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Chapter 2:  

Transparent Computing and Cloud 

Computing  

透明计算与云计算的关联

Prof. Zixue Cheng  程 子学

University of Aizu, 会津大学

Visiting Professor of CSU 

1 Lecture 2

Contents of the lecture  

• Definition, 

• Architecture

• Saas, PaaS, and IaaS

• Examples of Cloud Computing

• Relation between Transparent Computing, 

IoT,  and Cloud Computing

– Comparison between TC and CC – Relation between TC, IoT, and TC

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What is Cloud

• Cloud: IT resources 

– Scalable and Measurable   – Remotely access

• What is IT resources 

– Physical/virtual servers  – Software Programs  – Services  – Storage devices   – Network Devices 

• On‐Premise based and On‐Cloud based

• Cloud Consumers and Cloud providers 

3 Internet ?

Scale up and scale out 

• Scale up

– Processing power increase  – Storage increase

• Scale out 

– Processing unit increase  – Storage unit increase  4 Merits Demerits  Scale up  (Vertical scaling )  Reliable Instantly available  Limited by HW capacity  Expensive  Scale out (Horizontal scaling ) Automatic scaling  No limitation  Additional resources  are necessary 

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5

Cloud Computing 

Image (Concept)

• Scale out resources • SaaS, PaaS, IaaS – Software as a Service • Mail,  • Game • Virtual Desk Top – Platform as a Service • Runtime support  • DB • Develop tools – Infrastructure as a Service  • Virtual servers,  • Networks  • Virtualization  – abstraction of  the physical recourses  – Flexibly use the physical recourses 

Motivation of the Cloud 

• Business motivation 

– Proportional costs :  – Reduce the investment :  small investigation can have IT infra. – Increased scalability :  dynamically depending on needs.  – Increased availability and reliability : 

• Risk

– Increased vulnerability  – Reduced operational governance control  – Limited portability between cloud providers  – Multi‐Regional Compliance and Legal issues 

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Architecture of Cloud Computing 

(Fig. 4.16  textbook)  

7 IaaS SaaS PaaS Cloud  Service 1 Cloud  Service 2 Environment 1  Cloud  Service 2 Virtual  Server  1 Virtual  Server  2 Physical  Server  2

Comparison: Role and limitations 

Cloud  Delivery  Model 

Cloud Consumer Activities  Cloud Provider Activities 

SaaS Uses and configures cloud  service Implements, manages, and maintains  cloud service  Monitors usage by cloud consumers PaaS Develop, tests, deploys, and  manages cloud services and  Cloud‐based solutions Pre‐configures platform and provisions  underlying infrastructure middleware ,  and other needed IT resource, as  necessary  Monitors usage by cloud consumers,  IaaS Sets up and configures bare infrastructure and installs,  manages, and monitors any  needed software  Provisions and manages the physical  processing, storage, networking and  hosting required  Monitors usage by cloud consumers  8

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9

Technologies for Cloud Computing (1) 

Data Center  

PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC Data center Data center Cluster Rack

Technologies for Cloud Computing (1) 

Data Center   

• Specialized IT infrastructure  that houses centralized IT  resources, such as servers, databases, and software systems   • Standardization and modularity  • Automation :  • Remote operation and management  • High Availability  • Security‐aware design, operation, and management  • Facilities  • Computing hardware • Storage hardware,  • Network hardware  

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Technologies for Cloud Computing (2)

Virtualization    

11 Hardware  VM Guest OS  and app.   Operating System (Host OS) Virtual Machine Management (Virtual Machine Monitor: Hypervisor)  VM Guest OS  and app.   VM Guest OS  and app.   VM Guest OS  and app.  

Crucial Differences between TC and CC 

(by Prof. Jingde Cheng, Saitama University) 

• TC – The TC is based on a deep analysis about the problems and their causes of the traditional computing systems from a viewpoint of end‐users. – The TC is an original creation of new ideas. – The TC has a clear definition to distinguish from others. – The TC is technology‐oriented, user‐oriented. – The TC is not so easy to understand. • CC – The CC is a natural evolution of existing techniques (distributed computing, grid computing, utility computing, SaaS, …). – The CC is just a new name putting something together. – There is no clear definition for the CC until now, although there are a lot of definitions, i.e., “a cloud of definitions.” – The CC is business‐oriented, provider‐oriented. – The CC is very easy to understand, and  also  very hard to understand. 12

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Comparison of TC and CC (2)

Motivation 

• TC – Because the tight coupling of software and hardware in traditional computing systems, current computer systems are not suitable for pervasive computing. – Problems in traditional computing systems: Complexity, High total cost of ownership, Weak security, Not user‐friendly. – The problems are motivated from a viewpoint of end users. • CC – Service providers try to provide simplified software installation, maintenance, and a centralized control over the software used. – The problems are motivated from a viewpoint of service providers. 13

Comparison of TC and CC (3)

Fundamental Ideas 

• TC

– To separate hardware and software. – To separate computation and storage. – To provide end users with computation results/services but make the process of computation transparent to the users.

• CC

– Cloud: a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet. – It is combining “the cloud” with “computing” that causes a lot of confusion!

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Comparison of TC and CC (4)

Characteristics/Features: TC vs CC 

15 Characteristics / Features Transparent Computing Cloud Computing

User friendliness  The purpose  Better than traditional

paradigm?

Transparency The purpose  A natural result of

Virtualization  requirement Virtualization A natural result of transparency requirement The purpose

Dynamic scalability  Bottleneck?  The purpose

Service model  All as a Service (AaaS) Centralized servers SaaS, PaaS, IaaS Centralized servers

What is  IoT ?

16

Ubiquitous System  = IoT ?

US

IoT

Cyber‐Physical System  = IoT ?

No, US ≠ IoT

CPS ≠ IoT

Cloud  Computing  = IoT ?

Cloud  ≠ IoT

Internet   = IoT ?

Internet  ≠ IoT

(What is NOT IoT ?)

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物联网的结构体系

IoT architecture

17

Internet 

Comm.  and Coop. 

between Things, 

M2M, M2P, P2M, 

Things  

Sensors Actuator Sensor layer: RF‐ID, camera, Actuator, robots Situation‐aware   Network Layer  TCP/IP, IPv6  6LowPAN, IP over things, conflict‐free  Cloud Big Data 

An Example of IoT system, (IBM)

River pollution monitoring 

http://www‐06.ibm.com/jp/press/2010/11/2501.html Ask citizens using camera of iPhone,  to take and upload  a picture of the  river , flowing through the city, with  answers to  some  simple questions:

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Features of IoT (1) 

19

• Sensing function

• Communication

• Smart App. & Services

Scalability

Openness 

Aware/Finding

Intelligence/Smartness 

Specially 

Conflict free/resolution

Basically

Safety 

Real Time and Just in Time

Features of IoT (2)

More about Conflicts and Safety 

20

Requirement

Resources

Time

Hot or 

Cool 

•Sensors

•Actuators, 

•Physical‐

Objects

•Equipment

•Persons

Monitors with cameras 

in a smart city 

• Traffic control

• Fireman, 

• Police

• Service provider 

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Features of IoT (3)

Safety 

21 Poison 

Gas   Temperature/Pressure

Cloud

Internet

Basic info Associated  departments

Base Theory Features Testbed Result

973 project 1 Beijing University of  Posts and  Telecommunication Leader: Huadong Ma, Totally 30 researchers, 2010.9 ‐‐‐‐ 2015.9  Name: Research on  basic architecture of IoT 1. Tsinghua University 2. Shanghai Jiao Tong  University 3. Institute of Computing  Technology Chinese  Academy of Science 4. Beijing University of  Technology 5. Beijing University 6. Zhejiang A&F University 7. Xi’an Jiao Tong University Network  information Theory Large‐scale  heterogeneous  network,  uncertain  information,  Self‐adaptive  services in dynamic   environment Environment  monitoring SCI 50, IEEE/ACM  Trans. 20 Patents: 18,  Standard: 2 PhD 30 Conference  arrangement  2‐3 Test bed 1 973 project 2 Tong Ji University(Maco) Leader: Wei Zhao Totally 32 researchers 2011.1 ‐‐‐ 2013.8 Name: Research on  basic theory and design  methods of IoT 1. East China Normal  University 2. Institute of Computing  Technology Chinese  Academy of Science 3. Tsinghua University 1. Network  calculus,  2. Dioid algebra, 3. Real time  network  scheduling and  queuing theory Information fidelity execution loyalty, Uncertainty  information , Unpredictable  information , Fuzzy information  Smart grid Papers: 160  (Conf. 50) Books: 2 Patents: 5 Software  copyrights: 2 PhD and Post  Doc: 35 Master: 30 973 project 3 Shanghai Institute of  Micro‐system and  Information Technology Leader: Haitao Liu Totally 30 researchers 2011.1 ‐‐‐ 2013.8 Name: Research on  1. The Institute of      Software, Chinese  Academy of Sciences  2. Beijing University of Posts  and Telecommunications  3. Tsinghua University 4. East China Normal  University 1. Correlation  Model, Network  Architecture; 2. heterogeneous  networks  convergence; 3. Hybrid  information  Strong correlation  between the physical  space and  information space High mixed system,  e.g. various devices,  information; Information  1. Smart  grid; 2. Smart  home; 3. Electric  car  Papers: 40‐50,  Patents: 15  Monograph: 1  National  Standard: 2‐4  International  Standard: 1  Graduate  Uncert ainty  

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云计算,透明计算,和物联网

Cloud Comp., Transparent Comp.,  and IoT

23 Cloud Comp.  • Scale out resources • SaaS: Software as a Service • Virtualization   Transparent Comp TransOS • as simple functions as possible  • OS and applications  can be downloaded  from servers • Piece by piece in a  flow manner Preserve Kernel of TransOS Hardware EnabledBIOS OS of Server Hardware BIOS ThansOS Other part Network Terminal Servers  ThansOS Other part  Download piece by  piece in  a flow  Internet

Summary 

• Basic of Cloud Computing 

– Architecture 

– Saas, PaaS, and IaaS

– Data center, virtualization

• Relation between Transparent Computing 

and Cloud Computing

• IoT,  Cloud computing, and Transparent 

computing 

• Understanding those computing paradigms 

and employing them at properly 

24 Cloud  Comp. IoT Trans. Comp. 

References

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