Chapter Resources
Energy Sources
Includes:
Reproducible Student Pages
ASSESSMENT ✔Chapter Tests
✔Chapter Review
HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES
✔Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity
✔Laboratory Activities
✔Foldables–Reading and Study Skills activity sheet
MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS ✔Directed Reading for Content Mastery
✔Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish
✔Reinforcement
✔Enrichment
✔Note-taking Worksheets
TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES ✔Section Focus Transparency Activities
✔Teaching Transparency Activity
✔Assessment Transparency Activity
Teacher Support and Planning
✔Content Outline for Teaching
✔Spanish Resources
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Directions:
Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
gravitation
tidal
renewable
solar
moving water
geothermal
Meeting Individual Needs
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Overview
Energy Sources
can be or such aswhich is caused by which is caused by which is produced which is from the
of the Energy sources nonrenewable hydroelectric magma Sun 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 4.
Section 1
■Fossil Fuels
Section 2
■Nuclear Energy
Directions:
For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. ______ is not a fossil fuel.
a. Coal
b. Wind
2. All fossil fuels are ______.
a. nonrenewable
b. renewable
3. Nuclear fusion converts ______ to ______.
a. oxygen; hydrogen
b. hydrogen; helium
4. About ______ percent of the energy used in the United States
comes from burning fossil fuels.
a. 50
b. 85
5. The many different compounds that are found in ______ are separated
in a process called fractional distillation.
a. petroleum
b. natural gas
Directions:
Determine whether the italicized term makes each statement true or false. If the statement is true, write
true
in the blank. If the statement is false, write the term that makes the statement true.
6. Nuclear wastes must be disposed of carefully so
radiation will not leak into the environment.
7. Fossil fuels form from nuclear chain reactions.
8. Coal has uses other than energy, such as plastics and
lubricants.
9. When fossil fuels are burned to produce electricity,
more energy is lost in the process than is delivered to
homes, schools, and businesses.
10. In a nuclear reactor, the actual fission of the
radioactive fuel occurs in the part of the reactor
called the control rod.
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Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
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Directions:
Complete the following sentences using the terms listed below.
batteries
geothermal
windmill
solar energy
tidal energy
radiant
hydroelectric
renewable resource
solar cell
pollution
hydrogen gas
potential energy
1. A _________________________ is replaced nearly as quickly as it is used.
2. A photovoltaic cell converts _________________________ into electricity.
3. A photovoltaic cell is also called a _________________________.
4. Electricity generated by solar cells must be stored in
_________________________ for use when the Sun is not shining.
5. If water is retained by a high dam, its gravitational
_________________________ is increased.
6. Dams built to generate energy from water are called
_________________________ dams.
7. Only a few places on Earth have large enough tidal differences for
_________________________ to be useful.
8. A _________________________ generates electricity when wind spins its
pro-peller, which is connected to an electric generator.
9. At a _________________________ power plant, water pumped into a well in
the ground makes contact with hot rock, and rises as steam and is used to rotate
turbines that spin electric generators.
10. An alternative fuel that produces only water vapor when it burns and creates no
pollution is _________________________.
11. The _________________________ energy from the Sun can be used to heat
Meeting Individual Needs
Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Section 3
Renewable
Energy Sources
Key Terms
Energy Sources
Directions:
Match the term in Column I with the definition in Column II by writing the correct letter in the space
provided.
Column I
1. fossil fuels
2. petroleum
3. nonrenewable resource
4. nuclear reactor
5. nuclear waste
6. renewable resource
7. photovoltaic cell
8. hydroelectricity
9. geothermal energy
10. biomass
11. radiant energy
12. solar cell
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Directed Reading for
Content Mastery
Meeting Individual Needs
Column II
a. uses energy from controlled nuclear
reactions to generate electricity
b. resources that are replaced nearly as
quickly as they are used
c. thermal energy that is contained in hot
magma
d. thick, greenish-brown, highly flammable
liquid that contains hydrocarbons
e. any radioactive by-product that results
when radioactive materials are used
f. electricity produced from the energy of
moving water
g. renewable organic matter that can be
used to generate thermal energy
h. resources that cannot be replaced by
natural processes as quickly as they are
used
i. device that is used to convert solar
energy into electricity
j. formed from the decaying remains of
ancient plants and animals
k. another name for a photovoltaic cell
l. energy from the Sun that can be used
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Directions:
Complete the table below by placing a check mark (
✓
) beneath the headings of the substances that
have each characteristic described in the first column.
Fossil Fuels
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Reinforcement
1
1
1. is a fossil fuel
2. forms from plants and animals 3. forms only from plants
4. is a solid 5. is a liquid 6. is a gas 7. is made up of hydrocarbons 8. is a source of energy 9. is a nonrenewable resource 10. is pumped from wells 11. is separated using fractional
distillation
12. is also called crude oil 13. is transported long distances
through pipes
14. is mined from Earth
16. produces thermal energy when
burned
17. can be used to produce electricity 18. is the least polluting fossil fuel
Characteristic Petroleum Natural gas Coal
15. produces polluting substances
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Nuclear Energy
1. Place the following events describing the production of electrical energy from a nuclear fission
reactor in the correct order. Write the numbers 1 (first) through 7 (last) in the spaces provided. ______ a. Steam produced by boiling water causes the blades of a turbine to rotate.
______ b. A neutron bombards a uranium-235 isotope.
______ c. Thermal energy released by the reaction is added to water.
______ d. Electricity from the generator is carried to the community through wires.
______ e. A uranium-235 atom splits, producing two atoms with smaller nuclei, three neutrons, and thermal energy.
______ f. The mechanical energy of the rotating turbine blades is transferred to an electric generator.
______ g. Superheated water passes through a heat exchanger, where the thermal energy released boils a separate system of water to produce steam.
Directions:
Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
2. How does using nuclear energy harm the environment?
3. How is using nuclear energy less harmful to the environment than using fossil fuels?
4. How does the half-life of a radioactive waste affect the type of container in which the waste will
be stored?
5. Why is nuclear fusion not currently used as an energy source on Earth?
6. How do the products of a fusion reaction differ from the products of a fission reaction?
Reinforcement
2
2
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Directions:
Provide the information requested for each alternative energy source listed.
1. Solar energy
a. What is solar energy?
b. What is a photovoltaic cell?
2. Hydroelectricity
a. What is hydroelectricity?
b. What is one economic advantage to hydroelectricity?
3. Tidal energy
a. What is tidal energy?
b. Why is tidal energy a limited source of energy?
4. Wind energy
a. What device is used to harness the energy in wind and convert it into electricity?
b. Why is the wind an energy source with limited uses?
Renewable Energy Sources
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Reinforcement
3
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Oil from the Arctic
Oil is the leading source of energy in the United States. It supplies about 40 percent of our total energy needs. One of our largest domestic sources of crude oil comes from the icy, frigid area of Alaska called the North Slope. Under the North Slope’s frozen ground, called permafrost, lies the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. It is the largest oil deposit ever discov-ered on the North American continent. It holds over 22 billion barrels of oil. About half of this oil is expected to be recovered by cur-rent methods of production.
The Alaskan Pipeline
The Alaskan Pipeline was built to carry the oil from Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez, Alaska. The pipeline was completed in 1977, cost $8 billion, and took three years to build. The 1,300 km pipeline is 1.25 m in diameter. It has 1.25 cm thick walls designed to with-stand the extreme Alaskan environment. The pipe is insulated with 10 cm of fiberglass and jacketed with galvanized steel. It carries 1.6 million barrels of oil per day, about 15 percent of the total United States production.
Above Ground Portions
On its way from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez, the pipeline crosses three mountain ranges and hundreds of running rivers and streams.
Only half of it is buried. The above-ground portion snakes along on its supports 3 to 4.5 m above the ground. Each support consists of steel posts with a crossbeam between them. The reinforced pipeline rests on the supports with room to sway from side to side in the event of earthquakes or expansions or contractions caused by temperature changes.
The Design of the Pipeline
The pipeline wasn’t placed above ground just because it was easier to build that way. The reasons for this related mainly to
environmental and safety concerns. Oil travels through the pipeline at about 60°C. In order to prevent the permafrost from thawing, which would make the pipeline unstable, the pipeline was elevated. At points where caribou migration routes would have crossed the elevated pipeline, it has been buried and refrigerated to leave these routes undisturbed. A series of safety valves provides further protection to the environment. These valves close automatically if the oil flow stops or reverses on uphill stretches. It is also possible to shut off whole sections of the line if leaks or spills should occur.
1. Look at a map of Alaska. Find Prudhoe Bay and Valdez. What type of terrain does the Alaskan
Pipeline travel through?
2. Many people feared that the Alaskan pipeline would damage the environment that it passed
through. What precautions have been taken to protect the environment along its route?
3. Do you think that all of the planning, work, and cost of building the Alaskan pipeline was
worth the final product—domestic oil? Explain your answer.
Enrichment
1
1
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Types of Nuclear Waste
1. The information on a smoke detector says that it should be returned to the manufacturer and
not thrown away in the trash. Why is this so?
2. Compare and contrast the sources of and disposal/storage requirements for high-level waste
and transuranic waste.
The federal government has classified radioactive wastes as follows:
1. Spent fuel consists of fuel exposed to
radiation which is removed from a commercial reactor (after three or four years in use) or special fuels from test or research reactors. Spent fuel is highly radioactive and generates a lot of heat. It requires heavy shielding (concrete, water, or lead) and remote handling (no human contact). Most spent fuel is stored in on-site pools at nuclear power plants.
2. High-level waste is generated by the
reprocessing of either commercial spent fuel or defense production reactor fuel. It is liquid, but can be chemically treated to make a sludge or solid. It is highly radioactive, generates a lot of heat, and requires shielding and remote handling.
3. Transuranic waste comes from the
reprocessing of spent fuel and from the use of plutonium in making nuclear weapons. The Department of Energy defines it as “waste contaminated with alpha-emitting radio nuclides of atomic number greater than 92 and half-lives of greater than 20 years.” It is less radioactive and generates less heat than fission products. It requires long-term isolation, but requires very little or no shielding.
4. Low-level waste is short-lived and has low
radioactivity. It is generated by hospitals, laboratories, industrial plants, and nuclear reactors. It comes in a variety of forms which include animal carcasses, medical equipment, contaminated wiping rags, paper towels, protective clothing, hand tools, and old equipment. Radiation can be high enough to require shielding for handling and shipment of this waste.
5. Uranium mill tailings include earthen
residues, usually in the form of fine sand, that remain after mining and extraction of uranium from ores. These mill tailings contain low concentrations of naturally occurring radioactive materials, including thorium-230 and radium-226, which decays to emit the radioactive gas radon-222.
6. Naturally occurring and accelerator-produced radioactive material includes
radium-226 which is found in smoke detectors and watch dials, polonium-210 which is found in industrial gauges, and cobalt-57 which is produced in linear accelerators for making medical instru-ments. This type of nuclear waste is not regulated.
Enrichment
2
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Wind Energy
U.S. federal tax credits supported the early growth of the wind energy industry. The nation’s capacity to produce electricity from wind was only 10,000 kilowatt-hours (kWh) in 1981. That is about enough to provide power for two homes. Despite the 1985 expiration of these tax credits, by 1989 the capacity had increased to more than 2 billion kWh. That is enough to power the residential energy needs of a major city the size of Washington, D.C. or San Francisco.
The majority of the growth in wind energy use occurred in California. Over 14,000 privately owned and operated wind turbines are located there. These turbines are located in three mountain passes and make up about 80 percent of the world’s current wind-energy capacity.
Use the library, or sources such as your state’s energy department, NASA, or the American Wind Energy Association to answer the following questions.
1. Where are the best places to put wind turbines to efficiently produce electricity?
2. What does it cost to produce electricity using wind turbines?
3. What are some of the advantages of using wind turbines to produce electricity?
4. What are some of the disadvantages of using wind turbines?
5. What applications, other than producing electricity, can wind turbines be used for?
Enrichment
3
3
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Section 1
Fossil Fuels
A. Energy cannot be created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy, but
energy can be __________________ from one form to another.
B. _____________________—formed from decaying remains of ancient plants and animals 1. Burning fossil fuels converts energy from _________________ bonds to heat and light. 2. Chemical energy in fossil fuels is more _____________________ that in other fuels such
as wood.
C. __________________—thick, greenish-brown, highly flammable liquid formed by decayed
ancient organisms
1. A process called fractional _____________________ separates the compounds in petroleum. 2. Petroleum is used for _________________, synthetic fabrics, and other products in addition
to its use as a fuel.
D. ____________________ is also a product of decayed ancient organisms. 1. It contains more _____________ per kilogram than petroleum or coal. 2. It burns more _____________ than other fossil fuels.
3. It provides about one-fourth of the energy consumed in the _____________ _____________.
E. _____________—a solid fossil fuel found underground
1. It produces more _____________ when burned than petroleum or natural gas 2. It provides about _____________ of the energy produced in the United States.
3. About 90 percent of coal burned in the United States is used to produce_____________.
F. Electricity is generated when _______________ fuels are burned. 1. The burned fuel releases ________________ energy.
2. The thermal energy produces high pressure ______________. 3. The steam spins a ________________.
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Note-taking
Worksheet
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H. Fossil fuels have some ____________________ side effects.
1. Fossil fuels ________________ the environment and increase carbon monoxide in the
atmosphere.
2. Mining coal can cause _______________ problems for miners.
I. Fossil fuels are _______________________________, so it is important to not waste energy.
Section 2
Nuclear Energy
A. About 20% of the electricity in the U.S. comes from ________________ power plants.
B. _________________________ contain a fuel, rods to control nuclear reactions, and a cooling
system.
1. Heat is produced by nuclear ________________—energy is released when U-235 nuclei
split in two after being struck by a neutron.
2. Special rods absorb excess _________________ to prevent dangerous chain reactions.
C. Nuclear power plants use the heat of nuclear fission to produce ______________. 1. The steam drives a ________________.
2. The turbine rotates an electric __________________.
D. Nuclear power plants produce ______________________—radioactive by-products from
radioactive materials.
1. __________________ wastes contain only a small amount of radioactive material. 2. ___________________ wastes must be disposed of extremely carefully because they will
remain radioactive for tens of thousands of years.
E. Nuclear _______________—the joining together of nuclei—is not a practical energy source
due to the high temperature fusion requires.
Section 3
Renewable Energy Sources
A. A ___________________________ can be replaced almost as quickly as it is used.
B. Solar energy is converted into electricity by a _____________________ cell or solar cell. 1. A solar cell converts only 15 to 20 percent of the sun’s energy into _____________. 2. Energy produced by solar cells is more __________________ than energy produced with
fossil fuels.
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C. _________________________ is produced by moving water; it is about twice as efficient as
fossil fuels or nuclear power.
D. _____________________ uses moving water, but it can only be used in places where high and
low tides are different enough.
E. __________________ can be used to generate electricity, but are useful only when the wind
blows consistently.
F. __________________________—thermal energy contained in hot magma; limited to areas
where magma is close to the surface
G. Alternative fuels include hydrogen gas and ________________—renewable organic matter
such as wood or animal manure
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Chapter
Review
Energy Sources
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions:
In each of the following statements, a term has been scrambled. Unscramble the term and write it
on the line provided.
1. The place where controlled fission reactions are used to produce
electricity is called a nuclear raceort.
2. A method of separating liquid crude oil into its component parts is
craftonial distillation.
3. Because they cannot be replaced after they are used, fossil fuels and
uranium are nowableneren resources.
4. A liquid fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals is
lorpumete.
5. The radioactive by-products of nuclear energy are clearun twases. 6. Thermal energy found in the inner parts of Earth is called rehgotelam
energy.
7. Electricity produced from kinetic energy of moving water is
itytricyceelhodr.
8. Electricity can be produced from solar energy by a device called a
oclottphavoi cell.
9. A fossil fuel closely associated with petroleum is taanrlu sag. 10. The generation of electricity from the rising and falling of ocean
waters is called laitd energy.
Part B. Concept Review
Directions:
Determine which of the following statements apply to nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or both.
Write your answers on the blank lines to the left of the statements.
1. A chain reaction starts when a nuetron bombards a single
uranium-235 isotope that spontaneously splits into two parts, releasing three neutrons.
2. The waste products are not radioactive.
3. Hydrogen nuclei are joined together at high temperatures. 4. Large amounts of thermal energy are produced.
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Chapter Review
(continued)Directions:
Decide whether each statement below describes an advantage of the energy source or a disadvantage
of the energy source. If the statement describes an advantage, write A in the blank. If the statement describes a
disadvantage, write D
in the blank.
7. Passive solar energy does not require the use of fans or other electrical devices and
does not pollute the environment.
8. Tidal energy is limited in use to places that are located along coastlines.
9. Wind energy can be used for power only in places where there are consistent winds. 10. A nuclear reactor produces wastes that are radioactive.
11. Energy produced by a fusion reaction is nonpolluting. 12. Nuclear fusion uses hydrogen as a fuel.
13. Like fossil fuels, uranium is a nonrenewable resource.
14. Using alternatives to fossil fuels helps to conserve natural resources.
15. Scientists have not developed the technology to produce sustained nuclear fusion
reactions in the laboratory.
Directions:
Answer the following questions in the spaces provided. Use complete sentences in your answers.
16. How does a nuclear reactor generate energy?
17. How is the chemical energy contained in fossil fuels converted to electrical energy in an
electric power station? Where is energy lost?
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Section Focus
Transparency Activity
1
1
Transparency Activities
Dried peat has been used as fuel in many parts of the world for
hundreds of years. Given enough time and pressure, peat will form a
fuel you are probably more familiar with—coal!
For Peat’s Sake
1.
How might peat be used for fuel?
2.
Peat comes from swampy areas called bogs. What do you think
peat is composed of?
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Section Focus
Transparency Activity
2
2
The first self-sustaining nuclear reaction was achieved in 1942 by a
team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi. Today, nuclear power plants
use the energy released by nuclear reactions to create electricity. The
photo below shows the core of a nuclear reactor waiting to be lowered
into position underwater.
Atomic Core
1.
How might nuclear energy be transformed into electrical energy?
2.
How might nuclear power plants reduce pollution from fossil
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Section Focus
Transparency Activity
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3
Transparency Activities
NASA is developing solar-powered aircraft that have the ability to
stay in the air for months at a time! They can be used for studying the
atmosphere, storms, crop damage, or fires.
Sun Power!
1.
What might be a big difficulty for solar-powered aircraft?
What are the advantages?
2.
Name some organisms that collect the Sun’s energy.
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Nuclear Power Plant
Reactor core
Pump
Pump
Cooling
water
Boiler
Turbine
Containment shell
Generator
Condenser
High pressure steam
Low preasure steam
Teaching Transparency
Activity
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Teaching Transparency Activity
(continued)1. In what part of a nuclear reactor does the fission of radioactive fuel take place?
2. What is the function of the control rods in a nuclear reactor?
3. Identify the energy transformations that take place from the time a uranium atom is split until
electricity is produced.
4. What happens to the excess thermal energy that is produced by a nuclear reactor?
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