Experiment
Observation
Preliminary TestsColour and appearance
Colourless
Blue, bluish green or green Pale green Pink Brown or yellow Solubility in water Soluble Insoluble Brisk effervescence
Brown fumes evolved Action of heat
Brown fumes with irritating smell
Flame test Blue or bluish green colour Brick red colour
Crimson
Water soluble and no precipitate with Na2CO3 solution
Water soluble and precipitate with Na2CO3 solution
Solubility in/action of dil. HCl
If insoluble in water the salt is treated with dil. HCl
Colourless gas with the smell of rotten eggs is evolvedwhich turned lead acetate paper black
Colourless, suffocating smelling gas which turned acidified
potassium dichromate paper green is evolved
Heat strongly a little of the salt in a dry test tube
Colourless, odourless gas turning lime water milky
Residue yellow when hot and white when cold
Pleasant smell of inflammable vapours are evolved
A colourless gas with smell of burnt sulphur evolved which turned acidified potassium dichromate paper green
Smell of burnt sulphur and yellow sublimate
Paste of salt and conc. HCl is introduced into Bunsen
Light green colour Liliac (violet)
Analysis of Acid Radicals
Identification Tests Refer to row no. 10
Vinegar smell is obtained No characteristic reaction
Confirmatory Tests
A deep red colouration is obtained Chloride:
Sulphate:
Soln + lead acetate soln Paste of salt and conc. HCl
is introduced into Bunsen flame
Action of dil. HCl (about 1mL)
Action of dil. Sulphuric acid (watch glass)
Action of conc. Sulphuric acid (heating in a dry test tube)
A colourless fuming gas is evolved which gave white dense fumes when a glass rod dipped in ammonium hydroxide is shown Action with conc.
Sulphuric acid and paper ball
Plenty of reddish brown gas is evolved
Action with barium chloride solution (salt solution)
A white ppt insoluble in HCl acid is obtained
action with ammonium molybdate solution (nitric acid + excess of ammonium molybdate + soln)
A deep yellow colour or precipitate is formed
Carbonate: Soln + Barium chloride soln
A white precipitate is obtained which dissolved in dil. HCl with brisk effervescence
Acetate: soln + neutral ferric chloride soln
Soln + dil. Nitric acid + silver nitrate soln
A white curdy precipitate is formed which dissolved in excess of ammonium hydroxide soln salt + conc. Sulphuric
acid + manganese dioxide + heat
A greenish yellow gas with irritating smell is evolved which turned starch paper blue Nitrate: soln + freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate soln + conc. Sulphuric acid along the sides of the test tube without shaking
A brown ring is formed at the junction
A thick white precipitate is formed which dissolved in ammonium acetate soln
Soln + lead nitrate soln
Phosphate: magnesia White crystalline ppt
Identification Tests
Confirmatory Tests
A brown ppt
Preparation of solution for the analysis of basic radical - stock soln
Grpup 1
Dil. HCl + dil. Nitric acid
Potassium iodide soln
Group 2
Black ppt Yellow ppt Colour of soln Blue
Brown colour or ppt
Group 3
Reddish brown ppt White gelatinus ppt
Blue tinted ash
A white precipitate insoluble in hot water and soluble in ammonium acetate
Analysis of Basic Radicals (Group Analysis)
Action with sodium carbonate soln
Soluble in water and and no precipitate is formed on adding sodium carbonate solution
Soluble in water and a precipitate is formed on adding sodium carbonate soln
Soln + sodium hydroxide + heat
A colourless, punjent smelling gas giving dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl is shown
Nessler's reagent (about 2mL)
White precipitate that dissolved on boiling and reappeared on cooling A golden yellow precipitate that dissolved on boiling with water and reappered in golden spangles on cooling
Dil. HCl + hydrogen sulphide
Ammonium hydroxide soln
A greenish blue precipitate is formed which dissolved in excess of ammonium hydroxide
Acetic acid + potassium ferrocyanide Ammonium chloride + ammonium hydroxide
(drops - excess) Sodium hydroxide (drops
- excess) A white gelatinus ppt soluble in excess of NaOH
Note: If a white ppt is obtained in group 3, the test may be repeated using a dil. Soln of the salt since there is a chance of zinc getting pptd as zinc hydroxide on the addition of ammonium hydroxide, if the soln is too concentrated.
Ash test: Conc nitric acid + cobalt nitrate + heat >>> Dip filter paper and
Group 4
A white or greenish white ppt A flesh coloured ppt
NaOH
White ppt turns brown on keeping
Green tinted ash
Group 5
White ppt
Yellow ppt (BaCrO4)
Flame test
Pale green colouration Crimson
Brick red
Scanty white ppt (slowly)
Group 6 A white crystalline ppt Pink ash Blue ppt Hydrogen sulphide + ammonium chloride + excess ammonium hydroxide
White ppt dissolves in excess of NaOH
Ash test: Conc nitric acid + cobalt nitrate + heat >>> Dip filter paper and
burn
Conc. Nitric acid + lead dioxide + heat. The soln
is cooled
The supernatent liquid got purple colour
Ammonium chloride + ammonium hydroxide +
ammonium carbonate (excess)
Above ppt + acetic acid + potassium chromate
Ammonium chloride + ammonium hydroxide +
ammonium oxalate
White crystalline ppt insoluble in acetic acid
Acetic acid + calcium sulphate + heat Ammonium chloride + ammonium hydroxide + disodium hydrogen phosphate
Ash test: Conc nitric acid + cobalt nitrate + heat >>> Dip filter paper and
burn
Ammonium hydroxide
soln A white ppt dissolves in excess ammonium OH Magneson reagent +
Inference
Experiment Fe, Mn, Cu, Co and Ni salts are absent Flame test May be Cu, Ni or Cr saltConfirmatory Anions May be ferrous salt
May be Mn salt May be ferric salt
Group analysis Absence of Pb Presence of Pb Presence of carbonate Presence of sulphide Presence of sulphite Presence of nitrite Confirmatory Cations Presence of carbonate
Presence of nitrates of heavy metals Presence of zinc salts
Presence of acetate
Presence of sulphide or sulphite
Presence of thiosulphates
Copper Quantitative Analysis
Calcium Acid
Strontium Strong
NH4, K or Na present NH4, K or Na absent
Barium Strong
Potassium Weak
Weak
Analysis of Acid Radicals
DRY TESTS
Double TitrationPresence of acetate is identified Standardisation Absence of acetate
Estimation Presence of chloride is identified
Presence of nitrate Single Titration
Presence of sulphate Titration table
Presence of phosphate
Procedure - 2 marks Presence of carbonate is confirmed Pipette
Presence of acetate is confirmed Burette
Chloride: Indicator
Presence of chloride is confirmed
End point
Presence of nitrate is confirmed
Sulphate:
Presence of sulphate
Substance whose normality has to be found out
Presence of sulphate
Presence of phosphate is confirmed
Presence of ammonium confirmed
Preparation of solution for the analysis of basic radical - stock soln
Presence of lead
Presence of copper or mercury identified Presence of cadmium or arsenic
Presence of copper
Ferric ion
Presence of aluminium ion
Presence of aluminium is confirmed (Group Analysis)
Presence of zeroth group - ammonium - alkali group metal
Absence of ammonium. Presence of non-alkali group metal
If a white ppt is obtained in group 3, the test may be repeated using a dil. Soln of the salt since there is a chance of zinc getting pptd as zinc hydroxide on the addition of ammonium hydroxide, if
Presence of zinc Presence of Mn ion Presence of zinc Presence of Mn ion Presence of Zinc Presence of Mn ion Group 5 Presence of Ba Presence of Sr Presence of Ca Presence of Sr Presence of Mg Presence of Mg is confirmed
Reagent Ion Conc. HCl
Barium chloride soln + dil. HCl Carbonate
Neutral ferric chloride soln Acetate
Dil. nitric acid + silver nitrate soln Chloride
Freshly prepared ferrous sulphate soln + conc. Sulphuric acid Nitrate Sulphate
Sodium carbonate 0 - ammonium
Dil. HCl 1 - lead
Through above soln pass hydrogen sulphide 2 - copper Ammonium chloride + excess ammonium hydroxide 3 - aluminium
Through the above solution pass hydrogen sulphide 4 - zinc/manganese
Through the col 11 solution pass ammonium carbonate soln 5 - barium/calcium
Through the col 11 solution pass disodium hydrogen phosphate soln 6 - magnesium
Nessler's reagent Ammonium
Acetic acid + potassium chromate OR KI Lead
Acetic acid + potassium ferrocyanide soln Copper
Ash test: cobalt nitrate + conc. Nitric acid Aluminium
do Zinc
Sodium hydroxide Manganese
Acetic acid + potassium chromate
Barium
Calcium
Magneson reagent Magnesium
Quantitative Analysis
Base Indicator
Strong HPh
Weak MeOH
Strong HPh
Weak HPh / MeOH
Double Titration
Supplied soln v/s link soln Normality of link soln
Supplied soln v/s estimation soln
Normality of estimation soln
Single Titration
Supplied soln v/s est. soln
Mass of est. soln = Neq; Mass in the whole of the given soln = mass/10
Normality of est. soln; Strength of est. soln = Neq
Ash Test
Aluminium Blue tinted ash
Zinc Green
Magnesium Pink
Eqiuvalent Mass Molecular Mass
NaOH 40.0 40.0 KOH 56.0 56.0 53.0 106.0 63.0 126.0 63.0 63.0 49.0 98.0 69.1 138.2 HCl 36.5 36.5 49.0 294.0 Na2CO3 H2C2O4.2H2O HNO3 H2SO4 K2CO3 K2Cr2O7