PYC 1501 Basic Psychology- Emotions

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Emotions

1.

1. Definition Definition of of the concthe concept emoept emotiontion

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 _Emotions_{Emotions are one type of feeling}_{are one type of feeling} 

 Emotions are:Emotions are: a)

a) feefeelinlings cgs clealearly lrly linkinked to ted to the mehe meanianing ofng of b)

b) a pa parartiticuculalar sr sitituauatitionon

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 _{The way people}_{The way people express, describe, define and recognise}_{express, describe, define and recognise their emotions}_{their emotions depends}_depends on_on

factors factors like: like: 11)) ggeennddeerr 2 2)) aaggee 3)

3) cucultltuuraral l fafactctororss 4)

4) ththe se sitituauatition ton thehey ay are re inin

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 Emotion means to move thus and emotion can Emotion means to move thus and emotion can move us to do somethingmove us to do something

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 _{Eg fear can move us to run away etc}_{Eg fear can move us to run away etc} 

 _{Definition of emotion}_{Definition of emotion !}_!

a)

a) ccomombbininatatioion on off physiological arousal physiological arousal "change in heart rate# "change in heart rate# blood pressure etc)blood pressure etc) b

b)) ccomombbinineed d wiwithth c)

c) perceptual$cognitive perceptual$cognitive processes and "thinking processes and "thinking and sub%ective e&perience)and sub%ective e&perience) d

d)) oobbsseerrvvaabbllee behavioural e&pressions behavioural e&pressions " crying or laughing) " crying or laughing)

1111 ''oommppoonneenntts s oof f eemmoottiioonn

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 These components includeThese components include: : physiological( cogphysiological( cognitive$perceptual and bnitive$perceptual and behavioural componeehavioural componentsnts

1.1.1

_)hysiologica

_{)hysiological}

_{l component}

_component

A-Z of Psychology

Regulated by Regulated by automatic nervous automatic nervous system system Responsible for Responsible for activity of smooth activity of smooth muscles, glands and muscles, glands and

Divided into Divided into sympathe sympathetic tic &&

a

arraass mm hheettiic sc s sstteemmss

Emotion =

Emotion =  arousal arousal leads sympathetic leads sympathetic system to activate system to activate body for action body for action Lead to bodily

Lead to bodily changes to changes to Then parasy

Then parasympheticmphetic system counter the system counter the actions of arousal actions of arousal Restore Restore balance & balance & help build up help build up and conserve and conserve

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 *n very intense emotion the effects of sympathetic nervous system can be so *n very intense emotion the effects of sympathetic nervous system can be so strong that itstrong that it can lead to heart attacks

can lead to heart attacks or sudden death in older persons or people with heart problemsor sudden death in older persons or people with heart problems

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 'ontinued effects of sympathetic system can be 'ontinued effects of sympathetic system can be damaging to the bodydamaging to the body

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 _{*f the parasympathetic system continues its effects it can lead to}_{*f the parasympathetic system continues its effects it can lead to lower blood pressure#}_{lower blood pressure#}

di++iness# fainting and even death !

di++iness# fainting and even death ! this is this is called parasymphecalled parasymphetic reboundtic rebound

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 'onnection between arousal and emotion provide basis for things like lie detector tests'onnection between arousal and emotion provide basis for things like lie detector tests

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 _{,evice does not actually detect lies but rather}_{,evice does not actually detect lies but rather measures emot}_{measures emotional arousal by monitoring}_{ional arousal by monitoring}

changes in heart rate# breathing rate# amount of

changes in heart rate# breathing rate# amount of sweat on hands etcsweat on hands etc

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 *dea is lying will increase physiological arousal seen in above changes*dea is lying will increase physiological arousal seen in above changes

1.1.2

1.1.2 _{'ognitive$perceptual component}_{'ognitive$perceptual component}

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 _{Emotions are very personal and rely on sub%ective e&perience "how you as an}_{Emotions are very personal and rely on sub%ective e&perience "how you as an individual}_individual

interpret the situation) interpret the situation)

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 Emotions about a specific emotion depends on what the person thinks about Emotions about a specific emotion depends on what the person thinks about the situationthe situation

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 Eg driving a car can Eg driving a car can be pleasurable for some or an&iety provoking for othersbe pleasurable for some or an&iety provoking for others

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 _{Thus the interpretation about an event influences the emotions we will}_{Thus the interpretation about an event influences the emotions we will e&perience}_e&perience

1.1.3

1.1.3 _{-ehavioural component}_{-ehavioural component}

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 Emotions usually e&pressed in body language or non$verbal behaviourEmotions usually e&pressed in body language or non$verbal behaviour

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 _{-odily gestures and facial e&pressions show variety}_{-odily gestures and facial e&pressions show variety of basic emotions}_{of basic emotions} 

 .acial e&pressions like anger# fear# disgust# sadness / happiness is .acial e&pressions like anger# fear# disgust# sadness / happiness is mostly the samemostly the same universally

universally

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 -ut in certain cultures something like sticking out -ut in certain cultures something like sticking out your tongue means disrespect but inyour tongue means disrespect but in 'hinese culture it is

'hinese culture it is used to e&press surpriseused to e&press surprise

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 0o if someone is form another culture you must make 0o if someone is form another culture you must make sure the e&pression of emotion is notsure the e&pression of emotion is not misunderstood

misunderstood

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2 T

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heeoorriiees

s oof

f eem

moottiioonn

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 E&perience of emotion is result of interaction between physiological arousalE&perience of emotion is result of interaction between physiological arousal and psychological arousal

and psychological arousal

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 Psychological arousalPsychological arousal ! process whereby people ! process whereby people become aware of

become aware of situations and feelings situations and feelings through conscious feeling through conscious feeling

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 rousal that involve rousal that involve physiological and psychological aspects !physiological and psychological aspects ! psychopsycho physiological arousal

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 re continuum of physiological arousal ! means ones emotions and behaviourre continuum of physiological arousal ! means ones emotions and behaviour becomes more intense and change ualitatively as the level of physiological arousal rises becomes more intense and change ualitatively as the level of physiological arousal rises

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 The meaning one give to a situation "cognitive content) in con%unction withThe meaning one give to a situation "cognitive content) in con%unction with physiological arousal determine nature / intensity of

physiological arousal determine nature / intensity of emotionsemotions

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 0everal theories to try and e&plain the interaction 0everal theories to try and e&plain the interaction between arousal#between arousal# behaviour# cognitions and

behaviour# cognitions and e&pressions and feelings:e&pressions and feelings:

1.2.1

_{0chachter2s two$factor theory of emotion}

1.2.2

_{'ognitive appraisal theory}

Emotions occur Emotions occur when labeling a when labeling a general physical general physical arousal arousal Depends on 2 Depends on 2 factors: factors: automatic arousal automatic arousal

If people do not now If people do not now what causes arousal what causes arousal loo for other causes in loo for other causes in environment

environment

!se environmental !se environmental clues "from happy or clues "from happy or unhappy# as the cause unhappy# as the cause of their arousal

of their arousal

Thus: Thus:

$timulation

$timulation arousalarousal label%appraisal label%appraisal emotion% behaviour emotion% behaviour Eample p' () Eample p' () *+ reuirement for *+ reuirement for interpre interpretation tation == meaning attached to meaning attached to the stimulus situation the stimulus situation -ore *+ than

-ore *+ than physiologica

physiological l arousalarousal

.

.our interprour interpretationetation "appraisal# of "appraisal# of situation primary situation primary cause of emotions cause of emotions Process as follows: Process as follows: 1)

1) PerPerceiceive sve stimtimuluulus sits situatuationion & categori/e it to & categori/e it to conceptconcepts familiar to s familiar to you "now a lion#you "now a lion# 2)

2) PrPrimimarary y apapprpraiaisasall0 based on past eperience or nowledge appraise situation as0 based on past eperience or nowledge appraise situation as threatening or not "lions are dangerous#

threatening or not "lions are dangerous# )

) !m!motiotion on is is di"di"ererententiatiateded0 0 accordinaccording to appraisal appropriatg to appraisal appropriate emotion is chosee emotion is chosen "situationn "situation is threatening emotion will be fear etc'#

is threatening emotion will be fear etc'# #)

#) PhPhysysioiolologigicacal l ararouousasall or body changes "shaing nees# accompany or follow the event or body changes "shaing nees# accompany or follow the event $timulation

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13

'lassification of emotions

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_{!ollo"ing criteria is used to identify # describe $ario}

_{!ollo"ing criteria is used to identify # describe $arious emotions:}

_{us emotions:}

Also ad 2 more steps:

Also ad 2 more steps: 1#

1# $econdary appraisal$econdary appraisal0 0 includes consideratioincludes consideration of n of how to how to act and conseuences act and conseuences ofof various courses of action

various courses of action 2#

2# %oping strategies%oping strategies0 0 Direct Direct action action = = face face the the situationsituation Rea

Reappraisal = reconsideration of situation in ppraisal = reconsideration of situation in light of newlight of new additional info

additional info

Primary & secondary emotions Primary & secondary emotions

3lutchi says 4 primary

3lutchi says 4 primary emotions0 fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, angeremotions0 fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger anticipation, 5oy & acceptance

anticipation, 5oy & acceptance

6ombination of primary emotions can lead to others 6ombination of primary emotions can lead to others

Di7erent emotions can combine to give wider & richer spectrum of eperience Di7erent emotions can combine to give wider & richer spectrum of eperience 6ultural di7erences must be considered

6ultural di7erences must be considered T

Tendency iendency is to distinguis to distinguish betwesh between primary & sen primary & secondary eecondary emotionsmotions Primary emotions

Primary emotions = emotions shared by people throughout the world regardless= emotions shared by people throughout the world regardless of culture

of culture

6riteria for classi8cation

6riteria for classi8cation0 0 a# must be evidea# must be evident in all culturent in all culturess must contribute to survival

must contribute to survival

must be associated with distinct facial epression must be associated with distinct facial epression must be evident in non9human species

must be evident in non9human species $econdary emotion

$econdary emotion = found in = found in some cultures but not in allsome cultures but not in all

Positive and negative emotions Positive and negative emotions

Emotions can be positive or

Emotions can be positive or negativenegative

3ositive usually eperienced as pleasurable and rewarding 3ositive usually eperienced as pleasurable and rewarding

6an lead to urge to be creative, to eplore and see new eperiences 6an lead to urge to be creative, to eplore and see new eperiences Thus positive

Thus positive emotions eemotions encourages pncourages personal groersonal growth & social cwth & social connectiononnection *egative emotions usually eperienced as unpleasant

*egative emotions usually eperienced as unpleasant

Intense negative emotions involve arousal of sympathetic nervous system : prepare Intense negative emotions involve arousal of sympathetic nervous system : prepare

us to run away in fear or 8ght in anger us to run away in fear or 8ght in anger 3rolonge

3rolonged or d or unresolveunresolved physiological arousal can lead d physiological arousal can lead to physical or to physical or psychologicalpsychological illness

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14

.actors influencing the interpretation of emotions

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_{!ollo"ing factors can be identified:}

!motions vary in intensity !motions vary in intensity

Intensity vary form etreme low intensity to etremely high Intensity vary form etreme low intensity to etremely high If angry you can feel annoyed or rage : the later more intense If angry you can feel annoyed or rage : the later more intense

Intensity interacts with physiological arousal & uality of emotion eperienced Intensity interacts with physiological arousal & uality of emotion eperienced ;n low intensity emotions is

;n low intensity emotions is neutral not clearly peasant or neutral not clearly peasant or unpleasantunpleasant <igh level of arousal emotions is intense and clearly de8ned as pleasant or <igh level of arousal emotions is intense and clearly de8ned as pleasant or

unpleasant unpleasant

Implication is that there can be di7erence in intensity of primary emotions Implication is that there can be di7erence in intensity of primary emotions

'nternal and e(ternally e(pressed emotions 'nternal and e(ternally e(pressed emotions

Emotions are epressed and recogni/ed in di7erent ways Emotions are epressed and recogni/ed in di7erent ways 3hysiological changes are internal epressions of emotions 3hysiological changes are internal epressions of emotions

Emotions can be eternally epressed by words non9verbal communication Emotions can be eternally epressed by words non9verbal communication These e

These epresspressions must be ions must be viewed iviewed in relation n relation to contet to contet they are they are eprepressed inessed in

ender ender

oman reputation for being more emotional oman reputation for being more emotional

$tudies show me have same physiological changes they 5ust $tudies show me have same physiological changes they 5ust inhibit epression

inhibit epression

$ome emotions epected by woman not by men so they $ome emotions epected by woman not by men so they suppress them

suppress them

-en & woman also act di7erently in same situation -en & woman also act di7erently in same situation

>lso di7er in interpretation of non9verbal cues : woman more >lso di7er in interpretation of non9verbal cues : woman more silled

silled

Eplanation for di7erences is that of

Eplanation for di7erences is that of emotional sensitivityemotional sensitivity +ased on relative power of woman & men

+ased on relative power of woman & men

Evidence that followers are more sensitive to the emotions of Evidence that followers are more sensitive to the emotions of leaders : woman often occupy less powerful positions

leaders : woman often occupy less powerful positions

%ulture %ulture

6ulture in?uence how we interpret and react to emotions 6ulture in?uence how we interpret and react to emotions

$ome emotions can be identi8ed regardless of culture because they are $ome emotions can be identi8ed regardless of culture because they are interpreted the same "primary emotions#

interpreted the same "primary emotions#

>lso di7erences how people thin and group emotions according to culture >lso di7erences how people thin and group emotions according to culture *on9verbal epression can also be interpreted di7erently

*on9verbal epression can also be interpreted di7erently Display rules

Display rules = cultural speci8c rules that govern how, when and why = cultural speci8c rules that govern how, when and why epression of emotions are appropriate

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2. 2. The c

The concept

oncept of

of emotional

emotional intelligence

intelligence

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 efers to the ability to efers to the ability to manage emotions with intelligencemanage emotions with intelligence

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 _{*ncludes a combination of}_{*ncludes a combination of skills including empathy# self$control# self awareness#}_{skills including empathy# self$control# self awareness#}

sensitivity to feelings# persistence and self$motivation sensitivity to feelings# persistence and self$motivation

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 _{5ay we approach life -eing emotional intelligent means we can}_{5ay we approach life -eing emotional intelligent means we can e&press and use our}_{e&press and use our}

emotions wisely and

emotions wisely and appropriatelyappropriately

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 6oldman says people who are emotionally intelligent do well in life6oldman says people who are emotionally intelligent do well in life

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 _{7e also says deficiencies in emotional intelligence increase risk for things like depression#}_{7e also says deficiencies in emotional intelligence increase risk for things like depression#}

aggression and eating disorders etc aggression and eating disorders etc

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 0olution: 0olution: teach young people self$awateach young people self$awareness# self$conreness# self$control and empathytrol and empathy

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 _{%haracteristics of someone "ith E& '}_{%haracteristics of someone "ith E& '}

1)

1) motmotivaivate thte thememselselves eves even iven in face on face of fruf frustrstratiationon 2)

2) concontrotrol impl impulsulses / dees / delay glay gratratifiificatcationion 3)

3) rereggululatate moe moooddss 4)

4) ,o no,o not allot allow emow emotions tions to intto interfeerfere witre with abh ability tility to thino thinkk 8)

8) ececognognise ise ememotiotions ons in in othothersers 9)

9) ,i,isspplalay y hohopepe

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 (omeone "ithout E&:(omeone "ithout E&: )

) wiwiththdrdrawawal fal frorom otm othehersrs -)

-) anan&i&iouous as and nd dedeprpresessesedd ')

') havhaving aing attettentintion and ton and thinhinkinking probg problemlemss ,)

,) sevesevere casere cases resus result in socialt in socially unaclly unacceptceptable beable behaviohaviour like beur like beinging destructive# moody# stubborn etc

destructive# moody# stubborn etc

3.

3. The relaThe relation bet"een tion bet"een emotions # emotions # moti$ationmoti$ation

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 _{)oti$ation refers}_{)oti$ation refers to ! internal state}_{to ! internal state}

that activates and that activates and gives direction to gives direction to

%onte(t %onte(t

@nowledge of contet or circumstances is *+ for understanding @nowledge of contet or circumstances is *+ for understanding & interpreting epressed emotions

& interpreting epressed emotions

!sually use facial epression, body gestures, tone of voice & !sually use facial epression, body gestures, tone of voice & language to interpret emotions

language to interpret emotions

If cues are used in isolation can lead to incorrect% inadeuate If cues are used in isolation can lead to incorrect% inadeuate interpretation

interpretation Eample p' (A Eample p' (A

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our thoughts# feelings and actions our thoughts# feelings and actions

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 _{orris / aisto ";<<3) define}_{orris / aisto ";<<3) define moti$e:}_moti$e: _as_{as specific}_{specific need}_{need or}_{or desire}_desire

that arouses the organism and that arouses the organism and directs it behaviour towards that goal directs it behaviour towards that goal

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 Emotions refers to the e&perience of feelings such as %oy# anger etcEmotions refers to the e&perience of feelings such as %oy# anger etc

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 Emotions also activate and affect behaviourEmotions also activate and affect behaviour

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 _{,ifficult to predict the kind}_{,ifficult to predict the kind of behaviour a particular emotion will}_{of behaviour a particular emotion will prompt}_prompt 

 otive and emotion areotive and emotion are closely lin*ed for 3 reasonsclosely lin*ed for 3 reasons:: a)

a) momotivtives / es / ememotiotions ons actactivaivate bte behaehavioviourur b)

b) momotivtives ares are ofte often accen accompompanianied by eed by emotmotionionss c)