ankles) emsig [/DmzN 1 ] (diligent)

weichen [vae 1 Bn] (to yield) Kelche [kDl 1 B] (cups)

brachte [b|A: U tB] (broke) machen [ma U Bn] (to make)

heilig [haelN 1 ] (holy) Teiche [tae 1 B] (ponds)

Fuchs [fL k s] (fox) Sprache [Gp|A: U B] (language)

rächt [|D 1 t] (revenges) flüchte [flY 1 tB] (flee)

fochten [fC U tBn] (fought) sechs [zD k s] (six)

eifrig [/aef|N 1 ] (eagerly) fertig [fD|tN 1 ] (ready)

lachende [la U BndB] (laughing) kichern [kN 1 Bän] (to giggle)

Class work #19: Phrases from German Art Song Literature

1. Sie wiegen und schmiegen [zi: vi:gBn /Lnt Gmi:gBn] (They cradle and snuggle) 2. Er löst am frühen Morgen [/e:ä lV:st /am f|y:Bn mC|gBn] (He sets sail in the morning) 3. Weit in die Ferne [vaet /Nn di: fD|nB] (Into the distance)

4. Zittern blaue Blüten [tsNttBän blAoB bly:tBn] (Tremble blue flowers) 5. Wie mit dem schönsten Los [vi: mNt de:m GV:nstBn lo:s] (As with the fairest lot) 6. Was scheuet ihr die Sonne? [vas GCVBt /i:ä di: zCnnB] (Why hide from the sun?) 7. Hauchet in die Lüfte [hAoUBt /Nn di: lYftB] (Blows in the air)

8. Weißt nur du, nur du allein [vaesst nu:| du: nu:| du: /al'laen] (Only you know, you alone) 9. Deinen Klaggesang herab [daenBn klA:kgBzaE hD|'ap] (Your sorrowful song) 10. Sehen wieder ins Gesicht [ze:Bn vi:dBä /Nns gB'zN1t] (Looking again into my face) 11. In süßer Ruh’ zusammenbog [/Nn zy:ssBä |u: tsu:'zammBnbo:k] (In sweet peace together) 12. Steh ich wieder nun [Gte: /N1 vi:dBä nu:n] (Now again I stand) 13. An das, was ich verlor [/an das vas /N1 fDä'lo:|] (Of that which I have lost) 14. Daß Blumen auferstehn [dass blu:mBn /Aof/DäGte:n] (The flowers are rising) 15. Sich müssen trennen [zN1 mYssBn t|DnnBn] (we must part)

16. Durch Feld und liebes Tal [dL|1 fDlt /Lnt li:bBs tA:l] (Through field and valley) 17. Klagen ist für Toren [klA:gBn /Nst fy:ä to:|Bn] (Complaining is for fools) 18. Grüß’ ich deine Rosenpracht [g|y:ss /N1 daenB |o:zBnp|aUt] (I greet your rosy splendor) Worksheet #19: Phrases from German art song literature

#1

Auf dieser ganzen Reise [/Aof di:zBä gantsBn |aezB] (On this whole journey) Er ist ein Springinsfeld [/e:ä /Nst /aen Gp|NENnsfDlt] (He’s a lively youth) Im roten Abendlicht [/Nm |o:tBn /A:bBntlN1t] (In the red glow of evening) Heimlich zu leben begann [haemlN1 tsu: le:bBn bB'gann] (Secretly to life began) Wenn die feuchten Augen leuchten [vDnn di: fCV1tBn /AogBn lCV1tBn] (When the moist eyes shine) Wie eine trübe Wolke [vi: /aenB t|y:bB vClkB] (As a bleak cloud)

Ziehe hin in fernes Land [tsi:B hNn /Nn fD|nBs lant] (Go to that far country) Vereinet finden kann [fDä'/aenBt fNndBn kann] (Can find united) Die Bäume wieder weiß [di: bCVmB vi:dBä vaess] (The trees again white) auf seinem Blumenthron [/Aof zaenBm blu:mBnt|o:n] (on his flowery throne) Findest du das rechte Wort [fNndBst du: das |D1tB vC|t] (You find the right word) Durch Rauschen und Singen [dL|1 |AoGBn /Lnt zNEBn] (Through rustling & singing) wo meine Rosen blühn [vo: maenB |o:zBn bly:n] (where my roses bloom) Schalle heut ein Reim allein [GallB hCVt /aen |aem /al'laen] (Let one sound be heard) Ewigen Lebens ahndevoll [/e:vNgBn le:bBns /A:ndBfCll] (Eternal life’s punishment) Sie müssen miteinander fort [zi: mYssBn mNt/aen/andBä fC|t] (They must go together) Ist ein blässer’s Lebensrot [/Nst /aen blDssBäs le:bBns|o:t] (Is a fading life’s glow) So hurtig und frisch [zo: hY|tN1 /Lnt f|NG] (So quick and fresh)

281

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adams, David A Handbook of Diction for Singers New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Cox, Richard G. The Singer’s Manual of German and French Diction G. Schirmer, New York 1970.

Graves, Paul G. German Grammar Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., New York 1990.

Langenscheidt’s Wörterbuch Deutch-English English-Deutch, Simon & Schuster Inc., New York 1993.

Moriarty, John. Diction E. C. Schirmer Music Co., Boston, Mass 1975.

Odom, William and Benno Scholloum. German for Singers Thomas Learning, Belmont, CA 1997.

Sasse, H. C., J. Horne and Charlotte Dixon. Cassell’s German English Dictionary Wiley Publishing, Inc., New York 2002.

Siebs, Theodor. Deutsche Hochsprache Buhnenaussprache Walter De Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1958.