AMTIBIOTICOS
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ANTIBIOTICOS
ANTIBIOTICOS
L a palabra
L a palabra
antibiótic
antibiótic
o proviene
o proviene de:
de:
del griego
del griego
αντί
αντί
-
-
anti
anti
, "en contra" +
, "en contra" +
βιοτικός
βιοτικός
-
-
biotikos
biotikos
, "dado a la vida
, "dado a la vida
DEFINICIÓN
DEFINICIÓN.- es una sustancia química producida por un ser vivo o
.- es una sustancia química producida por un ser vivo o
derivada sintéti
derivada sintéti
ca de e
ca de ella que a
lla que a bajas concentraciones :
bajas concentraciones :
Mata……… por su acción bactericida
Mata……… por su acción bactericida
Impide el crecimiento………. por
Impide el crecimiento………. por su acción bacteriostática
su acción bacteriostática
P
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MECANISMO DE ACCIÓN
MECANISMO DE ACCIÓN
•
•
Lo
Lo
s
s
an
an
ti
ti
bi
bi
ót
ót
ic
ic
os
os
qu
qu
e
e
ac
ac
tú
tú
an
an
en
en
la
la
pa
pa
re
re
d
d
c
c
el
el
ul
ul
ar
ar
:
:
En
En
éste grupo se encuentran los agentes que son capace
éste grupo se encuentran los agentes que son capace
s
s
de inhibir la síntesis del peptidoglucano, que es un
de inhibir la síntesis del peptidoglucano, que es un
componente de la pared celular la cual le confier
componente de la pared celular la cual le confier
e
e
estabilidad estructural a dicha pared. Al inhibirse e
estabilidad estructural a dicha pared. Al inhibirse e
l
l
pe
pe
pt
pt
id
id
og
og
lu
lu
ca
ca
no la
no la
pa
pa
re
re
d
d
qu
qu
ed
ed
a
a
de
de
se
se
ns
ns
am
am
bl
bl
ad
ad
a
a
y
y
l
l
a
a
ba
ba
c
c
t
t
er
er
i
i
a
a
q
q
u
u
ed
ed
a
a
e
e
x
x
pu
pu
es
es
t
t
a
a
a
a
lo
lo
s
s
c
c
am
am
bi
bi
os
os
d
d
el
el
me
me
di
di
o
o
d
d
on
on
d
d
e
e
se
se
en
en
c
c
ue
ue
n
n
t
t
r
r
a
a
ac
ac
t
t
iv
iv
án
án
d
d
os
os
e
e
la
la
a
a
u
u
t
t
ól
ól
is
is
is
is
d
d
e
e
l
l
a
a
misma.
misma.
•
•
Antibióticos que actúan en la membrana celular:
Antibióticos que actúan en la membrana celular:
Lo
Lo
s
s
t
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Ant
Ant
ibió
ibió
tic
tic
os
os
que actúa
que actúa
n a
n a
nive
nive
l del citop
l del citop
lasm
lasm
a
a
::
•
•
An
An
ti
ti
bi
bi
ót
ót
ic
ic
os
os
qu
qu
e
e
in
in
hi
hi
be
be
n
n
de
de
fo
fo
rm
rm
a
a
ir
ir
re
re
ve
ve
rs
rs
ib
ib
le
le
la
la
sí
sí
nt
nt
esi
esi
s
s
de
de
pr
pr
ot
ot
eí
eí
nas
nas
:
:
Es
Es
t
t
e
e
mecanismo se logra al unirse a la fracción 30S y 50S ribosomal lo que implica la
mecanismo se logra al unirse a la fracción 30S y 50S ribosomal lo que implica la
inhibición de enzimas y proteínas estructurales bacteriana y posterior lisis.
inhibición de enzimas y proteínas estructurales bacteriana y posterior lisis.
•
•
Antibióticos que inhiben de forma reversible la síntesis de proteínas:
Antibióticos que inhiben de forma reversible la síntesis de proteínas:
Este grupo
Este grupo
ocaciona inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano, son bacteriostáticos.
ocaciona inhibición del crecimiento bacteriano, son bacteriostáticos.
•
•
Antibióticos que inhiben la polimerasa del ARN:
Antibióticos que inhiben la polimerasa del ARN:
Estos son capaces de suprimir la
Estos son capaces de suprimir la
síntesis de las cadenas de ARN de transferencia y ribosomal, por lo tanto no hay
síntesis de las cadenas de ARN de transferencia y ribosomal, por lo tanto no hay
transcripción ni síntesis proteica produciendo lisis bacteriana.
transcripción ni síntesis proteica produciendo lisis bacteriana.
•
•
Antibióticos que inhiben la girasa del ADN:
Antibióticos que inhiben la girasa del ADN:
La girasa del ADN es una enzima que se
La girasa del ADN es una enzima que se
encarga de lo que se conoce como “superenrollamiento” del ADN, éste fenómeno
encarga de lo que se conoce como “superenrollamiento” del ADN, éste fenómeno
pe
pe
rm
rm
it
it
e
e
qu
qu
e
e
és
és
ta
ta
mo
mo
lé
lé
cu
cu
la
la
qu
qu
ed
ed
e
e
co
co
mp
mp
ac
ac
ta
ta
da
da
de
de
nt
nt
r
r
o
o
de
de
la
la
ba
ba
ct
ct
er
er
ia
ia
.
.
Es
Es
to
to
s
s
antibióticos se fijan directamente y evitan el “superenrollamiento” lo que implica
antibióticos se fijan directamente y evitan el “superenrollamiento” lo que implica
que el ADN necesitaría mayor espacio físico y ésto induce a la ruptura de la
que el ADN necesitaría mayor espacio físico y ésto induce a la ruptura de la
bacteria.
bacteria.
•
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Bactericidas
Bactericidas
Beta-lactámicos (Penicilinas y cefalosporinas)
Beta-lactámicos (Penicilinas y cefalosporinas)
Glicopéptidos (Vancomicina, teicoplanina)
Glicopéptidos (Vancomicina, teicoplanina)
Aminoglucósidos (Grupo
Aminoglucósidos (Grupo
estr
estr
eptomicina)
eptomicina)
Quinolonas (Grupo
Quinolonas (Grupo
norflox
norflox
acino)
acino)
Polimixinas
Polimixinas
Bacteriostáticos
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PENICILINA
PENICILINA
Bencilpe
Bencilpe
nicil
nicil
ina
ina
o penicilina G
o penicilina G
La
La
bencilpenicilina
bencilpenicilina
, comúnmente conocida como
, comúnmente conocida como
penicilina G
penicilina G
, es el estándar de las
, es el estándar de las
penicilinas. Por lo general se administra por vía parenteral (intravenosa, intratecal o
penicilinas. Por lo general se administra por vía parenteral (intravenosa, intratecal o
intramuscular), porque tiende a perder estabilidad con el jugo gástrico del estómago.
intramuscular), porque tiende a perder estabilidad con el jugo gástrico del estómago.
Debido a que se administra inyectada, se pueden alcanzar mayores concentraciones
Debido a que se administra inyectada, se pueden alcanzar mayores concentraciones
del medicamento en los tejidos que con la penicilina V o
del medicamento en los tejidos que con la penicilina V o
fenoximetilpenicilina
fenoximetilpenicilina
. Estas
. Estas
mayores concentraciones se traducen en una mayor eficacia antibacteriana.
mayores concentraciones se traducen en una mayor eficacia antibacteriana.
Las ventajas de la penicilina G son su bajo costo, su fácil administración, su excelente
Las ventajas de la penicilina G son su bajo costo, su fácil administración, su excelente
pe
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Penicilinas
Penicilinas
Amoxicilina
Amoxicilina
Novamox
Novamox
,, Amoxil
Amoxil
Ampicilina
Ampicilina
No
Nomb
mbre
re ge
gené
néri
rico
co
No
Nomb
mbrre
e co
come
merc
rcia
ial l
Us
Usos
os fr
frec
ecue
uen
nte
tess
Posibles efectos
Posibles efectos
adversos
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CEFALOSPORINAS
CEFALOSPORINAS
Las cefalosporinas tienen, como las penicilinas, un anillo betalactámico que interfiere con
Las cefalosporinas tienen, como las penicilinas, un anillo betalactámico que interfiere con
la síntesis de la pared celular bacteriana y son también antibióticos bactericidas. Son más
la síntesis de la pared celular bacteriana y son también antibióticos bactericidas. Son más
eficaces que la penicilina frente a los bacilos gram-negativos, e igual de eficaces frente a
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Cefalosporinas
Cefalosporinas
(de primera
(de primera gener
generación
ación
))
Cefadroxilo
Cefadroxilo
Duricef
Duricef
Al igual que las
Al igual que las
penicilinas, todas las
penicilinas, todas las
Cefazolina
Cefazolina
Ancef
Ancef
Cefalotina
Cefalotina
Keflin
Keflin
Cefalexina
Cefalexina
Keflex
Keflex
No
Nomb
mbrre
e ge
gen
nér
éric
ico
o
No
Nom
mbr
bre
e co
come
merc
rcia
ial l
Us
Usos
os fr
frec
ecu
uen
ente
tess
Posibles efectos
Posibles efectos
adversos
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Cefalosporinas
Cefalosporinas
(de segunda generación)
(de segunda generación)
Cefaclor
Cefaclor
Ceclor
Ceclor
Son más eficaces que
Son más eficaces que
la penicilina frente a
la penicilina frente a
Cefamandol
Cefamandol
Mandol
Mandol
Cefoxitina
Cefoxitina
Mefoxitin
Mefoxitin
No
Nomb
mbrre
e ge
gené
néri
rico
co
No
Nomb
mbrre
e co
come
merrci
cial
al
Us
Usos
os fr
frec
ecu
uen
ente
tess
Posibles efectos
Posibles efectos
adversos
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No
Nomb
mbrre
e ggen
enér
éric
ico
o
No
Nomb
mbre
re co
come
merrci
cial
al
Us
Usos
os fr
frec
ecue
uen
nte
tess
Posibles efectos
Posibles efectos
adversos
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QUINOLONAS
QUINOLONAS
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