SEABEE COMBAT
WARFARE
COMMON CORE
111 CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
AND RADIOLOGICAL (CBR)
WARFARE
REFERENCES
a. NWP 3-11
Multiservice Doctrine for CBRN Operations
b. NTTP 3-11.27
Multiservice Tactics Techniques and
Procedures for NBC Protection
c. TM S6470-AD-OMP-010
Chemical Biological Mask
Type M50
d. TM SS200-AP-MMO-010
Operator manual for Joint
Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST)
Chemical Protective Ensemble
REFERENCES (cont)
e. NAVEDTRA 14234
Seabee Combat Handbook Vol. 1
f. NAVEDTRA 14235
Seabee Combat Handbook Vol. 2
g. NAVMED P-5041
Treatment of Chemical Agent
Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.1,
Explain the following:
a. Chemical hazards
b. Biological hazards
c. Radiological hazards
Chemical Hazards
Historically, chemical hazards of military concern were limited to a small group of uniquely manufactured chemical weapons referred to as chemical warfare agents. However, the types of chemical hazards of concern to the military have expanded tremendously over the last decade and now include a large number of toxic industrial chemicals.
Chemical hazards are any chemicals (manufactured, used, transported, or
stored) that can cause death or other harm through the toxic properties of those materials. This includes chemical weapons (prohibited under the Chemical Weapons Convention), chemical agents, and toxic industrial chemicals.
Biological Hazards
Biological hazards pose unique challenges because they are relatively easy to produce and difficult to detect; their production facilities have no unique
signature. A biological hazard is an organism or substance derived from an organism that poses a threat to human or animal health. This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus, or toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health.
Radiological Hazards
Radiological hazards include any electromagnetic or particulate radiation that is capable of producing ions to cause damage, injury, or destruction.
Radiological material causes physiological damage through the ionizing effects of neutron, gamma, beta, or alpha radiation. These types of radiation are referred to as
ionizing radiation. Radiological materials can be found in a number of military and civilian environments (nuclear power plants, hospitals, universities, construction sites).
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.2,
Discuss the following CBRN Defense
Operations
a. Active defense
b. Passive defense
Active Defense
CBRN active defense comprises measures taken to defeat an attack with CBRN weapons by employing actions to divert, neutralize, or destroy those weapons or their means of delivery while en route to their target. CBRN active defense
operations to defend against conventionally and unconventionally delivered WMD include, but are not limited to—
• Missile defense (ballistic and cruise).
• Air defense.
• Special operations.
Passive Defense
CBRN passive defense includes measures taken to minimize or negate the vulnerability to, and effects of, CBRN attacks. This mission area focuses on maintaining the joint force’s ability to continue military operations in a CBRN environment. CBRN passive defense measures enable air and ground military
operations to be sustained in a CBRN environment. Success depends on the effective integration of equipment; CBRN training; and proven tactics, techniques, and
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.3,
What are the three passive defense
principles?
Passive Defense Principles
The application of the following principles helps minimize vulnerabilities,
protects friendly forces, and maintains the force’s operational tempo in order to achieve objectives:
• CBRN contamination avoidance of CBRN hazards.
• CBRN protection of individuals, units, and equipment from unavoidable CBRN hazards.
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.4,
Discuss the following pre-attack, during and post attack
options for the following:
a. Common actions b. Nuclear actions c. Biological actions d. Chemical actions
e. Toxic industrial material actions
Common Actions
1. Designating Proposed Decontamination Sites.
2. Assessing NBC Threat, Potential Risk, Likelihood of Attack, and Vulnerability.
3. Implementing Coordinated NBC Defense Plans.
4. Preparing to Provide Primary Care for Unit Casualties. 5. Determining and Implementing MOPP.
6. Minimizing Skin Exposure.
7. Continuing Good Hygiene Sanitation Methods. 8. Deploying and Activating Detectors.
Common Actions (cont)
10. Watching for Attack Indicators.
11. Covering Unprotected, Mission-Essential Equipment. 12. Conducting Meteorological Monitoring.
13. Integrating Available Alarm and Warning Systems. 14. Designating proposed decontamination sites
15. Using Warning Signals for AB/Fixed Sites. 16. Analyzing Warning Time Assessments.
17. Monitoring status of NBC Equipment and Supplies. 18. Preparing for Contingencies.
Nuclear Actions
Pre-attack actions are critical because they will increase the unit’s survivability to the greatest possible extent. These actions range from selecting the right shelters, fortifying those shelters, and protecting vital equipment to using equipment to increase survivability.
Whenever the tactical situation permits, units prepare defensive positions. These will vary from individual fighting positions to improved defensive positions. These
actions and good prior planning protect against nuclear effects. One primary concern should be protection from gamma and neutron radiation.
Nuclear Actions
During-Attack Actions:
1. If exposed when a detonation occurs, personnel should do the following:
• Drop facedown immediately with feet facing the blast. This will lessen • the possibility of heat/blast injuries to the head, face, and neck.
• Close eyes.
• Protect exposed skin from heat by putting hands and arms under or • near the body and keeping the helmet on.
• Remain facedown until the blast wave passes and debris stops falling.
2. Personnel should stay calm, check for injury, check weapons and
equipment for damage, and prepare to continue the mission.
Nuclear Actions
4. Personnel must check for radioactive contamination and, then, must reduce the hazard with basic decontamination.
5. As a minimum, unit personnel cover positions and shelters, and radiac meter operators begin continuous monitoring.
6. For the commander, post-strike actions include damage assessment and the restoration of combat power.
7. Commanders and NBC personnel must also monitor schedules for pieces of NBC equipment having filters.
Biological Actions
Pre Attack Actions
Preparations before an attack can be accomplished long before a
biological attack happens.
Personal health maintenance and
realistic training
are just two ways in which commanders can
Biological Actions
During Attack Actions
Units automatically assume MOPP4 to protect themselves
against contamination when there are high probability indicators
Biological Actions
Post Attack Actions
Actions after a biological attack include submitting NBC reports, beginning post attack recovery, and other actions—such as taking samples, identifying casualties by the symptoms they exhibit, and treating those symptoms. Early recognition of symptoms
and treatment is essential in trying to limit the effects.
Additionally, personnel should decontaminate immediately after an attack by using decontamination kits or washing with soap and water.
Chemical Actions
Pre Attack Actions
1. Assess chemical threat, potential risk, and likelihood of attack. 2. Implement coordinated chemical defense plan.
3. Prepare to provide first aid for unit personnel.
4. Determine and implement appropriate MOPP levels. 5. Minimize skin exposure.
6. Continue good hygiene and sanitation methods. 7. Deploy and activate detectors.
8. Designate and prepare shelters.
9. Watch for attack indicators (e.g., a chemical cloud, a distinctive odor, and release of an agent).
Chemical Actions
During Attack Actions
• Give Attack Warnings
• Take Cover
• Use MOPP4
Chemical actions
Post Attack Actions
1. Begin post attack recovery. Outside activities could result in erroneous
initial reconnaissance results and unnecessarily contaminated personnel and equipment.
2. Avoid potentially contaminated surfaces/areas.
3. Obtain and report observations or evidence of an attack.
4. Survey, control, and mitigate health hazards (treat and evaluate casualties). 5. Adjust MOPP.
Chemical Actions
6. Document exposure. *Medical staffs should clearly document
exposure in the medical records of those personnel who have been exposed.*
7. Sample, monitor, and analyze for residual hazard.
8. Plan and implement decontamination and contamination containment actions.
9. Conduct unmasking procedures (all-clear). 10. Chemical Filter Exchange.
Toxic Industrial Material Actions
Pre Attack Actions
1. General Planning.
2. TIM Evacuation Planning. When time and mission allow, evacuation is the best protective response to a TIM hazard.
Toxic Industrial Material Actions
During Attack Actions
TIC (chemical) or TIB (biological)
• Alert higher, adjacent, and subordinate units.
• Start monitoring with available detection devices, and ensure that results are reported. • Assume MOPP4, and move to a safe distance as quickly as possible.
• Establish a security zone around the area.
• Evacuate casualties. Casualties should be considered as contaminated and should be contained in one central location. Initiate emergency decontamination of personnel. • Identify witnesses for questioning.
Toxic Industrial Material Actions
During Attack Actions
TIR (radiological)
• Take protective action.
• Assess casualties and damage.
• Identify potential locations of TIR materials.
• Begin continuous monitoring and report the arrival of fallout.
• Protect personnel and equipment from the effects of fallout and fires that may be started.
• Report increase, decrease, or peak dose rates. Report the completion of fallout. • Receive an NBC 2 nuclear report from higher HQ. Prepare a simplified fallout prediction and inform the commander.
Toxic Industrial Material Actions
Post Attack Actions
• Control the situation. • Protect yourself.
• Prevent the situation from claiming more casualties. • Rescue, protect, and treat victims.
• Decontaminate exposed victims, and minimize the spread of contamination. • Conduct early hazard identification.
• Preserve evidence per the SOP.
• Follow emergency response SOPs and operation plans (OPLANs). • Coordinate with local, state, federal, and HN agencies as required.
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.5,
Describe the operation and
maintenance of the protective mask.
Operation
WARNING
Before donning and adjusting the mask, female warfighters will remove earrings, hair fasteners (hair clips, hair pins, combs, rubber bands), hair knots, buns, or braids that will interfere with the mask seal and let hair
hang freely. When wearing the Ground Crew Ensemble, hair will be neatly tucked inside jacket. Facial hair could
result in an improper mask fit resulting in illness or death.
Operation
DO NOT wear contact lenses (soft or hard) while wearing the masks. Inadequate oxygen supply to the corneal surface, exposure to dust, dirt, and smoke or
gas may cause serious vision loss or eye damage.
Personnel requiring vision correction are provided optical inserts for their protective masks.
Operation
1. Close your eyes, stop breathing, and hold your breath. 2. Remove your headgear.
3. If you are wearing glasses, take them off.
4. With your left hand grasp the mask carrier flap tab and pull to open mask carrier flap.
5. With your right hand, grasp the mask and remove it from the mask carrier. 6. Raise the mask to your face and place your chin firmly in the chin cup.
Operation
Operation
Donning the Mask
WARNING
Keep the cheek straps tight while wearing the mask. If loosened the mask may lose its seal.
NOTE
Brow and temple straps have already been adjusted during initial fitting. No adjustments need to be made.
Operation
Donning the Mask
6. Grasp the head harness tab and pull head harness over your head. Be sure your ears are between the temple straps and cheek straps. Pull down the head harness at the back as far as possible so that the brow straps are tight and temple straps are approximately parallel to the ground.
7. Tighten the cheek straps one at a time or both at the same time, ensuring straps lay flat against your head.
Operation
Donning the Mask
6. Grasp the head harness tab and pull head harness over your head. Be sure your ears are between the temple straps and cheek straps. Pull down the head harness at the back as far as possible so that the brow straps are tight and temple straps are approximately parallel to the ground.
7. Tighten the cheek straps one at a time or both at the same time, ensuring straps lay flat against your head.
WARNING
Once the mask is donned, do not pull on the brow or temple straps. Brow and temple straps have already been adjusted during initial fitting. Pulling these straps
Operation
Operation
Clearing the Mask
1. Seal the outlet disk valve by placing one hand over the outlet valve cover assembly. Blow out hard to ensure that any contaminated air is forced out around the edges of the mask assembly.
NOTE
Ensure hands completely cover M61 filter air inlet passages on both filters.
2. Conduct a negative pressure test. With both hands locate and cover M61 filter air inlet passages on both filters and breathe in. Mask should collapse against your face and remain so while you hold your breath. If it does, your mask is airtight. If the mask does not collapse, check for hair, clothing, or other matter between mask and your face and clear again.
Operation
Clearing the Mask
3. Resume breathing. 4. Put on headgear.
Operation
Checking the Mask for Leaks
WARNING
You must check your mask for leaks when fitted and each time mask is donned. A leaky mask will not protect
you from toxic agents.
NOTE
Leaks around edge of your mask are usually caused by bad fit. You may find a leak by feeling incoming air on your face, or you may feel a bulge at the edge of your
mask assembly with your finger.
After each corrective action, retest using steps 1 and 2 of clearing the mask.
Operation
Checking the Mask for Leaks
1. Check for leaks at edge of mask by feeling for incoming air on your face. Check for bulges in the face seal by running finger around edge of your mask.
2. Eliminate leaks by making minor adjustments to straps:
a. To stop leaks at brow, ensure head harness is pulled down as far as possible on back of head and skullcap is centered at the back of your head. To stop leaks at temple, adjust temple straps. Stop leaks at cheek, adjust cheek straps.
Operation
Checking the Mask for Leaks
b. To stop leaks at the throat or under the chin, lift mask assembly higher on face, seating chin firmly in chin cup. Adjusting temple and cheek straps may also help. If mask still fails to seal have an individual service M50/51 trained field level CB equipment maintenance technician check proper fitting of mask.
Operation
Doffing the Mask
1. Remove headgear.
2. Loosen cheek straps completely by placing your thumbs behind the buckles and pulling forward so straps become loose. Grasp the front of the mask and lift it off your head.
Operation
Maintenance
Cleaning the Mask will be conducted utilizing the 3M process.
Cleaning the Mask
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.6,
Define Mission Oriented Protective
Posture (MOPP) & discuss the levels.
Reference: [b] NTTP 3-11.27 Multiservice Tactics Techniques and Procedures for NBC Protection [ch. 6]
Mission Oriented Protective Posture
Definition:
US military forces possess a wide array of the world’s best, mission-oriented, individual NBC protective equipment. Using this equipment, armed forces of the US are equipped to conduct prompt, sustained, and decisive operations
throughout the spectrum of conflict in any environment—NBC or otherwise.
• The MOPP ensemble protects against NBC contamination. It consists of the overgarment, mask, hood, overboots, and protective gloves.
MOPP LEVEL 0
Available For Immediate Donning
• IPE
• Field Gear Available
• IPE issued and serviceable
• Protective mask filter/hood installed Primary Use
• CB threat
• Preattack
*Used during periods of increased alert when the enemy has CB employment capability but there is no indication of use in the immediate future.*
MOPP Level I
Worn
•Overgarment
•Field gear
Carried
•Footwear covers
•Mask
•Gloves
Primary Use
•CB threat
•Preattack
MOPP Level II
Worn
• Overgarment
• Field gear
• Footwear covers
Carried
• Mask
• Gloves
Primary Use
• CB threat
• Preattack
MOPP Level III
Worn
• Overgarment
• Mask and hood
• Field gear
• Overboots
Carried
• Gloves
Primary Use
• CB threat
• Postattack
*MOPP3 is generally used in areas with no contact hazard or operationally significant percutaneous vapor hazard*
MOPP Level IV
Worn
• Overgarment
• Mask and hood
• Field Gear
• Footwear covers
• Gloves
Primary Use
• CB threat
• During-attack
• During and postattack
*MOPP4 is used when the highest degree of CB protection is required, or when CB agents are present; but the actual hazard has not been determined.*
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.8,
Describe the colors and markings
on the NATO CBR marker sign.
NATO CBR Marker
• Chemical contamination marker is a triangle that is yellow on both sides. The word “GAS” in red 2-inch (5 cm) block letters is placed on the side of the markers facing away from the contamination (front).
• Biological contamination marker is a triangle that is blue on both sides. The letters “BIO” in red (fluorescent paint, if available) 2-inch (5 cm) block
letters are placed on the side of the marker facing away from the contamination (front).
• Radiological contamination marker is a triangle that is white on both sides. The word “ATOM” in black 2-inch (5 cm) block letters is placed on the side of the markers facing away from the contamination (front)
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.9,
Describe the color that the M-9
chemical agent detector tape displays after it comes in
contact with a liquid nerve or blister agent.
M-9 Chemical Agent Detector
Tape
The paper indicates the presence of a nerve agent (G
and V) or a blister agent (H and L) by turning a red or
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.10,
Describe the color that M-8
paper turns after it comes in contact with a liquid nerve
or blister agent.
M-8 paper
The M8 Chemical Agent Detector Paper is used to detect the presence of liquid V type nerve, G type nerve, and H type blister agents. When a sheet is brought in contact with liquid nerve or blister agents, it reacts with chemicals in the paper to produce agent-specific color changes. The paper is blotted on a
suspected liquid agent and observed for a color change (liquid agent
absorption). V type nerve agents turn the paper dark green; G type nerve agents turn it yellow, and blister agents (H) turn it red.
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.11,
Explain the following as it
applies to nerve agents.
a. Symptoms [ch. 2, p. 2-11]
b. Contents of the NAAK MK1 [appendix e, p. e-1] c. Treatment (self and buddy aid) [appendix e, p. e-4]
Reference: [g] NAVMED P-5041 Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries
Symptoms
MILD symptoms may experience most or all of the following:
a) Unexplained runny nose.
b) Unexplained sudden headache. c) Sudden drooling.
d) Difficulty in seeing (dimness of vision and miosis). e) Tightness in the chest or difficulty in breathing. f) Wheezing and coughing.
g) Localized sweating and muscular twitching in the area of the contaminated skin. h) Stomach cramps.
i) Nausea with or without vomiting. j) Tachycardia followed by bradycardia
Symptoms
(cont)
Casualties with SEVERE symptoms may experience most or all of the MILD symptoms, plus most or all of the following:
a) Strange or confused behavior.
b) Increased wheezing and increased dyspnea (difficulty in breathing). c) Severely pinpointed pupils.
d) Red eyes with tearing. e) Vomiting.
f) Severe muscular twitching and general weakness. g) Involuntary urination and defecation.
h) Convulsions. i) Unconsciousness. j) Respiratory failure. k) Bradycardia.
NAAK MK1
The
MARK I
kit consists of four separate components: the
atropine auto-injector, the
2 PAM Cl
auto-injector, the plastic clip,
and the foam carrying case
Treatment
Self-Aid
If you experience any or all of the nerve agent poisoning MILD symptoms you must IMMEDIATELY self-administer the MARK I. Follow the procedure given below:
1) Immediately put on your protective mask.
2) Remove one MARK I from your protective mask carrier, pocket of the MOPP suit, or other location as specified by your unit SOP.
3) With your non-dominant hand, hold the auto-injectors by the plastic clip so that the larger auto-injector is on top and both are positioned in front of you at eye level.
4) With your dominant hand, check the injection site (thigh or buttocks) for buttons or objects in pockets which may interfere with the injections.
Treatment
(Self-Aid cont)
5) With this same hand, grasp the atropine auto-injector (the smaller of the two) with the thumb and first two fingers.
6) Pull the injector out of the clip with a smooth motion. The auto-injector is now armed.
7) Hold the auto-injector with your thumb and two fingers. Be careful not to inject yourself in the hand!
8) Position the green (needle) end of the injector against the injection site. a) On the outer thigh muscle.
b) If you are thinly-built, inject yourself into the upper outer quarter (quadrant) of the buttock. There is a nerve that crosses the buttocks; hitting this nerve can cause paralysis.
Treatment
(Self-Aid cont)
9) Apply firm, even pressure (not jabbing motion) to the injector until it pushes the needle into your thigh (or buttocks).
10)Hold the injector firmly in place for at least 10 seconds. Firm pressure automatically triggers the coiled spring mechanism. This plunges the needle through the clothing into the muscle and at the same time injects the antidote into the muscle tissue.
11)Carefully remove the auto-injector from your injection site.
12)Place the used atropine injector carefully between the little finger and the ring finger of the hand that is holding the remaining auto-injector and the clip.
13)Pull the 2 PAM Cl injector (the larger of the two) out of the clip and inject yourself in the same manner as steps f through k above, holding the black (needle) end against your outer thigh (or buttocks).
14)Attach the used injectors to your clothing.
15)After administering the first set of injections, wait 5 to 10 minutes. After administering one set of injections, you should decontaminate your skin, if necessary, and put on any remaining protective clothing.
Treatment
Buddy Aid
Service members may seek assistance after self-aid (self-administering one MARK I) or may become incapacitated after self-aid. A buddy must evaluate the individual to
determine if additional antidotes are required to counter the effects of the nerve agent. Also, service members may experience SEVERE symptoms of nerve agent
poisoning; they will not be able to treat themselves.
In either case, other service members must perform buddy aid as quickly as possible.
Before initiating buddy aid, determine if one set of MARK I injectors has already been used so that no more than three sets of the antidote are administered. Buddy aid also includes administering the CANA with the third
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.12,
Describe the steps and procedures in
utilizing the M-295 and M-291 decontamination kits.
M-295
The M295 kit allows personnel to decontaminate their individual equipment through physical removal and sorption of chemical agents. The kit can
decontaminate approximately 1,200 square feet. Decontamination is accomplished through sorption of contamination by both the kit nonwoven polyester pad and by the decontaminating powder. It is not approved for skin
decontamination. Decontaminating the CB protective mask/hood, gloves, footwear, weapon, helmet, and Load-Bearing Equipment (LBE) preclude agent
M-291
The M291 kit consists of a wallet-like carrying pouch containing six individual decontamination packets—enough to do three complete skin decontaminations.
The kit allows personnel to decontaminate their skin through physical removal, absorption, or neutralization of toxic agents with no long-term harmful effects. The kit is used for external use only and may be slightly irritating to eyes or skin.
Personnel must ensure that they keep the decontamination powder out of eyes, cuts, or wounds and avoid inhalation of the powder.
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.13,
State how long the JSLIST protective suit
will provide protection from chemical agents once they are
removed from packaging under the following conditions.
a. Exposed to chemical agents b. Not expose to chemical agents
Reference: [d] TM SS200-AP-MMO-010 Operator manual for Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST) Chemical Protective Ensemble [par. a]
Protection timeframes
CB protective life is a maximum of six (6) launderings, 45 days
of wear,
120 calendar days after removal from factory
vacuum-sealed bag, or 24 hours after contamination,
whichever comes first.
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.14,
Discuss laundering procedures
for the JSLIST protective suit.
Reference: [d] TM SS200-AP-MMO-010 Operator manual for Joint Service
Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST) Chemical Protective Ensemble [par. b]
Laundering Instructions
Close slide fasteners, hook and loop fasteners, etc. and turn garment inside out.
DO NOT STARCH/CHLORINE BLEACH/CRYCLEAN/PRESS Uniform may be washed up to 6 times.
a. Field/post laundry: Launder using Formula II of FM 10-280. Tumble dry at temperature not to exceed 120 F (48 C). Remove immediately from the dryer.
b. Machine (home)/hand laundering: Use permanent press wash cycle, or hand wash using warm water 90-110 F (32-43 C). and mild non-phosphate laundry detergent. Tumble dry, at low temperature 110-120 F (43-48 C) and remove immediately from dryer. To drip dry, remove from water and place on rust proof hanger.
c. Navy shipboard laundering: Follow NAVEDTRA 10176 Formula III. Tumble dry d. at low temperature 110-120 F. Remove immediately from dryer.
Chemical, Biological and
Radiological
PQS Question 111.15,
Discuss the following types of
decontamination.
a. Immediate b. Operational c. Thorough
Immediate
Individual Seabees initiate immediate decontamination
techniques-without command once-they become aware they have
contamination on their bare skin.
Operational
Operational decontamination generally follows immediate decontamination. The objective is to reduce the level of contamination to regenerate needed combat power allowing the unit to sustain its mission in a contaminated
environment. Operational decontamination will further reduce the risk of contamination transfer, the spread of contamination, and the speed of the
Thorough
The aim of thorough decontamination is to reduce or eliminate the need for individual protective clothing. Thorough decontamination is carried out to reduce contamination on personnel, equipment/material, and/or working areas to the lowest possible level (negligible risk). This permits the reduction or removal of individual protective equipment and maintains operations with the least degradation. Thorough decontamination reduces CBR contamination
levels to a negligible risk. There are two thorough decontamination techniques that Seabees use:
• Detailed Troop Decontamination (DTD)
