A B
ST R
A C
T
A
S H L E
Y
P
A
R
K
S
:I
nd
i
c at
o r s of N
o n-P
oin
t
S
o u r c eP
ol lu
t
i
o ni
nSu r
f
a c eW
at
e r sO
ri
g i
n at
i
ng
f
r om
B i
o s ol i ds
(
U
nd
e rt
h
ed
i
r e ct
io n o
f
D
r .H
ow
a rd
W
ein
b
e rg
)
T
h
ep
ri
m
a ry
c a u s e of
n o n-p
oi
nt
s o u r c e s u rf
a c ew
at
e rp
ol l
ut
i
o ni
nt
h
eU
ni
t
ed S
t
at
e si
s ag
ri
c ult
u
r al
r u n of f
.A l m
o st
5 0
%
of b i
o s ol
i
d
sp
r odu c e
d fr
om d
om
e sti
c slu
d
g
e a r e ap p
l ie
d
to
ag
ri
c ul
t
u r al fi
el
d
s.T h
e s eb i
o s ol i d
sh
ol
d m
a ny
o rg
a ni
c c o nt
am
i
n a nts
t
h
at
h
a v e s o rb
ed
a n
d
a c cu
m
ul
ate
d
i
nt
ot
h
e s ol i d
sfr
om
th
ew
a st
ew
at
e r st
r e am du r
in
g t
r e atm
e nt
.O f
t
h
em
a
ny
o rg
a
ni
c co
nt
a
m
in a n
t
sf
o u nd i
nw
ast
ew
at
e r st
r e am
s, n o ny lp
h
e n ol i
s om
e r s a nd
t
ri
clo
s a n a r el i k
el y
t
o c o n c e ntr a
t
ei
nt
h
eb i
o s ol i d
sd
u et
ot
h
eir
af fi
ni
t
y
f
o r o rg
a ni
cm
at
t
e r.N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol i
s om
e r s a r e ab i
od
eg
r ad
at
i
o np
r odu c
t
fr
om
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
-p
ol
y
et
h
o xy
l
at
e sw
h
i
ch
a r eth
em
aj
o ri
ng
r ed i
e nts o
f
n o n-io n
i
c s u r
f
a cta n
t
s u s ed i
ni
nd
u st
ri
al
a nd d
om
e st
i
c s et t
i
ng
s a sd
et
e rg
e nts
, em
ul
si fi
e r s, a nd w
et t
in
g
ag
e nt
s.T
ric
l
o s a ni
s a n a nti b
a ct
e ria
l
a nd
a n
t
i f
u ng
al
t
h
at
c a nb
ef
o u nd in
p
e r s o n al
c a r ep
r od
u ct
s, ch i l dr e n
's
t
oy
s,g
a rb
ag
eb
ag
s,c
l
ot
h
i
ng
, a nd k i
t
ch
e n ut
e n si l
s.C
o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol is o
m
e r s a nd
t
ric
l
o s a ni
nb i
o s ol i d
s a r e r ep
o rt
ed fr
om 5
-1 8 4
0 m
g
/k
g
a nd 3
.6
-7
.
4
m
g
/k
g
, r e sp
e cti
v el
y
.T
h i
s r e s e a r ch
sh
ow
sth
ep
o
t
e nt
ia
l f
o rt
h
e s e c o nt
am i
n a nt
sto
t
r a n sp
o rt
a
st
h
ey
a r e r ele a s e
d
in
t
ot
h
e e n vir o n
m
e nt t
hr o u
g
h l
a nd
ap p
l i
c at
i
o n of b i
o s ol i d
s a nd
t
h
ei
rp
ot
e nt
ia
l
t
ot
r a v el
in
t
o n e a rb
y
s u rf
a c ew
at
e r s.L
e v els o
f
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol i
s om
e r s a nd
t
ri
cl
o s a nw
e re
m
e a s u r ed
i
nb io s o
l i d
sfr
om
t
w
ow
a st
ew
at
e rt
r e atm
e nt p
l
a nt
sw
i
t
h d i f f
e r e nt t
r e at
m
e nt
m
eth
od
s a nd
p
r odu c
t
i
o n r ate s o
f b
i
o s ol i d
s.T
h
ep
ot
e nt
i
al f
o rb
i
o s ol i d
st
o r el
e a s et
h
e c o nt
am i
n a nt
sin
aw
o r st
-c a s e s c e n a ri
ow
a s st
ud
i
ed i
nth
el
ab
o r ato r
y
u si
ng
b
at
ch
i
s oth
e rm
e xp
e ri m
e nt
st
od
et
e rm
i
n et
h
e r at
e a nd
q
u a nt
i
t y
of
p
a rti
t
io n
i
ng
fr
om b i
o s ol i d
si
nto
r ai
nw
at
e r.T
h
e r at
e at
w
h
i
ch
t
h
e c o nt
am
i
n a nt
sl
eft
t h
eb i
o s ol
i
d
sfo
l l
ow
ed
z e r o-o r
d
e rk in e
t
ic s
, at
1 4
.3 m
g
/k
g
-h
o u rf
o r n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
a nd
2
.1
m
g /
k
g
-
h
o u rf
o rt
ri
cl
o s a nA fi
el d
stu
d
y w
a s al
s o c o ndu c
t
ed
o n a s u rf
a c ew
at
e rb
od
y
r u nn
i
ng
ad
j
a c e nt
t
o a sit
e of l
a nd
-ap p
l
i
ed b
i
o s ol
i
d
st
od
et
e rm i
n et
h
e e xt
e nt
of
t
h
e c o nt
am
i
n a nt
tr a n s
p
o rt
aft
e r a r ai
n e v e nt
.A ft
e r a sh
o rt
r ain
e v e nt
,a
p p
r o xi
m
at
el
y
2
.0 \
ig
/
L
of
n o ny
l p h
e n ol
sw
e r ef
o u nd d
ow
n st
r e am
of
th
efi
el d
ap
p
l ic a
t
i
o ns
i
t
e al
t
h
o ug h
n o n ew
e r ef
o u nd
at
a ny
s am p l i
ng l
o c at
io n
up
st
r e am
t
h
u si
nd ic a
t
i
ng
t
h
eir
p
ot
e nti
al
a s a nin
d i
c at
o r of
n o np
oin
t
s o u r c ep
ol l
ut
io n
fr
om b i
o s ol i d
s.I
n ad d
i
t
i
o nt
o e x am
i
ni
ng
t
h
ep
ot
e nt
i
al
f
o r sp
e ci
fi
c o rg
a nic c o n
t
am
i
n a nt
st
om
i g
r at
efr
om
la n
d
-ap p
l i
ed b i
o s ol i d
s,t
h
et
ot
al
e st
r og
e ni
ci
t y
of b i
o s ol i d
sth
at
a r el
a nd
-a
p
p l
ie
d
a nd
th
ep
ot
e nti
al f
o r e st
r og
e nic
i
t
y
to
m i g
r at
ein
t
o n e a rb
y
s u rf
a c ew
at
e r sw
a s al
s o e x am in e
d
u sin
g
t
h
eY
e a st
E
st
r og
e nS
c r e e n .T
h i
s stu
d
y
r e v e al
ed h i gh l
e v el
s of
e st
r og
e ni
c a cti
vi
t y
in
b i
o s ol
i
d
s(
0
.1 7
-
1.
9 3 m
g
/k
g
)
a nd
als o
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s of
e st
r og
e ni
cit
y
in
r ai
nw
at
e r e xp
o s ed
t
ob
i
o s ol i
d
sth
at
i
n c r e a s ed
w i
t
h
c o nt
a ct t
i m
e.C
o n s eq
u e ntl
y
, o rg
a ni
c sb
o u nd
t
ob i
o s ol i d
s, s om
e of w h i
ch h
a v e e st
r og
e ni
c
a ct
iv
i
t y
,h
a v et
h
ep
ot
e nti
al
t
ol
e a ch i
nt
ot
h
ei
rT
A
B L E
O
F C
O
N T E N T S
C
H A
P T E
R
1
:I N T R
O
D U C T I
O
N
&
L I T E
R A
T
U R
E
R
E
V
I E
W
1
1
.1 N
o np
oi
nt
S
o u r c eP
ol l
ut i
o n1
1 1
.1 R
ep
o rt
i
ng
of
Su r
f
a c eW
at
e rP
ol l
ut
i
o n1
1
.1
.2
N
o np
oi
nt
So u r c e
P
ol l
uti
o n a nd C
a u s e s1
1
.1
.3
N
o np
oi
nt
S
o u r c eP
ol l
uti
o ni
nN
o rt
h C
a r oli
n a3
1
.1
.4 A g
ri
c ul
tu
r eA
ct
i
vi
t
y
4
1
.2 I
n
d i
c at
o r s of
N
on
p
oi
n t
S
o u r c eP
ol l
ut
i
on
5
1
.2
1 C
h
em i
c al
I
nd
i
c at
o r s6
1 2
.2
B i
ol
og i
c al
a nd
M
i
c r ob
i
al I
nd
i
c ato r s
1
1
1
.3 B i
o s ol i d
s1 3
1
.3
1 B i
o s ol
i
ds
P
r od
u ct
i
o n1 3
1
.3
.2 B i
o s ol
i
d
sA p p
l
i
c at
i
o n1 5
1
3 3 C
o n c e r n sSu r r o u n
d
i
ng
B
i
o s oli
d
s1 7
1
.4 P
r op
o s ed
I
nd
i
c at
o r s1 9
1
.5
T
ri
cl
o s a n2
2
1 5
.1 B
a si
cC
h
em i
str
y
of
T
ri
clo s a n
2
2
1 5
2
T
ri
clo s a n
i
nWa s
te
w
at
e rT
r e atm
e nt
P la n
ts
2 4
1
.5 3
D
eg
r ad
at
i
o n of
T
ri
cl
o s a n2 7
1
5
.3
.1 P
h
oto
d
eg
r ad
ati
o n of
T
ri
clo s a n
2
7
1
.5
.3
.2
M
et
h
y
la
t
i
o n of
T
ri
cl
o s a n2 8
1 5
.4 T
ri
clo s a n
i
nt
h
eE
n vi
r o nm
e nt
2
8
1
.5
.5 R
eg
ul
ati
o n s o nT
ri
cl
o s a n3
1
1
.5
.6
M
et
h
od
s of
A
n al
y
si
sF
o rT
ri
cl
o s a ni
nt
h
eE
n vi
r o nm
e nt
3
1
1
.6 N
on
y l p h
en
ol P
ol y
et h
o xy l
at
e s3 3
1
.6
1 B
a si
cC h
em i
str
y
of
N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
P
ol
y
eth
ox
y
l
at
e s3 3
1
6
2
N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
i
nWa s
t
ew
ate r
T
r e at
m
e nt
P
l
a nts
3 5
1
.6
.3
D
eg
r ad
at
i
o n of
N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
P
ol
y
eth
o xy
la
t
e s3 7
1
.6 4
N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ols
i
nt
h
eE
n vi
r o nm
e nt
3 9
1
.6.
5
R
eg
ula
t
i
o n s o nN
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
P
ol
y
eth
ox
y
la
t
e s4 1
1.
6.
6
M
et
h
od
s of
A
n al
y
si
sf
o rN
o ny
l
p
h
e n ols
i
nth
eE
n vi
r o nm
e nt
4 2
1
.7
T
h
eY
e a st
E
st
r og
e nS
c r e e ni
n
g
A
s s ay
4
3
1
.8
R
e s e a r ch
O
b
j
e ct i
v e s4 4
C H A
P T
E
R 2
:M
A
T
E R I A
L
S &
M
E T
H O
D
S
4
8
2
.1
M
at
e ri
al
s4 8
2
.2
B
i
o s ol i d
sC
ol l
e ct i
on
a nd
A
n al y
si
s4
9
2 2 1 O
v e r vi
ew
of
W
a st
ew
ate r
T
r e at
m
e nt
P
la n
t
s4
9
2 2 2 P
l
a nt
A B i
o s oli
ds
5 0
2
2 3
P
l
a nt
B
Wa s
t
ew
ate r
T
r e at
m
e nt
P
r o c e s s5 2
2
.3
C
ol l
e ct i
o n a nd P
r ep
a r at i
o n of B i
o s ol i d
s5
4
2
.4
A
n
al y
si
s of
B i
o s ol i
d
sF
o rT
ri
cl
o s a n a nd N
o ny l p h
e n ol I
s om
e r s5 6
2
.4 1
St
a nd
a rd
A
d d
i
t
i
o n5 6
2
.4
.2 E
xtr a c
t
i
o nP
r o c e s s5
7
2
.4
.2
.1
E
xtr a c
t
i
o n of
B i
o s ol
i
ds
5
7
2
.4
.2
.2
E
xt
r a ct
i
o n of
A
n al
y
te s
b
y S P E
5 8
2
.4
.2 G
a s -C h
r o
m
at
og
r ap
h
y
-M
a s sS
ele c
ti
v eD
ete c
to r
(
G C
-M
SD
)
5 9
2
.4
.4 C
hr o
m
ato
g
r am
s a nd S
p
e ctr
a6
1
2
.4 4
.1
C
o ntr o
ls
6 1
2 4
.4
.2 D
e ri
v at
i
z ed T
ri
cl
o s a nSa
m p
l
e6
5
2
.4 4
.3
U
nd
e ri
v at
iz e
d
T
ri
cl
o s a nS
am p l
e6 8
2
.4
.4
.4
D
e ri
v atiz e
d
N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
I
s om
e r sS
am p
l
e7 0
2
.4
.4
.5
N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
I
s om
ersS
am p
le
7 4
2
.4
.4
.6 I
o n sS
el
e ct
ed F
orT
arg
et
A
n aly
t
es7 7
2
.5
Y
ea
st E
st
r og
en
S
cr
e en
i
n
g
A
s s ay
7 7
2
.5
.1 S
olu
t
i
o n s a nd G
r ow
th
M
ed
i
um
s7 8
2
5
.2 YE
S
P
r oto c o
l
8 0
2
.6 B
at
ch I
s ot h
e rm
sE
xp
e ri
m
e nt
8 2
2 6 1
Sta n
d
a rd
A
d d
i
ti
o nSp i
k
e s8 3
2 6
.2 I
s ot
h
e rm R
e a cti
o n8 3
2
.6
.2 SP E
a nd A
n al
y
si
s8 5
2
6 2
.1
SP
E
of
R
ai
nw
ate r
S
am p
l
e s8
5
2
6 2 2 SP
E
of
B i
o s ol
i
d
sS
am p
l
e s8 6
2
.6 4
YE S A
s s ay F
o rB
at
ch
I
s ot
h
e rm
E
xp
e ri m
e nt
8 6
2
.7
F i
el
d
S
am
p l
e s8 6
2
.7
.1 A
r e aI
nf
o rm
at
i
o n8 6
2 7
2 Sa
m p
l
eL
o c at
i
o n8 7
2
.7
2 C
ol l
e cti
o nT i m
e s8 8
2 7
.4
Sa
m p
l
eC
ol le c
ti
o nM
et
h
od
s8 9
2 7 5 A
n al
y
zi
ng S
t
r e am S
am p
l
e s8 9
C H A
P T E R 3
:R
E
S U L
T
S
9
1
3
.1 S t
an
d
a rd A d d i t i
o nA
n
al y
si
s9 1
3
.2 I
n st
r um
e nt D
et
e ct i
o nL i
m
i t
s a nd
L
i
m
i t
s of
Q
u a nt i
i
l
c at
i
o n9
5
3
.3
A
n
al y
si
s of B i
o s ol
i
d
s9
7
2 2 1 C
o n c e nt
r at
i
o n of
A
n al
y
t
e si
nB i
o s ol
i
d
s9 7
2 2
.2 E
str o
g
e ni
ci
t
y i
nB
i
o s ol
i
d
s9 9
3
.4
B
at
ch
I
s ot h
e rm
E
xp
e
ri
m
en
t
1
0 5
3
.4 1 A
n al
y
sis o
f
N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ols a n
d
T
ri
clo s a n
i
nB i
o s ol
i
d
s a nd
R
ai
nw
at
e rE
xt
r a cts
1 0 5
2
4
.2
K
i
n et
i
c s of
B i
o s oli
d
sM
i g
r ati
o n1 1 2
2
.4
2 E
str o
g
e ni
ci
t
y T
r a n sf
e ri
nR
ai
nw
at
e r a nd
B i
o s ol
i
d
sP
o rt
i
o n s1 13
3
.5
F
i
el
d A
n
al y
si
s1 1
7
2
.5 1
E
sta
b l
i
sh
ed B
a ck
g
r o u nd
L
e v el
s of
T
ri
clo s a n
a nd
N
o nl
y p
h
e n ols a
t
F i
el d
S i
t
e s1 1 7
2
.5
.2 C
o n c e ntr a
t
i
o n s of
N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
a nd
T
ri
cl
o s a n at
F
i
el d Si
t
e sA
f
t
e rR
ai
nE
v e nt
1 1
9
C H A
P T E
R
4
:D
I S C
U
S S I
O N
1 2
4
4
.1
R
e s e a r ch
O
b
j
e ct
i
v e s a nd I
ni
t
i
al B
a ck g
r o u nd
1 2 4
4
.2 B
at
ch I
s ot
h
e rm
E
xp
e ri
m
en
t
1 2 4
4
.4 E
st
r og
en
i
cA
ct
i
vi t y i
nB i
o s ol i d
s1 2 7
4
.5 C
o n c en
t
r at i
on
s of P
oi
n
t S
o u r c e s of T
ri
cl
o s a n an
d N
o ny l p h
en
ol
s1 2 9
4
.6
T i
m
e-
R
an
g
eF
o rI
nd
i
c at
o r s1
3 0
4
.7 P
o s si b l
eF i
n
g
e rp
ri
n
t i
n
g
of B i
o s ol i d
sP
ol l
ut
i
on
1 3 2
4
.8 D
e v el
op
m
e nt
si
nW
a st
ew
at
e rT
r e at
m
en
t P l
an
t
s1
3
3
4
.9
F
u
t
u r eW
o rk
f
o rN
on
y
l p
h
en
ol
s an
d
T
ri
cl
o s an
t
ob
eA
s c e rt
ai
n
ed
a sI
n
d i
c at
o r s1
34
A
p p
en
d
i
xA
:G
a sC h
r om
at
og
r ap h y
M
et
h
od
s1
3
6
A
p p
en
d
i
xB
:R
e su
l t
s,D
at
a, an
d
C
al
c ul
at i
on
s1 3 8
L I S T O F
T A
B
L
E S
,F
I
G U R E S
,A N D C A L
C
U
L
A
T
I O N S
C H A P T E R 1
:I N
T R O
D
U C T
I
O N &
L I T
E R
A T
U R E R E V
I E
W
T
ab l
e1
.1
:C
om m
o n s o u r c e s a nd
t
y p
e s of
n o np
oi
nt
s o u r c ep
ol l
ut
i
o n2
T
ab l
e1
.2
:So
u
r c e s of i
m
p
air
m
e nt
i
n s u rf
a c ew
at
e r s4
T
ab l
e1
.3
:L
e ad in
g
s o u r c e s of w
at
e rq
u al i
t
y
i m p
ai
rm
e nt
5
T
ab l
e1.
4
:C
h
em
i
c al
a nd
b
i
ol
og i
c al i
nd
i
c at
o r sp
r e vi
ou
sly p
r op
o s ed f
o r su
rf
a c ew
at
e rp
ol l
ut
io n
6
T
a
b l
e1
.5
:E
m
e rg i
ng C
o nt
am
i
n a nt
sin
U S C l
a s sA b io s o
l i d
s17
T
ab l
e1
.6
:C h
em i
c al
sto
c o n si d
e r a s ab i
o s ol i d
sin
d i
c at
o r,b
a s ed
o n ef f l
u e nt
r e
m
o v al
2 0
T
ab l
e1
.7
:C
h
em i
c al
sto
c o n si d
e r a s ab i
o s ol i d
sin
d i
c at
o r,b
a s ed
o n o c c u r r e n c ei
nd i
g
e st
ed
slu
d
g
e2 1
T
ab l
e1.
8
:C h
em i
c al p
r op
e rt
ie s o
f
t
ri
cl
os a
n2 4
T
ab l
e1.
9
:T
ri
clo s a n
in
w
a st
ew
ate r
t
r e at
m
e nt
p
la
n
t
s2 5
T
ab l
e1
.1
0
:R
em
o v al
of
t
ri
cl
o s a nf
o rd i f f
e r e nt
t
r e at
m
e nt
m
eth
od
s2 5
T
ab l
e1
.1 1:
M
eth
od p
a r am
et
e r sf
o rt
ri
cl
o sa n
a n al
y
si
sf
r om
s ol i d m
at
ric e s
3 3
T
ab l
e1.
1 2
:P
r op
e rt
ie s o
f
sh
o rt
-c
h
ai
n ed N
P E
O
s a nd
n o ny
l p h
e n ol
s3
5
T
ab l
e1
.13
:C
on
c en
t
r at
i
o n s on
N
P
E O
sin
w
a st
ew
at
e rt
r eat
m
en
t p
l
an
t
s3 5
T
ab l
e1.
14
:R
em
o v al
of
n on
y
l
p
h
e n ol
o r n o ny
l p h
e n ol
p
ol y
et
h
o xy
l
at
e si
nw
a st
ew
at
e rt
r e at
m
en t
p
r o c e s s e s3 7
T
ab l
e1.
15
:M
et
h
od
p
a r am
et
e r sf
o r n o ny
l
p
h
e n ols a n a
l
y
si
sf
r om
s ol i d m
at
ri
c e s4 3
F
i
g
u r e1.
1:
T y p
i
c al d
e si
g
n of
aw
a st
ew
at
e rtr e a
tm
e nt
p
l
a nt
1 4
F i
g
u r e1
.2
:M
ol
e c ul
a r st
r u ctu r
e
of
tr
ic
l
o s a n2
4
F i g
u r e1
.3
:4
-N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
, a n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol is o
m
e r34
F
i
g
u r e1
.4
:N
o ny
l
p
h
e no
l m
o n o eth
o xy
l
ate
(
N
P
iE
O
)
,R
=
C
9
H
i 93 5
C H A P
T E
R
2
:M
A T
E R
I
A
L S
&
M
E
T H O
D S
T
ab l
e2
.1:
C h
em i
c al
s a nd
s ol
v e nt
sf
r eq
u e nt
l
y
u s ed i
nth i
s r ep
o rt
4
8
T
ab l
e2
.2
:C
a rt
ri d
g
e
s u s ed f
o rS
ol i d
-P h
a
s eE
xt
r a ct
io n
(
SP E
)
4 9
T
ab l
e2
.3
:C h
a r a ct
e ri
st
ic s o
f
P
la n
t
sA
a nd B
an
d
t
h
eir
b io
s ol i d
s50
T
ab l
e2
.4
:E l
em
e nt
al
co
n c e nt
r at
io n s o
f P la
nt
A b i
o s ol i d
s52
T
ab l
e2
.5
:O
t
h
e rp
a r am
et
e r sf
o rP
l
a nt
A b i
o s ol i d
s5 2
T
ab l
e2
.6
:E l
em
e nt
al
c o n c e nt
r at
io n s o
f P l
a nt B
b i
o s ol i d
s5
3
T
ab l
e2
.7
:P l
a nt B
b i
o s ol i d
sp
a r am
ete r s
54
T
ab l
e2
.8
:St
an
d
a rd
ad d i
t
io n
p
a r am
et
e r sf
o rd
ete r
m
i
ni
ng t
h
e c o n c e nt
r ati
o n s of
tr
ic
l
o s a n a nd
n o ny
l p h
e n ol i
s om
e r si
nb i
o s ol i d
s5
7
T
ab l
e2
.9
:P
a r am
ete r s
f
o r s am
p l
e an
al
y
si
s6 0
T
ab l
e2
.1
0
:R
el
ati
v e ab
u nd
a n c e s of d
e riv a
t
i
z ed
t
ri
cl
o s a nis o
t
op
e s6 8
T
ab l
e2
.1 1
:R
ela
t
iv e a
b
u nd
an
c e s of
t
ri
cl
o s a ni
s ot
op
e s7 0
T
ab l
e2
.12
:I
o n s of g
r e at
e st
ab
u nd
a n c ef
o r e a ch
n o ny l ph
e no
l
ch
r om
at
og
ra
p h i
c7 4
T
ab l
e2
.13
:I
on
sp
r op
ose
d f
o
ri d
en
t
i fi
c at
i
on
an
d q
u a
nt
i fi
c at
i
on
7 7
T
ab l
e2
.1 4
:S
t
a nd
a rd
ad d i
t
io n
p
a r am
et
e r sfo r
b
at
ch i
s oth
e rm
s e xp
e ri m
e nt
u si
ng
Pl
a nt A
b io s o
l i d
s8 3
T
ab l
e2
.1 6
:Str e a
m
s am
p
le
lo c a
t
i
o n s8 8
T
ab l
e2
.1
7
:S
ta
n
d
a rd
ad d i
ti
o np
a r am
et
e r sf
o r a n al
y
si
s of
st
r e am
s am
p
l
e s8
9
F i
g
u r e2
.1
:B
io s o
l i d
s aft
e rl
y
op h i l i
z at
i
o n5
5
F i g
u r e2
.2
:F
ul l
s c a nt
ot
al i
o n ch
r om
at
og
ra
m
of
A
C
N
c o nt
r ol
s am
p
le
6 1
F
i g
u r e2
.3
:M
a s s sp
e ct
r um
of H C B i
nth
ec
hr o
m
ato
g
r ap h i
cp
e ak fr
om
th
eA C N
c o n
t
r ol
s am
p
l
e62
F i
g
u r e2
.4
:C h
em
i
c al
st
r u ctu r e
of
H
C B
(
m
ole c u
la r
w
ei g h
t
2 8 4
)
6 2
F
i
g
u
r e2
.5
:C h
em i
c al
st
r u ctu r e
of
p y
ri d i
n e(
m
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei
g
h
t
7 9
)
6 3
F
i
g
u r e2
.6
:F
r ag
m
e nt
of p y
ri d i
n e(
m
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei g h
t
5 2
)
6 3
F
i
g
u r e2
.7
:B ST F
A
(
m
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei gh
t
2 8
7
)
6
3
F
i
g
u r e2
.8
:S i l i
c ag
r o up f
r ag m
e nt
ed
of f
B
ST
F A
(
m
ole c u
l
a rw
ei
g
h
t
7 3
)
64
F
i
g
u
r e2
.9
:O
th
e rio
n
sp
r e s en t
i
n t
h
eA C N
c on tr o
l
s am
p
le
6
4
F
i
g
u r e2
.1 0
:F
r ag
m
e nt
of
B
ST F
A
(
m
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei
g
h
t
1 4
9
)
6 5
F i
g
u r e2
.1 1
:F
ul
l
s c a ni
o n ch
r om
at
og
r am
of d
e riv a
t
iz e
d
t
ri
cl
o s a n(
16
.7 m
g
/
L
)
6 6
F i
g
u r e2
.1 2
:M
a s s sp
e ct
r um
of d
e ri
v ati
z ed
t
ric
l
o s a n chr o
m
at
og
r ap
h i
cp
e ak
at
3 5
.8 4 m i
n ut
e s6 6
F i g
u r e2
.13
:D
e riv a
t
iz e
d
t
ric
l
o s an(
m
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei g h
t
3 6 0
)
6 7
F i
g
u r e2
.14
:F
r agm
e nt
of d
e ri
va t
i
z ed
tr
i
clo s a n
(
m
ole c u
la r
w
ei gh
t
3 4 8
)
6
7
F
i
g
u r e2
.15
:F
r ag
m
e nt
of de r
i
v at
i
z ed
tr
i
cl
o s a nf
r ag
m
e nt
(
m
ole c u
la r
w
ei
g
h
t
2 0
0
)
6 7
F i
g
u r e2
.16
:F
ul l
s c a nio n
ch
r om
at
og
r am
of
t
ric
l
o s a n(
1 0 0
m
g
/
L
)
6
8
F i g
u r e2
.17
:M
a s s sp
e ct
r um
of
tr
i
clo s a n
ch
r om
at
og
r ap h i
cp
e ak
at
1 1
.4 0
m i
n ut
e s6 9
F
i
g
u r e2
.1
8
:T
ri
clo s a n
6 9
F i
g
u r e2
.1
9
:F
r ag
m
e nt
s of
t
ric
l
o s a n7 0
F
i
g
u r e2
.2
0
:F
r ag
m
e nt
of
t
ri
cl
o s a nfr
ag
m
e nt
(
m
ole c u
la r
w
ei
g
h
t
2 18
)
7 0
F
i
g
u r e2
.2 1
:F
u
l l
s c a nto
t
al i
o n ch
r om
at
og
r am
of d
e riv a
t
iz e
d
n o ny l p
h
e n ol
te c
hn
ic a
l m i
xt
u r e(
1 5 0
m
g
/
L
)
7
1
F i g
u r e2
.2 2
:F
ul l
s c a nto
t
al i
o n ch
r om
at
og
r am
of d
e riv a
t
iz e
d
n o ny l p h
e n ol
p
e ak
si
na n a r r o
w
t
i
m
ew i
nd
ow
7
2
F i
g
u r e2
.2 3
:M
a s s sp
e ct
r um
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
chr o
m
at
og
r ap
h i
cp
e ak # 3
7
2
F i g
u r e2
.2 4
:M
a s s sp
e ct
r um
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
ch
r om
at
og
r ap
h i
cp
e ak #
5
7
2
F
i
g
u r e2
.2 5
:F
r ag
m
e nt
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
(
M
-5 7
)
7
3
F i
g
u r e2
.2 6
:F
r agm
e nt
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
(M
-8 5
)
7
3
F
i
g
u r e2
.2
7
:F
r ag
m
e nt
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
(
m /
z1
9 3
)
7 4
F
i
g
u r e2
.2 8
:F
ul l
s c a ni
o n ch
r om
at
og
r am
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
t
ec
h
n
ic a
l
m
i
xt
u r e(
1
g
/ L
)
7 5
F
i g
u r e2
.2 9
:F
ul l
s c a ni
o n ch
r om
at
og
r am
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
p
e ak
sin
a n a r r ow
r e
t
e nti
o nw i
nd
ow
7
5
F i g
u
r e2
.3 0
:M
ass s
p
e ct
r um
o
f
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
ch
r om
at
og
r ap h i
cp
ea
k
at
2 8
.7 2
m i
n ut
e s7 6
F
i
g
u r e2
.3
1
:F
r ag
m
e nt
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol i
s om
e r(
m /
z=
10 7
)
7 6
F
i
g
u r e2
.3
2
:F
r ag m
e nt
of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol i
s om
e r(
m /
z=
1
3
5
)
7
6
F
i g
u r e2
.3 3
:N
o ny l p
h
e n ol
str u c
t
u r e(
m
ole c u
la r
w
ei
g
h
t
2 2 0
)
7
7
F i
g
u r e2
.34
:M
ap
of fi
el d
si
t
e8 7
C H A P
T
E R 3
:R E SU L
T
S
T
ab l
e3
.1
:E
x am p l
et
ab l
e of
r aw d
at
a of
n o ny
l p h
e n ol
s u si
ng
s am
p l
e sf
r om
a n a
l
y
si
s of
P
la
n t
s
b io s o
l i d
s9 3
T
ab l
e3
.3
:I
n st
r um
e nt
d
et
e ct
io n
l i m
i ts
9 6
T
ab l
e3
.4
:E
sti
m
at
ed l i m i
t
s of
q
u
a nti fi
c at
io n
f
o rd i f f
e r e nt
s am
p l
et
y p
e s9
6
T
ab l
e3
.5
:C
o n c e nt
r ati
o n of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
s a nd
tr
i
cl
o s a nf
o u nd in
d
ry
b i
o s ol i d
sf
r om
P l
a nt
sA
a nd
B
9
7
T
ab l
e3
.6
:R
e s ult
sf
r om Y
E S
a s s ay p
l
ot
sf
o rb i
o s ol
i
d
s s am
p
l
e sfi
^o
m
P
la n
t
sA
a n
d B
1 0 3
T
ab l
e3
.7
:M
a s sb
ala n c e o
f
n o ny
l p h
e n ols
i
nb i
o s ol
i
d
s a nd
r ai
nw
at
e
rfr
om
b
atc
h
i
s ot
h
e rm
e xp
e ri m
e nt
10 9
T
ab
l
e3
.8
:M
a s sb
al
a n c e of
t
ri
cl
o s a ni
nb i
o s ol i
d
s a nd
r ai
nw
at
e rfr
om b
at
ch
i
s ot
h
e rm
e xp
e rim
e nt
1
10
T
ab l
e3
.9
:M
a s sb
ala n c e o
f
e st
r og
e nic a c
ti
vi
t y
m
e a s u r ed i
n r ai
nw
at
e r a nd
b i
o s ol i d
sfr
om b
at
ch i
s oth
e rm
e xp
e ri
m
e nt
1
16
T
ab l
e3
.1
0
:P
a r am
et
e r sf
o r str e a
m
s am
p
l i
ng l
o c at
i
o n sdu r
i
ng
ad
ry p
e ri
od
o n4
/
1/ 2
0 0 7
, n o si g
ni fi
c a nt
r ai
nf
o r at
le a s
t 1
0 d
ay
s at
al l
si
te s
1 1
8
T
ab l
e3
.1 1
:S t
r e am
s am
p
l
e st
ak
e n o n ad
ry p
e ri
od
o n1 / 3 1
/2
0
0 7
, n o si g
ni fi
c a nt
r a
in
f
o r at
l
e a st
1
0 d
ay
s1 19
T
ab l
e3
.1 2
:S
t
r e am
s am
p
l
e st
ak
e n aft
e r a r ain
e v e nt
(
0
.7
2 i
n ch
e s)
o n4
/
1 1/
2 0 0 7
1 2
0
T
ab l
e3
.1
3
:N
o ny
l
p
h
e n ol d
at
a aft
e r a r ai
n e v e nt
(
0
.7 2
i
n ch
e s)
o n4 / 1 1 /
2
0 0 7
1 2 1
F i g
u r e3
.1
:S
t
a nd
a rd
ad d
i
t
io n
c u r v ef
o r n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
aft
e r a r ai
n e v e nt
9 4
F
i g
u r e3
.2
:St
a nd
a rd
ad d i
t
io n
c u r v ef
o rt
ri
cl
o s a n af
t
e r a r ai
n e v e nt
9 4
F
i
g
u r e3 3
:C
o r r e ct
e
d
c olo r a
b
s o rb
a n c e r e sp
o n s ef
r om
P l
a nt
A b i
o s ol i d
s s amp l
e sa n a
l
y
z ed
u si
ng
Y E S
a s s ay
, "d ie
-off
p
oi
nt
si
n clu
d
ed
10 0
F
i
g
u r e3
.4
:E
x am
p
le
of p l
at
e u s ed f
o rY
E S
a s s ay
w i
t
h
s e v e r al
s am
p
le s
d i
sp
l
ay
i
ng
"d
i
e-of f
fr
om h i
g
h
-c o n -c e n
tr a
t i
o n s am
p
le s
1 0 1
F
i
g
u r e3
5
:C
o r r e ct
ed
c ol
o r ab
s o rb
a n c e r e sp
o n s efr
om
P
l
a nt
A b i
o s ol i d
s s amp
l
e sa n a
l y
z ed
u si
ng
Y E S
a s s ay
, "d ie
-of f
p
oi
nt
s r em
o v ed
1 0 2
F
i g
u r e3
.6
:C
o r r e ct
ed
c ol
o r ab
s o rb
a n c e r e sp
o n s efr
om P l
a nt
B b i
o s ol i d
s s am
p
l
e sa n a
l
y
z ed
u si
ng
Y E S
a s s ay
, "d ie
-off
p
oi
nt
s r em
o v ed
10 2
F
i
g
u r e3
.7
:M
i
g
r at
i
o n of
n o ny
l p h
e n ol
sfr o
m b i
o s ol i d
sin
t
o r ai
nw
at
e rd
u rin
g b
atc
h
i
s oth
e rm
e xp
e ri m
e nt
(
C
o=
5
0 0
±
3 5
m
g
/ k g
)
1 0 7
F i
g
u r e3
.8
:M
i
g
r at
i
o n of
t
ri
clo s a n
fr
om b i
o s ol i d
si
nto
r ainw
at
e rd
u ri
ng
b
at
ch
i
s oth
e rm
e xp
e
ri m
e nt
(
C
o=
2
1.
1
±
1
.7
m g/ k
g
)
1
13
F i g
u re
3
.9
:R
eg
r e s sio n
c u r v e u s ed
t
o e st
im
at
eth
e r at
e at
w
h i
ch
n o ny l
p
h
e n ols a n
d
tr
i
clo s a n
e xit t
h
eb i
o s ol i d
s1
1
4
F i g
u r e3
.10
;P
a rti
t
i
o ni
ng
of
e st
r og
e ni
c a ct
i
vi
t
y
in
t
o r ai
nw
ate r
fr
om b
at
ch
i
s oth
e rm
s e xp
e ri m
e nt
12 6
F
i
g
u r e3
.1 1
:C
o n c e nt
r at
i
o n of
e str o
g
e ni
c a ct
iv
i
t y
i
nb i
o so
l i d
sfr
om b
at
ch
i
s oth
e rm
s e xp
e ri
m
e nt
(
C
o=
1
.9 3
m
g /
k
g
)
1 1 5
F i
g
u r e3
.1
2
:T
ot
al m
a s s of
e str o
g
e ni
c a ct
iv
i
t
y
r e c o v e r ed f
r om
r ai
nw
at
e r a nd
b i
o s ol i d
sp
o rt
i
o n s1 1
5
F
i g
u r e3
.13
:D
ow
n str e a
m
s am p l
e ch
r om
at
og
r am
sd i
sp l
ay i
ng
t
h
e ch
r om
at
og
r ap
h i
cp
e ak
so
f
n o ny l p h
e n ol
(
u si
ng
i
o n s at
m /
z=
1 9
3
a
nd
2 0 7
si m
ult
a n e o u sl
y
)
1 2
1
F i
g
u r e3
.14
:C
h
r om
at
og
r am
s of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
st
a nd
a rd
sd i
sp
l
a
y
i
ng t
h
e ch
r om
at
og
r ap h i
c
C
H A
P T E
R
4
:D I
S
C
U S
S I
O
N
T
ab l
e4
.1
:C
om
p
ari
s o n of
t
ri
cl
o s a n a nd
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o
n si
n v ari
o u se n v
i
r o nm
e nta
l m
atri
c e s1
2
9
A
p p
en
d
i
xB
:R
e s ul t
s,D
at
a, an
d
C
al
c ul
at
i
on
sT
ab l
eB
.l
:R
e sp
o n s ef
o r n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
p
e ak
si
nP l
a nt
A b i
o s ol i d
s s amp
l
e s14 0
T
ab l
eB
.2
:R
e sp
o n s ef
o rtri
cl
o s a np
e ak
si
nP l
a nt
A b
i
o s ol i
d
s s am
p l
e s1 4 1
T
ab l
eB
.3
:A
r e a of
n o ny
l p h
e n ol p
e ak
si
nP
l
a nt
B
b
i
o s oli
d
s s am
p
le s
14 2
T
ab
l
eB
.4
:A
r e a of
t
ri
cl
o s a np
e ak
sin
P
l
a nt
B
b i
o s ol i d
s14 4
T
ab l
eB
.5
:E
x am
p
l
e of
p
l
at
el
ay
o ut
f
o rY
E
S
a s s ay
1 4
6
T
ab l
eB
.6
:A
ct
u al
s ol i d
sw
ei
g
h
t
a nd
r ain
w
at
e r v ol
um
e a n al
y
z ed i
nb
at
ch i
s ot
h
e rm
e x
p
eri m
e nt
14 7
T
ab l
eB
.7
:R
e sp
o n s e s of
n o ny
l p h
e n ol p
e ak
sf
o r sta n
d
a rd
ad d it
i
o n c u r v e of
b i
o s ol i d
sp
o rt
i
o nf
o rb
at
ch i
s ot
h
e rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
1
4 7
T
ab l
eB
.8
:R
e sp
o n s e s of
t
ri
cl
o s a np
e ak
sfo r
st
a nd
a rd
ad d i
t
io n
c u r v e of b i
o s ol i d
sp
o rt
io n
f
o rb
at
ch i
s oth
e rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
14
8
T
ab l
eB
.9
:M
S D
r e sp
o n s e s r el
at
iv e
to
c o n c e ntr a
t i
o n at
2
4
-
h
o u r c o nt
a ct
t
i m
e of
b i
o s ol i d
si
nb
at
ch i
s oth
e
rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
14 9
T
ab l
eB
.I O
:E
sti m
ate
d
c o n c e nt
r ati
o n s of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ols
i
nb i
o s ol i d
sfr
om b
at
ch
i
s ot
h
e rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
aft
e r s et c o nt
a ct t
i m
e s15 0
T
ab l
eB
.l 1
:E
st i
m
at
ed
c o n c e nt
r ati
o n s of
t
ri
cl
o s a ni
nb i
o s ol i d
sfr
om b
at
ch
i
s ot
h
e rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
aft
e r s et
c o nt
a ct
t
i m
e s1 5 1
T
ab l
eB
.1 2
:R
e sp
o n s e s of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
p
e ak
sf
o r sta n
d
a rd
ad d
i
t
i
o n c u r v ei
nr a
in
w
at
e rp
o rt
i
o nf
o rb
at
ch i
s oth
e rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
1
5
1
T
ab l
eB
.13
:R
e sp
o n s e s of
t
ri
cl
o s a np
e ak
sfo r s
t
a nd
a rd
ad d i
t
io n
c u r v ein
r ai
nw
at
e rp
ort
io n
f
o rb
at
ch
i
s oth
e rm
e xp
eri
m
e nt
1
5 2
T
ab l
eB
.l 4
:M
S D
r e sp
o n s e s r el
at
iv e
t
o c o n c e nt
r at
io n
at
2 4
-h
o u r c o n
t
a ct t
im
e of
r a
i
nw
at
e rp
ort
i
o ni
nb
atc
h i
s oth
e rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
1
5 4
T
ab l
eB
.l 5
:E
sti
m
at
ed
c o n c e nt
r ati
o n s of
n o ny
l
p
h
e n ol
si
n r ain
w
at
e rp
ort
i
o nfr
om
b
atc
h i
s ot
h
e rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
aft
e r se
t
c
o nta
ct t
i m
e s1 5 4
T
ab l
eB
.l 6
:E
st
i m
at
ed
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n s of
t
ri
cl
o s a ni
n r ai
nw
ate r
p
ort
i
o nfr
om b
at
ch
i
s ot
h
e rm
e xp
eri
m
e nt
aft
e r s et
c o nt
a ct t
i m
e s1 5 5
T
ab l
eB
.1 7
:P
a r am
ete r s
f
o rd
o s e r e sp
o n s e c u r v e sfo r
b i
o s ol i d
sp
ort
i
o n of b
at
ch
i
so
t
h
e rm
e xp
eri m
e nt
1
5 5
T
ab l
eB
.l
8
:P
a r am
ete r s
f
o rd
o s e r e sp
o n s e c u r v e sfo r r a
in
w
at
e rp
ort
io n
of b
at
ch
i
s oth
e rm
e xp
eri
m
e nt
15
6
T
ab l
eB
.l
9
:St
a nd
a rd
ad d i
t
io n
G C
-
M
S D
r e sp
o n s ef
o r n o ny
l
p
h
e n ols
i
n c r e ek
s a
m
p
le s o n
4
/
1 / 2 0
0
7
(
n o r e c e nt
r ai
n)
1
56
T
ab l
eB
.2 0
:St
a nd
a rd
ad d i
t
io n
r e s ult
sf
o rt
ri
cl
o s a ni
n c r e ek
s am p l
e s o n1/
3 1/ 2 0 0
7
(
n o r e c e nt
r ai
n)
15
7
T
ab l
eB
.2 1
:G
C
-