Chapter 2:
Transparent Computing and Cloud
Computing
透明计算与云计算的关联
Prof. Zixue Cheng 程 子学
University of Aizu, 会津大学
Visiting Professor of CSU
1 Lecture 2Contents of the lecture
• Definition,
• Architecture
• Saas, PaaS, and IaaS
• Examples of Cloud Computing
• Relation between Transparent Computing,
IoT, and Cloud Computing
– Comparison between TC and CC – Relation between TC, IoT, and TCWhat is Cloud
• Cloud: IT resources
– Scalable and Measurable – Remotely access• What is IT resources
– Physical/virtual servers – Software Programs – Services – Storage devices – Network Devices• On‐Premise based and On‐Cloud based
• Cloud Consumers and Cloud providers
3 Internet ?Scale up and scale out
• Scale up
– Processing power increase – Storage increase• Scale out
– Processing unit increase – Storage unit increase 4 Merits Demerits Scale up (Vertical scaling ) Reliable Instantly available Limited by HW capacity Expensive Scale out (Horizontal scaling ) Automatic scaling No limitation Additional resources are necessary5
Cloud Computing
Image (Concept)
• Scale out resources • SaaS, PaaS, IaaS – Software as a Service • Mail, • Game • Virtual Desk Top – Platform as a Service • Runtime support • DB • Develop tools – Infrastructure as a Service • Virtual servers, • Networks • Virtualization – abstraction of the physical recourses – Flexibly use the physical recoursesMotivation of the Cloud
• Business motivation
– Proportional costs : – Reduce the investment : small investigation can have IT infra. – Increased scalability : dynamically depending on needs. – Increased availability and reliability :• Risk
– Increased vulnerability – Reduced operational governance control – Limited portability between cloud providers – Multi‐Regional Compliance and Legal issuesArchitecture of Cloud Computing
(Fig. 4.16 textbook)
7 IaaS SaaS PaaS Cloud Service 1 Cloud Service 2 Environment 1 Cloud Service 2 Virtual Server 1 Virtual Server 2 Physical Server 2Comparison: Role and limitations
Cloud Delivery ModelCloud Consumer Activities Cloud Provider Activities
SaaS Uses and configures cloud service Implements, manages, and maintains cloud service Monitors usage by cloud consumers PaaS Develop, tests, deploys, and manages cloud services and Cloud‐based solutions Pre‐configures platform and provisions underlying infrastructure middleware , and other needed IT resource, as necessary Monitors usage by cloud consumers, IaaS Sets up and configures bare infrastructure and installs, manages, and monitors any needed software Provisions and manages the physical processing, storage, networking and hosting required Monitors usage by cloud consumers 8
9
Technologies for Cloud Computing (1)
Data Center
PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC Data center Data center Cluster RackTechnologies for Cloud Computing (1)
Data Center
• Specialized IT infrastructure that houses centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases, and software systems • Standardization and modularity • Automation : • Remote operation and management • High Availability • Security‐aware design, operation, and management • Facilities • Computing hardware • Storage hardware, • Network hardwareTechnologies for Cloud Computing (2)
Virtualization
11 Hardware VM Guest OS and app. Operating System (Host OS) Virtual Machine Management (Virtual Machine Monitor: Hypervisor) VM Guest OS and app. VM Guest OS and app. VM Guest OS and app.Crucial Differences between TC and CC
(by Prof. Jingde Cheng, Saitama University)
• TC – The TC is based on a deep analysis about the problems and their causes of the traditional computing systems from a viewpoint of end‐users. – The TC is an original creation of new ideas. – The TC has a clear definition to distinguish from others. – The TC is technology‐oriented, user‐oriented. – The TC is not so easy to understand. • CC – The CC is a natural evolution of existing techniques (distributed computing, grid computing, utility computing, SaaS, …). – The CC is just a new name putting something together. – There is no clear definition for the CC until now, although there are a lot of definitions, i.e., “a cloud of definitions.” – The CC is business‐oriented, provider‐oriented. – The CC is very easy to understand, and also very hard to understand. 12Comparison of TC and CC (2)
Motivation
• TC – Because the tight coupling of software and hardware in traditional computing systems, current computer systems are not suitable for pervasive computing. – Problems in traditional computing systems: Complexity, High total cost of ownership, Weak security, Not user‐friendly. – The problems are motivated from a viewpoint of end users. • CC – Service providers try to provide simplified software installation, maintenance, and a centralized control over the software used. – The problems are motivated from a viewpoint of service providers. 13Comparison of TC and CC (3)
Fundamental Ideas
• TC
– To separate hardware and software. – To separate computation and storage. – To provide end users with computation results/services but make the process of computation transparent to the users.• CC
– Cloud: a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet. – It is combining “the cloud” with “computing” that causes a lot of confusion!Comparison of TC and CC (4)
Characteristics/Features: TC vs CC
15 Characteristics / Features Transparent Computing Cloud ComputingUser friendliness The purpose Better than traditional
paradigm?
Transparency The purpose A natural result of
Virtualization requirement Virtualization A natural result of transparency requirement The purpose
Dynamic scalability Bottleneck? The purpose
Service model All as a Service (AaaS) Centralized servers SaaS, PaaS, IaaS Centralized servers
What is IoT ?
16Ubiquitous System = IoT ?
US
IoT
Cyber‐Physical System = IoT ?
No, US ≠ IoT
CPS ≠ IoT
Cloud Computing = IoT ?
Cloud ≠ IoT
Internet = IoT ?
Internet ≠ IoT
(What is NOT IoT ?)
物联网的结构体系
IoT architecture
17Internet
Comm. and Coop.
between Things,
M2M, M2P, P2M,
Things
Sensors Actuator Sensor layer: RF‐ID, camera, Actuator, robots Situation‐aware Network Layer TCP/IP, IPv6 6LowPAN, IP over things, conflict‐free Cloud Big DataAn Example of IoT system, (IBM)
River pollution monitoring
http://www‐06.ibm.com/jp/press/2010/11/2501.html Ask citizens using camera of iPhone, to take and upload a picture of the river , flowing through the city, with answers to some simple questions:Features of IoT (1)
19• Sensing function
• Communication
• Smart App. & Services
Scalability
Openness
Aware/Finding
Intelligence/Smartness
Specially
Conflict free/resolution
Basically
Safety
Real Time and Just in Time
Features of IoT (2)
More about Conflicts and Safety
20Requirement
Resources
Time
Hot or
Cool
•Sensors
•Actuators,
•Physical‐
Objects
•Equipment
•Persons
Monitors with cameras
in a smart city
• Traffic control
• Fireman,
• Police
• Service provider
Features of IoT (3)
Safety
21 Poison
Gas Temperature/Pressure
Cloud
Internet
Basic info Associated departments
Base Theory Features Testbed Result
973 project 1 Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunication Leader: Huadong Ma, Totally 30 researchers, 2010.9 ‐‐‐‐ 2015.9 Name: Research on basic architecture of IoT 1. Tsinghua University 2. Shanghai Jiao Tong University 3. Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Science 4. Beijing University of Technology 5. Beijing University 6. Zhejiang A&F University 7. Xi’an Jiao Tong University Network information Theory Large‐scale heterogeneous network, uncertain information, Self‐adaptive services in dynamic environment Environment monitoring SCI 50, IEEE/ACM Trans. 20 Patents: 18, Standard: 2 PhD 30 Conference arrangement 2‐3 Test bed 1 973 project 2 Tong Ji University(Maco) Leader: Wei Zhao Totally 32 researchers 2011.1 ‐‐‐ 2013.8 Name: Research on basic theory and design methods of IoT 1. East China Normal University 2. Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of Science 3. Tsinghua University 1. Network calculus, 2. Dioid algebra, 3. Real time network scheduling and queuing theory Information fidelity execution loyalty, Uncertainty information , Unpredictable information , Fuzzy information Smart grid Papers: 160 (Conf. 50) Books: 2 Patents: 5 Software copyrights: 2 PhD and Post Doc: 35 Master: 30 973 project 3 Shanghai Institute of Micro‐system and Information Technology Leader: Haitao Liu Totally 30 researchers 2011.1 ‐‐‐ 2013.8 Name: Research on 1. The Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2. Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications 3. Tsinghua University 4. East China Normal University 1. Correlation Model, Network Architecture; 2. heterogeneous networks convergence; 3. Hybrid information Strong correlation between the physical space and information space High mixed system, e.g. various devices, information; Information 1. Smart grid; 2. Smart home; 3. Electric car Papers: 40‐50, Patents: 15 Monograph: 1 National Standard: 2‐4 International Standard: 1 Graduate Uncert ainty