Review Class Day 4
The World, 1000-1500 AD
Asia: The Song Empire, The Mongols, Feudal Japan
The Middle East: The Abbasid Empire
Europe: Agricultural Revolution, Renaissance, Reformation
Africa: Trading Kingdoms
Asia: The Song Dynasty
960-1279 CE
•
A Golden Age
in China
•
Peace & prosperity
•
Achievements in math, science, technology
•
Revival of
Confucianism
, which became the basis for
government and Society
•
Continued and
expanded
the
civil service exam
system
•
Large
bureaucracy
of government-paid officials
•
Scholar-gentry hold power
•
Highly
educated ruling class
•
Confucian Officials > Military Generals
•
Return to
traditional Values
•
Patriarchy
Achievements of the Song
• Chinese calligraphy expands as both an art form and a literary form
• First wood-block printing press (Tang)
• The Song created a movable-type printing press
• Books faster/easier to make cheaper
• More people can buy/afford literacy rates increase
• Knowledge expands
• New ideas circulate
• Grand Canal built
• Connected North and South
• Increased trade
• Controlled flooding
• Increased urbanization along banks
• Chinese Pagodas become a popular architectural style
• Influence Chinese architecture for centuries
Technology
•
Printing Press
•
Began to use the
magnetic compass
for
navigation
(moving ships from place to place
accurately
•
Pound Lock
: controlled water levels on
canals/rivers. Allowed ships to move up rapids
•
Porcelain
:
Hard smooth decorative pottery,
Became a valuable
trade good
•
Gunpowder
invented during Tang and
expanded in use during Song Dynasty
• Fireworks
Asia: The Mongols
• Nomadic herders from Asia; were skillful horsemen & fierce fighters
• Technology aided in their success: horse stirrup, compound bows, cannons
• Brutal warriors
• Began to grow their empire in 1200 under the leadership of Genghis Khan
• Was the largest empire in the world
• For the most part, was a tolerant ruler: respected the arts & learning
The Mongols
•
A grandson of Genghis Khan
established rule over
Russia (= The Golden Horde)
that lasted until the
late 1400s
• Occupied Kiev
• Long-term impact was isolation from the rest of western Europe & a tradition of absolute rule
•
Kublai Khan conquered China in 1279 and adopted a
Chinese name: the
Yuan dynasty
• Established great cities that flourished with trade
•
A Mongolian descendant (Babur) also established
the
Mughal dynasty
in India (1526-1857)
The
Pax Mongolia
• = political stability that allowed for an exchange of goods & ideas between the East & the West
• Maintained safety along the Silk Road • Gunpowder, porcelain, papermaking, windmills
• Explorers
• Marco Polo = an Italian merchant who traveled to the court of Kublai Khan &
remained there for many years (introduced Europeans to the beauty & riches of China)
• Ibn Battuta = a scholar from Morocco who traveled to the Middle East, throughout Asia & Spain
• Decline of the Mongols
• Empire too large
• Excellent at obtaining power, not as skilled at maintaining that power (government): incompetent or corrupt rulers
Imperial Period: Heian Court
645 CE -1159 CE
•
Japanese Emperors passed laws to adopt
Chinese
culture
(
Tang
Dynasty)
•
Move to
centralize
imperial power
• Confucianism imported • Social Order
• Stability
• Respect for elders (filial piety)
• Value of education
• Writing System [later changes to be distinct]
•
Chinese Belief Systems
• Shintoism = “way of the gods”
• Polytheistic
• Zen Buddhism
• An example of cultural diffusion from Korea & China (remember that it originated in India
Sengoku Period: “
Warring States”
1100’s -1603 CE
•
Power of the emperors’
declined
in 1100s
•
Remained only as
figureheads =
a leader or
head without real power
•
Shoguns
“
military governors
”
held the
actual power
•
Created their own
“dynasties”
•
Ruled in the emperor’s name
•
Feudal
military dictatorship
•
From 1100s-1603 powerful clans and
families
fought
for title of Shogun
(Sengoku
Period)
•
A
Feudal
system developed to provide
protection
and
stability
during the chaos
Right: Minamoto Yoritomo: First Shogun of Feudal japan
Japanese Feudalism
•
Emperor in name only
•
Military
aristocracy
(elite)
controlled land and power
•
Exchanged
land
for
service
•
Shoguns
had the real power
(Shogunate)
•
Daimyo
= vassal lords, controlled
large armies and large domains (fiefs)
•
Samurai
served as their soldiers and
bodyguards
•
Samurai =
warrior class
, name
means “those who serve”
Class System
of
Feudal Japan
•
~85% of the population were
commoners
•
Peasants formed the largest class and were
considered
superior to (above)
artisans and
merchants
•
Farmed Samurai and Daimyo land
•
Some owned land
•
Artisans worked with stone, wood or metal
•
Some gained fame as swordsmiths or armorers
•
Merchants were the lowest class because
they
made nothing of their own
•
As
money
became more important merchant
families could
marry
into Samurai family to gain
the rank and privileges
The Middle East
•
Abbasid Dynasty
took control in 750 CE
• Moved Capital to Baghdad
•
Baghdad
became a cultural and scientific
center of learning
•
Oversaw the beginning of
The Golden Age of
Islam
• characterized by relative peace, prosperity, and
achievements in Economics & Commerce, the Arts, Literature, Learning, Mathematics and Medicine.
• Controlled Silk Road trade from Asia to Europe
• Created Guilds to manage product prices, quality, and organize labor
•
Eventually fell apart into several competing dynasties/
Islamic Kingdoms
• Baghdad Sacked by the Mongolians (1200s)
•
Golden Age continued even after fall of Abbasid
Dynasty
The Golden Age of Islam
• The Golden Age of Islam characterized by relative peace,
prosperity, and achievements in Economics & Commerce, the Arts, Literature, Learning, Mathematics and Medicine.
• Economic Achievements: Incredibly Wealthy
• Wealth from Conquest
• Taxes
• Developed extensive trade routes/Systems
• Controlled Silk Road trade from Asia to Europe
• Patrolled and protected trade routes
• Established Caravans: Groups of traveling merchants for protection
• Common Currency (often dinars)
• Created Guilds to manage product prices, quality, and organize labor
• Loaned Money on credit
• Established Banks (Suks) to exchange money and give credit stimulated business
• Created concept of insurance
• Obvious wealth made Islam seems attractive to converts
Top: Persian painting of Flower-seller’s Guild. Bottom (Clockwise): Abbasid Currency,
Golden Age: The Arts
•
Developed elaborate
calligraphy:
artistic writing to decorate
buildings/art
•
Often used verses from Qur’an
•
Geometric Designs
•
Did not often depict people (Islam forbade
this)
Golden Age: Literature
•
Arabic Script became the
common unified writing
throughout the Islamic World
•
Qur’an most important work of
Literature
•
Elaborately decorated Qur’ans
created
•
Chanted Oral histories and
Arabic Poems
•
Persian Poetry became popular
•
Sufi
(Muslim/monk/wise-men)
writings combined theology,
philosophy, poetry and
Golden Age: Mathematics and Science
•
Algebra
:
•
Developed by al-Khawarizmi
•
Allowed more advanced math
• Eventually adopted by the West
•
Kitab al-Jabr
(Title of his text)
•
Arabic Numerals:
•
Copied
Indian
number system
•
Became
Arabic Numerals
(What we use Today!)
•
Copied Gupta (Indian) Decimal system
(using
0’s and 10’s)
•
Transferred number system(s) to Europe
•
Astronomy:
•
Combined Greek and Indian astronomy tables
Europe: A Second “Agricultural
Revolution”
• Europe, 1000-1300 AD
• Warmer climate
• New farming methods
• New horse harness that went across the chest (not neck)
• Three-field system = farmers grow crops on 2/3 of land each year (rather than ½)
• Winter wheat or rye
• Spring oats, barley, peas or beans
Commercial Revolution
in Europe
• Effects of the Crusades
• Increased interaction with the Middle East, Asia & Africa
• Increased Trade
• Craftsmen specialize, goods were traded in villages at fairs
• Guilds = similar to a union (controlled wages, prices, quality of goods)
• Jews became merchants & money holders because the Roman Catholic Church forbade Christians from lending money and profiting from interest
• Larger population to manufacture goods
• Growth of Towns & Cities
• Allowed a middle class to start to emerge
• Serfs became free if they lived in a town for one year (this allowed them to break free from feudalism)
• Dirty, fire hazards & health risks
• Revival of Learning
• Borrowed ideas & information from the Muslims
• Some authors began to usevernacular = an everyday language of one’s homeland
Causes of the Renaissance
•
Went hand in hand with the commercial revolution
• European cities became a center for art & learning
• Merchants became wealthy so they had extra money to spend on “frivolous” things
•
In addition, massive death brought social change
• The bubonic plague was carried by fleas on rats though trade routes from Asia • Struck Europe in 1347; killed 1/3 of the population
• Terrifying: created chaos in society
• Parents refused to nurse their sick children
• People blamed Jews
• Mindset of Europeans was shaken: lost faith in God, less worried about the afterlife • “Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow you may die.”
• Economic effects: trade declined, prices rose, workers were scarce • Serfs could demand higher wages, feudalism continued to crumble
Dance of Death, 1493
The Renaissance:
Humanism
•
= focus on human potential & achievements
•
Looked to ancient Greek & Roman society
•
People
can make the world a better place (no longer at the whim of God)
• people openly enjoyed material luxuries, fine music & tasty foods
• Secular = worldly = non-religious & concerned with the here & now
•
Religion was still important, but not the only thing in life
•
You no longer need to suffer when you’re alive in order to go to heaven
• The Black Plague was fresh in people’s minds
The Renaissance:
An Artistic Revolution
•
Realistic style
•
Emphasis on individuals
•
Glorify/appreciate the human body
•
Technique of
perspective
, which creates the appearance of 3D on
canvas
•
Tie-in with unit project options:
• Renaissance artwork research project
• The Agony & the Ecstasy (1965) about Michelangelo's painting of the Sistine
Chapel
Raphael’s School of Athens
c. 1510
Da Vinci’s
Mona Lisa
The Printing Press
Spreads Ideas
•
The
printing press
with moveable type was invented in 1440 by
Gutenberg
•
The first thing he printed was the
Gutenberg Bible in 1455
•
Had a revolutionary impact on society
• Books became cheap • New ideas spread quickly
• Encouraged people to learn to read, so literacy increased
• The Bible was printed in vernacular, so people began to interpret it themselves, which caused
Weakening of the
Roman Catholic
Church
•
The Great (Western) Schism
•
1378-1417
•
The home of the Roman Catholic Church was moved from Rome to Avignon,
France
•
Europeans divided loyalty
•
Result was that the
power of the Church weakened
•
John Wycliffe
•
Preached that Jesus Christ (not the pope) was the head of the Church
•
Offended by the
worldliness
& wealth of the pope & clergy
Martin
Luther
•
Took a stand against John Tetzel, who was selling
indulgences
•
Indulgences
were pardons for sins
—people
believed they could get to heaven faster if they
bought them; the money was used to pay for St.
Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
•
Luther was a German monk who wrote the
95
Theses
(= formal statements) in 1517, which
attacked the “pardon merchants”
•
His actions started the
Reformation
= a movement
Protestant
Reformation
• Effects
• Religion no longer unites Europe
• Monarchs & nations gained power • Groundwork set for a rejection of
Christian belief that occurs in western culture in later centuries
• Creates a concept that individual people can access religion
(God/heaven) without the interference of priests, the pope, rulers by simply having the ability to read the Bible
The Reformation
God
(the Bible)
The Pope * King/Queen
Priests
The People The People
God (the Bible)
The Pope * King/Queen
Priests
West African Kingdoms: Mali
1200’s - 1450
•
Mali kings, called Mansas,
conquered
the
Ghana Empire and formed the
Mali Empire
•
Continued and expanded
gold and salt trade
• Discovered new routes across the Sahara•
Mansa Musa
was the Mali’s most powerful
king
•
Expanded borders
•
Increased power of the military
•
Appointed governors
•
Undertook
the
Hajj
or
pilgrimage
to
Islam’s
holy city
of
Mecca
•
Caused
cultural diffusion
between Africa
and Islamic kingdoms of the Middle East
City of
Timbuktu
•
Under the Mali Empire the
city of
Timbuktu
became
a powerful
center of
learning & trade
•
Center of Islamic studies
•
Libraries
(over 5,000 texts)
•
Center of
Saharan trade
routes
•
Development of African
culture
•
Large mosques
and
madrasas (schools)
East-African City-States
•
Mogadishu
•
Trading
city-state
•
Involved in Indian Ocean
Trade
•
Monsoons as trade winds
an
important factor
•
Traded with Arabia, Islamic
Kingdoms, India, China, and
Southeast Asia
•
***Similar to other trade cities
such as Venice in Europe,
Calcutta in India, Novgorod in
Eastern Europe, and Nanjing in
China
Aztecs
•
Mexico, AD1200-1500s
•
Capital city:
Tenochtitlan
founded in 1325 (now
Mexico City
)
(Documents 3, 4, 5 & 6):
•
Planned city with pyramids, canals, causeways, aqueducts
•
Used
chinampas
(= floating island gardens) to grow food
• HH: Aztec farming http
Aztecs
•
social pyramid, one Emperor with
absolute power
•
military conquest and tribute from conquered people
• loose control but harsh punishment for insubordination
•
Religion
• major role in society
• elaborate public ceremonies to communicate with the gods & win their favor
• sun god nourished with human blood—large scale sacrifices
• Horrible Histories “Ain’t stayin’ alive http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4oPY-nDTvo
•
Accomplishments-Documents 13 & 14
• Tenochtitlan was a bustling trade center
• HH Historical Master Chef Aztecs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdsMtPOFjU0
•
Tie-in to Unit Project option: documentary
The Aztec Empire
•
Spanish conquest led to downfall
Description of Human Sacrifice
Inca
•
Andes mountains/South America’s Pacific
coast, AD 1200s-early 1500s
•
Agriculture-Documents 7 & 8
•
Irrigation & terrace farming
•
Government
•
ruler descendent of the sun god: “big ears”
•
divided territory, central bureaucracy
•
clever diplomats, allowed conquered to keep
their customs in order to gain loyalty
•
relocated those who resisted
•
tribute = labor
Inca
• Accomplishments-Documents 10, 11 & 12
• Engineering:
• Roads, bridges, canals, terrace farming, irrigation
• Stone buildings
• quipu = knotted strings used to record data & oral history
• Religion
• worshiped gods of the sun, moon, stars, thunder
• Calendars (night & day)
• Sacrifice
• llamas HH: Inca Shopping Hour http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PE3TVVetX_8 • Children Short Time article on Inca Child Sacrifice
• Tie-in to Unit Project option: documentary The Great Inca Rebellion
Quiz
1. One long-term effect of the Crusades was the (1) development of Pax Mongolia
(2) fall of the Ming dynasty
(3) control of Jerusalem by Europeans
(4) growth of trade and towns in western Europe
2. What was a result of the Great Schism? (1) it unified Europeans
(2) it weakened the power of the Roman Catholic Church
3. Which group used the stirrup, skilled horsemanship, and siege warfare techniques
to conquer much of Asia and part of Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries?
(1) Japanese
(2) Persians (3) Vikings (4) Mongols
4. August 2014 #10
Based on the information on this map, which statement is a valid conclusion?
(1) Indian Ocean trade existed before the European Age of Exploration. (2) African
cities were isolated from overseas trade.
5. Letting some farmland remain unplanted as a means of increasing food production is most closely associated with
(1) modern irrigation methods (2) the three-field system
(3) the enclosure movement (4) slash-and-burn agriculture
6. Which action is linked to the spread of the Black Death to Europe during the 14th century? (1) trade with Asia
(2) conquest of Japan
(3) trade across the Sahara
7. Humanism during the Italian Renaissance was focused on (1) the affairs of the church
(2) self-sufficiency
(3) the importance of the individual (4) political theories
8. A key feature of European Renaissance culture was
• Literacy rates rise.
• Shakespeare’s sonnets circulated.
• Secular ideas spread.
9. Which innovation led directly to these developments?
(1) printing press (3) paper currency
10. Which situation is considered a cause of the other three? (1) Religious unity declines throughout Europe.
(2) The Catholic Counter-Reformation begins.
(3) The power of the Roman Catholic Church decreases. (4) Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses.
11. Which change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin Luther? (1) increasing the sale of indulgences
(2) installing statues of saints in churches
