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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

TABLE DES MATIERES/CONTENTS

A1

3

MACHINES ELECTRIQUES TOURNANTES/ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES ... 3

A2

3

TRANSFORMATEURS/TRANSFORMERS ... 3

A3

3

EQUIPEMENT A HAUTE TENSION... 3

HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT... 3

B1

4

CABLES ISOLES/INSULATED CABLES ... 4

B2

5

LIGNES AÉRIENNES/OVERHEAD LINES ... 5

B3

7

POSTES/SUBSTATIONS ... 7

B4

9

CCHT ET ELECTRONIQUE DE PUISSANCE... 9

HVDC AND POWER ELECTRONICS... 9

B5

12

PROTECTION ET AUTOMATISME... 12

PROTECTIONS AND AUTOMATIONS... 12

C1

14

DEVELOPPEMENT ET ECONOMIE DES RESEAUX... 14

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMICS ... 14

C2

15

CONDUITE ET EXPLOITATION DES RESEAUX... 15

SYSTEM CONTROLE AND OPERATION... 15

D1

16

MATERIAUX ET TECHNOLOGIES EMERGENTES ... 16

MATERIALS AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES... 16

EX CE/SC 33

16

COORDINATION DE L’ISOLEMENT DES RESEAUX D’ENERGIE ... 16

POWER SYSTEM INSULATION COORDINATION ... 16

D2

17

SYSTEMES D’INFORMATION ET TELECOMMUNICATIONS... 17

INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS... 17

EX CE/SC 36

21

COMPATIBILITE ELECTROMAGNETIQUE DES RESEAUX D'ENERGIE ... 21

POWER SYSTEM ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ... 21

EX CE/SC 38

21

ANALYSE ET TECHNIQUE DES RESEAUX... 21

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND TECHNIQUES... 21

DOCUMENTS DIVERS

25

COMPTE-RENDU

26

SYMPOSIUMS

27

INDEX

30

DISPONIBILITÉ DE NOS BROCHURES SUR INTERNET / AVAILABILITY OF OUR BROCHURES ON INTERNET 34

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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

* VAT 5.5 % for countries concerned Catalog of Cigre Publications - 2003

3

A1

MACHINES ELECTRIQUES

TOURNANTES/ROTATING ELECTRICAL

MACHINES

ex CE/SC 11 MACHINES TOURNANTES ROTATING MACHINES

Report on large turbine generator maintenance practices.

Preventive maintenance of generators is an important contribution to the improvement of their availability. The number and nature of the maintenance tasks as well as the periodicity depend largely upon the machine type, its design and its duty type. These practices are generally agreed between the manufacturer and the user.

CE/SC 11 GT/WG 01, 1987, 38 pp. Ref. No. 2

en anglais/in english 20 Euros

Non members 40 Euros

A2

TRANSFORMATEURS/TRANSFORMERS

ex CE/SC 12

TRANSFORMATEURS/TRANSFORMERS

Aspects thermiques des transformateurs. Thermal aspects of transformers.

Contains chapters on : Heat run test procedure; Direct measurement of the hot-spot temperature; A survey of facts and opinions; Lifetime evaluation; Dissolved gas analysis; Analytical determination of winding hot spot factor; Experimental determination of power transformer hot spot factor; Survey of power transformer overload field practices.

bilingue/bilingual 23 Euros

Guide for customers specifications for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above.

This document has been prepared as an aid to customers and manufacturers of power transformers in the preparation of specifications for purchasing transformers. Its aim is to highlight some of the important topics that should be considered for includion in an enquiry document. Wherever possible guidance and other practical information about such topics are provided to explain their purpose and significance in transformer enquiries. Clearly it is not possible to address all the issues that may arise. Neither is the document in any way intended to be a complete and applicable specification.

12 15, 0, 75 pp. Ref. No. 156

Non-members 48 Euros

Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength.

The effect of particles on the dielectric strength of insulating oil has long been recognized by researchers and much effort has been devoted in attempts to characterize this effect. However, only few experiments have been carried out with insulated electrodes and even then, the extrapolation from test set-up to full-size transformers is very difficult given the effect of the oil volume on the probability of breakdown.

CE/SC12 GT/WG 17, 2000, 44 pp. Ref. No. 157

en anglais/in english 12 Euros

Static electrification in power transformers

Inerfacial phenomena; methods and devices including test set-ups with plane flow or rotating flow, filter methods; CIGRE test cell : method and device, numerical flow calculation, time characteristic of leakage current, impact of liquid and solid insulating components; mini-static tester : repeatability and reproducibility, impact of temperature and moisture. Evaluation of methods. Standardisation of methods. References.

12 12/15.13, 2000, 84 pp. Ref. No. 170

Guidelines for conducting design reviews for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above.

A guide to customers of power transformers for conducting design reviews with manufacturers. A design review is a planned exercise to ensure there is a common understanding of the applicable standards and specification requirements, and to provide an opportunity to scrutinise the design to ensure the requirements will be met, using the manufacturer's proven materials and methodology. The document does not include design limits or parameters.

en anglais/in english 13,00 Euros

Non-members 26,00 Euros

The short circuit performance of power transformers.

Service conditions-questionnaire et conclusions. Design calculations: magnetic field and force calculations; mechanical stress calculations. Design review procedure; description of radial and axial forces; manufacturing issues; references. Monitoring: winding movement detection techniques, standardisation and optimisation techniques, problems of interpretation, winding slackness, on-line monitoring, recommendations, references. Includes: questionnaire, summary of responses, detailed information on failures.

A3

EQUIPEMENT A HAUTE TENSION

HIGH VOLTAGE EQUIPMENT

ex CE/SC 13

APPAREILLAGE DE COUPURE/SWITCHING EQUIPMENT

Line-charging current switching of HV lines. Stresses and testing. Parts 1 & 2.

The brochure deals mainly with line-charging current switching for voltages 72.5 kV and above, by circuit-breakers and switches, provided the latter have a limited time spread between pole contact parting. It does not deal with medium-voltage line-charging current switching even if the basic phenomena are the same.

Interruption of small inductive currents.

This brochure contains the ELECTRA articles prepared by WG13.02 and it aims at presenting the theoretical background to

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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

IEC 1233. The test circuits and test procedures prescribed in the IEC report differ somewhat from those proposed by 13.02. Since they are in principle equivalent, the IEC proposals have been adopted in this brochure. When new experience is available this is taken into account.

Rapport final de la seconde enquête inter-nationale sur les défaillances et les défauts des disjoncteurs à HT. Final report of the second international enquiry on HV circuit-breaker failures and defects in service.

The studies include items such as : Use of diagnostics; Maintenance policy; System reliability study data; Kind of operating mechanism; Comparison of metal enclosed versus non metal enclosed reliability; Impact on testing; SF6 gas leakages. CE/SC 13 GT/WG 06, 1994, 176 pp. Ref. No. 83

Circuit-breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC system. Final Report.

HVDC multiterminal (MTDC) Systems permit the exchange of energy between a number of HVDC substations. The particular advantage of the meshed system is that this exchange can continue even when one of the interconnecting lines is out of service. Investigations have shown that the performance of MTDC systems can be improved by installing HVDC circuit-breakers at appropriate locations.

CE/SC 13 GT/WG13/14.08, 1997, 115 pp. Ref. No. 114

Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage networks.

Items considered : TRV and circuit configuration ; TRV for the first, second and third pole to clear ; Collection of TRV field data ; TRV under short line fault ; TRV in case of transformer fed faults ; TRV in cade of series reactor limited faults ; TRV in case of faults at the secondary side of transformers ; clearing faults near capacitor banks ; arc-circuit interaction ; topology of test circuits to represent realistic system conditions.

13 CC-03, 1998, 113 pp. Ref. No. 134

State of the art of circuit-breaker modelling.

A comprehensive overview on the state of the art. An edition which is a compilation of three reports: Practical application of arc physics in circuit-breakers. Survey of calculation methods and application guide ; Applications of black box modelling to circuit-breakers ; and, Survey on analytical and graphical tools for circuit-breaker behaviour description.

13 GT/WG 13.01, 1998, 90 pp. Ref. No. 135

21 Euros

Life management of circuit-breakers.

Current life experience of high and medium voltage circuit-breakers of older and current design; determination and evaluation of residual life expectancy, possibilities and procedures; risk assessment; possibilites for life extension such as monitoring, maintenance procedures, availability and maintainability; testing; economic impact taking into account additional expenditures of preventive measures, reduction of

reliability etc; legal, environmental and strategic aspects; changes in network condition.

CE/SC 13 08, 2000, 140 pp. Ref. No. 165

User guide for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniquesfor switching equipment for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above.

Condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques are playing an increasingly important role in the design, life cycle cost evaluation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and end of life determination of substation equipment. Users need guidance on the applicability and implications of the various techniques and how their benefits can be evaluated.The report gives guidelines for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques covering all switching technologies and including disconnectors and earthing switches as well as circuit-breakers.

13 09, 2000, 160 pp. Ref. No. 167

B1

CABLES ISOLES/INSULATED CABLES

ex CE/SC 21

CABLES ISOLES A HAUTE TENSION HV INSULATED CABLES

Capacités de transport des câbles pour les régimes de charge cycliques et de secours d'urgence.

Current ratings of cables for cyclic and emergency loads.

Le document donne des méthodes pour le calcul des facteurs de charge cyclique et pour celui de la réponse d'un câble à l'application brusque d'un échelon de charge.

The document provides methods for calculating rating factors for cyclic loads and for calculating the response of a cable to a suddenly applied step function load.

Accessoires pour câbles HT à isolation synthétique. Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of accessories and terminology.

This work categorises the types of accessory designs available for use on HV cables with extruded insulation for AC transmission voltages of 60 kV and above. The typical types of extruded cable insulation being low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and ethylene propylene rubber (EPR). CE/SC 21 GT/WG 06, 1994, 100 pp. Ref. No. 89

Comparison of high voltage overhead lines and underground cables. Report and Guidelines.

It is intended that these guidelines will serve as a reference document when overhead and underground options for transmission circuits are being compared and when possible routes are being negotiated with the relevant authorities. The comparison is made under the following headings : system planning and operation, environmental, technical, cost and future perspectives.

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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

* VAT extra for countries concerned Catalog of Cigre Publications - 2003

5

CE/SC21 JWG/GTM21/22.01, 1997, 68 pp. Ref. No. 110

Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded cable systems.

Fundamental principles of PD testing, different types of sensors and signal processing functions. Users guide on the practical importance of PDD using circuits with and without integrated sensors, information on safety aspects, selection of measuring frequency, test results, practical recommendations. Description of 8 PD methods with representative impression in present testing options. Future trends - expectations for immediate and more distant future. Fundamental and practical information. User support to understanding the complicated field of on-site PDD. CE/SC 21 16, 2001, 60 pp. Ref. No. 182

Accessoires pour les câbles HT à isolation extrudée. Accessories for HV cableswith extruded insulation.

Guide for the selection of accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation for application at AC voltages of 60 kV and above (excluding accessories for submarine cables and DC cables). Includes : A guide to the selection of accessories; Compendium of accessory types and glossary of component names; Summary of worldwide usage of accessories for HV extruded cables.

Guide pour le choix des accessoires (câbles sous-marins et CC non compris) ; recueil des différents types d'accessoires ; glossaire des noms des composants ; résumé de l'utilisation des accessoires pour câbles HT à isolation synthétique extrudée dans le monde.

CE/SC 21 06, 2001, 280 pp. Ref. No. 177

English or French/Anglais ou français 46 Euros

Insulation coordination for HV AC underground cable systems.

Increasing environmental and aesthetic concerns regarding the utilisation of overhead electrical power transmission lines are resulting in a growing need to progress the use of underground alternatives. This increases the importance of looking for opportunities to further reduce the cost ratio between overhead and underground distribution and transmission. One approach is to address the inherent costs associated wtih the cable system by reducing the required withstand capability in line with the actual service requirements rather than traditional levels in particular the transient overvoltage performance.

CE/SC 21 21/33, 2001, 60 pp. Ref. No. 189

Construction - laying and installation techniques for extruded and self contained fluid filled cable systems.

The focus of general public concern on the environment results in the use of underground lines being considered since they offer alternative or interesting complementary solutions for the bulk transmission of electrical energy. This leads to the installation of underground cables in some areas, where overhead lines would automatically have been considered in the past.

CE/SC 21 17, 2001, 150 pp. Ref. No. 194

Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV

cables.

Although interfaces in joints and terminations of extruded HV cables have been identified as crucial parts, some of the mechanisms related to ageing are not well understood. For this reason, a task force was set up to study the behaviour of interfaces between solid insulating materials in accessories for HV and EHV extruded cables. The results are reported in this brochure.

CE/SC 21/15 , 2002, 13 pp. Ref. No. 210

B2

LIGNES AÉRIENNES/OVERHEAD LINES

ex CE/SC 22

LIGNES AERIENNES/OVERHEAD LINES

Tower top geometry.

The study is to define clearances between live conductors and earthed structures under the action of wind. This case is particularly significant for suspension towers equipped with I-type suspension insulator sets. In addition to insulator swing the following requirements may also affect the tower top geometry : Clearances between conductors in mid-span; Provisions for conductor galloping and Distances for live line maintenance. CE/SC 22 GT/WG 06, 1995, 48 pp. Ref. No. 48

Foundation testing.

With the change in design philosophy from a deterministic to a probabilistic approach, the necessity for determining the strength distribution for individual components of an overhead transmission line has increased. The report gives recommendations on the procedures to be undertaken during the testing of foundations from the initial planning stage through to test evaluation and acceptance.

Review of IEC 826 "Loading and strength of overhead lines".

Comprising 4 different chapters: 1) Questionnaire on use and application of IEC826-2) Application example of IEC 826-3) Analysis of recent transmission line failures; 4) Improved design criteria of O/H transmission lines based on reliability concept. CE/SC 22 GT/WG 06, 1996, 140 pp. Ref. No. 109

Refurbishment and upgrading of foundations.

This report provides an outline of good practice on the refurbishment and upgrading of existing overhead transmission line support foundations. Possible reasons for foundation deterioration are reviewed, which may result from such diverses causes as early-age concrete cracking to damage by frost forces. the critical nature of the inspection and testing strategy are considered, with attention focussed on the economics of the inspection/testing regime, the use of alternative strategies and the different levels of foundation inspection together with the actual inspection test methods.

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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

High voltage overhead lines. Environmental concerns, procedures, impacts and mitigations

Electricity utilities involved in transmission development, maintenance and operation face increasingly severe challenges as a result of heightened environmental awareness, more comprehansive legislation and standards and growing public expectations and concerns. these trends will have a major influence on the approach of companies to the management of both new projects and existing transmission assets.

22 14, 1999, 104 pp. Ref. No. 147

Non-members 60 Euros

Load control devices on overhead transmission lines.

Electricity utilities need to design overhead lines to withstand potential cascade failures of towers which could occur as a result of exceptional icing or rupture of conductors. Some utilities simply design the lines with section towers at frequent intervals and other utilities use special devices called 'load control devices' (LCD) the function of which is to limit the stresses applied to the towers in cases of exceptional longitudinal loads.

CE/SC 22 06, 2000, 20 pp. Ref. No. 174

Management of existing overhead transmission lines.

Can you answer the following questions : Can you quantitatively justify investments in you O/H transmission system ? Can you predict the probability of you next O/H transmission line failure event ? Do you collect the right data when you have a failure event ? Do you know the present capability of you OHTL components ? Could you manage these data effectively if you did collect them ?

CE/SC 22 13, 2000, 185 pp. Ref. No. 175

Guidelines for field measurement of ice loadings on overhead power line conductors.

When criteria for ice loading on overhead transmission lines are established, experiences from existing lines and line networks are of great economical value. This document describes the importance of such data and procedures for collecting them. Guidelines for company routines as well as recommendations for tools, training and observation procedures are given. Includes two sets of observation forms : for collecting fundamental and accurate information on ice loadings and shedding on various conductor types and a simplified set for collecting basic information.

CE/SC 22 06.01, 2001, 28 pp. Ref. No. 179

Probabilistic design of overhead transmission lines.

Companion document to "Improved design criteria of overhead transmission lines based on reliability concepts". Contains the technical background of reliability based design in more detail. An output of CIGRE WG22.06 involved in reliability based design of overhead transmission lines for many years.

CE/SC 22 06, 2001, 124 pp. Ref. No. 178

en anglais/in english 35 Euros

Composite insulator handling guide

With a view to preventing failures this documents serves to describe how critical damage can occur in the filed and the measures that should be taken to avoid such damage. Typical problems are illustrated to show the defects that can be introduced by inappropriate treatment and construction practices, to indicate the possible long term effects of such defects and to assist in their identification to facilitate the rigourous inspection of composite insulators prior to line commissioning.

CE/SC 22 03, 2001, 25 pp. Ref. No. 184

Diaphragms for lattice steel supports.

Following a review of the available standards worldwide, it became obvious to the WG there was little definitive documentation addressing the application, design or requirement for horizontal diaphragms (plan bracing) within lattice steel supports.SC22 compiled a questionnaire concerning the design "rules" currently employed within the industry addressing its scope to self-supporting and guyed lattice steel supports. 21 responses were received and are published in this brochure. CE/SC 22 08, 2002, 41 pp. Ref. No. 196

Diaphragms for lattice steel supports.

Following a review of the available standards worldwide, it became obvious to the WG there was little definitive documentation addressing the application, design or requirement for horizontal diaphragms (plan bracing) within lattice steel supports.SC22 compiled a questionnaire concerning the design "rules" currently employed within the industry addressing its scope to self-supporting and guyed lattice steel supports. 21 responses were received and are published in this brochure. CE/SC 22 08, 2002, 41 pp. Ref. No. 196

The design of transmission line support foundations - an overview.

Transmission line foundations provide the interlinking component between the support and in-situ soil and/or rock. The interrelationship between the support type and the applied foundation loadings are considered, together with the methods of determining the engineering properties of the in-situ soil and/or rock. Two principal categories of foundations have been considered: separate and compact. The major types applicable to each category are reviewed e.g. monoblock, spead, drilled shaft, pile, anchor, direct embedment of poles, etc…

Thermal behaviour of overhead conductors.

In most countries the demand for electric power is constantly increasing, and there is a corresponding requirement to increase the power transferred by transmission and distribution lines. A solution would be to build new lines, but this may not be feasible on account of economic or environmental considerations. Hence, there may be pressure to increase the load transfer capacity of both new and old lines.

en anglais/in english

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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

* VAT extra for countries concerned Catalog of Cigre Publications - 2003

7

Joints on transmission line conductors : field testing and replacement criteria.

Description of the tests currently available to determine the condition of joints in order to establish their quality and ability for a reliable and continuing service especially when an increase in electrical load is expected. For example when increasing the operating temperature of a line. It should be noted that this is not exclusive to ACSR joints.

en anglais/in english 10,00 € Non-members 20,00 €

B3

POSTES/SUBSTATIONS

ex CE/SC 23 POSTES/SUBSTATIONS

Mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations.

The s-c current levels in HV and EHV networks have increased considerably in recent decades and further increases may be expected in the future. High levels of short-circuit current in substations results in high mechanical stresses and in some cases, displacements, on bus systems, connections to apparatus, substation equipment and bus supports.

Mise à la terre des PSEM. Guide d’application. Earthing of GIS. An application guide.

Electra No. 151/1993. Whilst, over the past few years, numerous papers have been written on the subject of transient ground potential rise in GIS and the consequences in relation to earthing, so far as the WG is aware no international document has been published dedicated entirely to the earthing of GIS installations. CE/SC 23 GT/WG 10, 1994, 22 pp. Ref. No. 44

Les réducteurs de mesure de technologie conventionnelle.

Paper-oil insulated measurement transformer.

The document is a set of papers issued in Electra expected to be complete enough and useful for manufacturers or users of equipment : i.e. General considerations; Design and construction; Checking and monitoring; Failure survey; Endurance – testing – life test; Non standardised stresses and Quality assurance. CE/SC 23 , 1990, 75 pp. Ref. No. 57

General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations.

The purpose of this document is to provide a simple guide to the design of an outdoor, AC substation, from the system requirements, through the selection of the most suitable site, to the design of the equipment to be installed. It gives advice on the general principles, refers to relevant IEC standards and CIGRE reports, and gives an indication of the economic factors involved. CE/SC 23 GT 04, 1992, 25 pp. Ref. No. 69

Choice and application of large variable speed drives in power plants.

The report surveys all practicable types of large variable speed electrical machines (> 200 kW) and their control systems as applied in the past and as used today. The possible circuits are described and the speed torque diagrams are shown.

Design and maintenance practice for substation secondary systems.

The report deals with the main features of substation secondary systems. It includes in its scope relay-based and computer-based equipment. The emphasis in much of the report is on large-scale transmission substations. However, many of the systems discussed are applicable also to subtransmission and distribution level substations even though they are generally less complex. CE/SC 23 GT/WG 05, 1994, 101 pp. Ref. No. 88

Overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main electrical circuit in power stations.

This report deals with overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main electrical circuit in power stations. it includes earthing practice of the generator circuit, such as neutral point treatment of generator and generator transformer. Different kinds of overvoltages are described, together with their origin. Methods for calculation of overvoltages are presented as well as protection systems to minimise the effects of overvoltages.

The mechanical effects of short circuit currents in open air substation. (Rigid and flexible bus bars). Vol.1. An updated revision. Vol. 2. Data base of reference tests. (Includes a free K7).

A revision of the earlier CIGRE brochure (No.6) published in 1987. The text is based on the former brochure, some parts of which explicitly remain unchanged, other sections have been fully modified and others cancelled because they are no longer relevant.

SF6 recycling guide. Re-use of SF6 gas in electrical

power equipment and final disposal.

All significant aspects of the recycling of SF6 gas used in electrical power equipment. Recommendations for the design of electrical equipment using it to allow ease of recycling, appropriate handling and recycling procedures and essential features of gas handling and recycling equipment. Identifies the origins, quantities and deteriorating effects of contaminants to be expected in SF6 and proposes purity standards to allow safe re-use. A final disposal concept is proposed to remove SF6 from the ecocycle and transform it into environmentally comptatible substances. General recommendations for handling for manufacturers, users and producers. Recommendations for further studies.

CE/SC 23 GA/TF 01, 1997, 46 pp. Ref. No. 117

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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

User guide for the application of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above.

WG 23-04 has published general guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations (Publ.-69). Apart from some minor comments the scope was limited to air-insulated switchgear (AIS). Therefore all points which are specific for GIS for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above or different from AIS are covered by this new application guide. Includes a selection of most suitable site, area requirements, environmental factors and substation layout.

CE/SC 23 GT/WG 10.03, 1998, 83 pp. Ref. No. 125

An international survey of maintenance policies and trends

General information about the utilities that responded. Quality of information is generally good but it is necessary to bear in mind that due to the nature of the information requested (e.g. replacement costs, type of equipment, age etc) much of the information was estimated. 64 responses were entered into a computerised database. Analysis of the general information obtained. Further details of the construction of the database and calculation of composite size and age factors used in the analysis are also given. The method used for detecting correlation between answers is also given.

CE/SC 23/39 , 2000, 112 pp. Ref. No. 152

Report on the 2nd international survey on high voltage

gas insulated substations (GIS) service experience

Reliability, economic advantage for lige cycle cost and physical compactness of HV GIS have resulted in their widespread use over some 30 years. Many Users’ approach to its application is still rather unique. GIS technology can however contribute very effectively to increasing the relaibility of new substations and to improving the asset life cycle of existing ones. For the user to be able to decide on GIS he needs data on which to judge his investment and maintenance decision. WG 23.02 has created a database to be updated every 5 years with the results being accessible through CIGRE channels.

CE/SC 23 , 2000, 150 pp. Ref. No. 150

General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations. (2nd version).

Evolving techniques and the opening market have contributed to new aspects which have made a revision of the brochure issued in 1992 (Ref. 69). The purpose of this document is to provide a simple guide for designing an outdoor AC substation, considering the systems requirements, the most suitable site, and design of the equipment to be installed. It provides advice on the general principles, relevant IEC standards and CIGRE reports, as appropriate, and also takes the economic factors involved. CE/SC 23 03, 2000, 50 pp. Ref. No. 161

Questionnaire concerning aspects on planning – design – operation and maintenance of future substations.

In Cigré report 23-207 of 1996 “The future substation : a reflective approach” a number of conclusions were made which

to a great extent is forming the base for this questionnaire. 49 responses were received : 30 from utilities – 16 from manufacturers and 3 from consultants.

CE/SC 23 01, 2000, 50 pp. Ref. No. 162

Guide for SF6 gas mixtures.

This guide addresses the issues of using an SF6 mixture where SF6 is diluted by one other gas, typically nitrogen or CF4, added at a concentration in the range of 5 to 90%. The practical application of SF6 mixtures in electrical equipment requires an understanding of their performance, both environmental and functional, as well as methods and equipment for handling gas mixtures.

CE/SC 23 02.01, 2000, 50 pp. Ref. No. 163

Design guidelines for power station auxiliaries and distribution systems.

The objective is to present an overview of the current practice and state of the art of auxiliaries power supplies for electric power stations. It is intended to be a support for design engineers. The overview considers the basic design of auxiliaries power supplies particularly regarding the process of developing the main electrical scheme and selection of rated voltages as required in the development of specifications.

CE/SC 23 04, 2002, 50 pp. Ref. No. 197

Maintenance outsourcing guidelines.

In CIGRE 2000 Session papers concepts of outsourcing were reviewed including business models, assessing the risk through outsourcing exposure and the development of contractor-owner relationships. These guidelines attempt to review these in a systematic manner. Part I discusses the general issues around the development of a service options strategy, Part 2 focuses on the analysis of outsourcing opportunities, Part 3 considers some more general aspects of outsourcing and Part 4 discusses key performance indicators.

CE/SC 23/39 14, 2002, 60 pp. Ref. No. 201

General overview on experience feedback methods in the field of electrical equipment.

The reliability of network components and systems is a major concern for manufacturers of electrical equipment and utilities. Reliability techniques, derived from the aeronautical and nuclear industries have been used in the field of electrical systems and have now reached maturity. Thus CIGRE Committees have considered reliability to be an important characteristic of network components and reliability is still the subject of many discussions and exchanges of experience.

CE/SC 23/12/13/21/22 GT/WG 16,

2002, 25 pp. Ref. No. 211

en anglais/in english 14,00 €

Non-members 28,00 €

Engineering guide on earthing systems in power stations.

To identify the current practice of safety earthing systems in power stations. To give suggestions and useful proposals for

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planning, design, calculation and construction of earthing systems in order to provide safe and effective installations. Useful for checking of existing earthing systems. The report is intended to be an engineering guide including reference to different rules and standards as applied in various countries. Special attention is given to current practice for different types of power stations.

The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations. Part II. A companion book to Brochure 105.

A technical base for the methods to be suggested in substation design against short-circuit mechanical loading. To understand the technical background behind IEC methods, to think about system design taking into consideration SCC loads at early stage and not simply to verify structures against SCC loads, to give them trends to decrease SCC loading for uprating, refurbishment as well as designing new substations. To help equipment suppliers when providing new design not only for static loads but also for dynamic loading.

B4

CCHT ET ELECTRONIQUE DE PUISSANCE

HVDC AND POWER ELECTRONICS

ex CE/SC 14

LIAISONS CCHT ET MATERIELS D'ELECTRONIQUE DE PUISSANCE EN COURANT ALTERNATIF

HVDC LINKS AND AC POWER ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

Compendium of HVDC schemes throughout the world.

The Compendium wants to give a detailed survey of the HVDC systems all over the world. Many datas are required for these descriptions and they have not been obtained for many systems. Those systems, for which not all data is available are described as far as possible. It can only be updated if all recipients support the work and send information on latest available data.

AC harmonic filters and reactive compensation for HVDC with particular reference to non-characteristic harmonics.

This paper summarises a report prepared by WG14-03 (Filtering and reactive compensation for HVDC) and is a complement to the paper published in Electra No. 63 (1979). Includes details on : Importance of characteristic harmonics, Generation of non-characteristic harmonics, Impact on AC and DC networks, Disturbance criteria, Transient operating modes, Solutions selected for recent links etc.

Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part 1. AC/DC interaction phenomena.

Part I of the Guide AC/DC system interaction phenomena,

discusses the effects of various aspects of interactions between AC and DC systems on the design and performance of DC schemes connected at locations where the AC system appears as high impedance. Part II : Planning guidelines, considers the impact of the interactions and their mitigation on economics and overall system performance.

A summary of the report on survey of controls and control performance in HVDC schemes.

A survey questionnaire on HVDC controls and control performance was formulated and copies submitted for completion to DC schemes. This report serves as a data collection and summary of general control arrangements, strategies and parameters used in the schemes for which questionnaires were returned. For some schemes having significant and relevant operational experience, control performance was reported on and a summary analysis is contained.

Voltage and current stresses on thyristor valves for static var compensators.

The application of SVC employing thyristor valves in power transmission systems has been rapidly increasing in the past decade. Nevertheless there is no International Standard for testing of the valves. As an essential step in developing a guideline the TF undertook a thorough review of the electric stresses experienced by the thyristor valves in operation.

CE/SC 14 GT/WG 01.02, 1994, 25 pp. Ref. No. 78

DC side harmonics and filtering in HVDC transmission systems.

The report deals with the harmonic voltages and currents of concern on the DC side of HVDC transmission systems. Its aim is to provide some guidance to both users and suppliers of HVDC links in such a way that a common understanding could be established in the area of DC side harmonics and filtering. CE/SC 14 GT/WG 03, 1995, 94 pp. Ref. No. 92

Guidelines for testing of thyristor valves for static var compensators.

The application of static var compensators using thyristor valves in power transmission systems has been rapidly increasing in the past decade. Nevertheless there is no international standard for testing of thyristor valves for SVC. The scope of the work was limited to SVCs for power transmission systems. SVC for industrial applications (e.g. flicker control, control of voltage fluctuations caused by motor starting) are not in the scope. CE/SC 14 GT/WG 01.02, 1995, 61 pp. Ref. No. 93

System tests for HVDC installations.

This guide is structured in eight parts and should give potential users guidance, regarding which course of action should be taken in planning commissioning activities. Structure of the tests and a brief statement of the purpose of the individual group of tests is presented. Commissioning an HVDC system is a very complex

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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

task which may affect more than the actual contract parties. CE/SC 14 GT/WG 12, 1995, 145 pp. Ref. No. 97

Commutation failures. Causes and consequences.

Many aspects of the impact and role of the HVDC system on the rest of the power system can be studied and analysed without a detailed knowledge of the actual design and behaviour of the conversion process taking place in the HVDC convertors, but a more detailed scrutiny of a number of phenomena requires a more detailed knowledge and modelling of the HVDC system and of the DC conversion process.

Semiconductor power devices for use in HVDC and FACTS controllers.

During the recent years there has been a growing need for better utilisation of high voltage transmission systems. Power electronic equipment, having an inherent fast controllability, offers solutions to transmission system problems such as load flow and stability. Therefore, engineers are increasingly studying the potential of such equipment to make transmission systems more flexible and adaptive to changing requirements.

Test circuits for HVDC thyristor valves.

In conformity with the usual classification of the specified tests into two major categories, dielectric tests and operational tests, the report is in two parts : Part 1 - Dielectric tests which deals principally with test circuits for verifying the high voltage characteristics of the valve, and Part 2 - Operational tests, which deals principally with test circuits for verifying the on, turn-off and current related characteristics of the valve.

CE/SC14 GT/WG 01 GA/TF 03, 1997, 99 pp. Ref. No. 113

Non members 45.74 Euros

Guide for preliminary design and specification of hydro stations with HVDC unit connected generators.

Several technical and economical reasons strongly suggest that in certain HVDC applications it is of great advantage to simplify the rectifier station via a direct connection of hydro generating sets to 12 pulse converter groups. The proposed arrangement is referred to in HVDC literature as "Unit Connection".

CE/SC 14 GT/WG 11/14.09, 1997, 230 pp. Ref. No. 116

Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby synchronous machines.Final report.

It is not uncommon that HVDC convertor stations and generators are situated electrically and geographically close to each other. This follows from the fact that HVDC links are often built to transmit power from a generating station to a load centre or another part of the power system. Examples of this are the Itaipu and IPP schemes. In these cases the HVDC and generator stations are designed more or less in parallel which means that overall good design can be achieved by appropriate coordination. CE/SC 14 GT/WG 05, 1997, 43 pp. Ref. No. 119

Thyristor controlled series compensation.

The application of power electronic thyristor valves in HVDC and SVC technologies has enabled the development of controllable series devices with rapid response for use in electric power transmission systems. With growing environmental, regulatory and financial constraints facing the electric utility industry, technical advancements and economic solutions which allow increased utilization and relaible operation of transmission systems have potential benefits for utilities and their customers. CE/SC 14 GT/WG 18, 1997, 70 pp. Ref. No. 123

Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC system locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part II : Planning guidelines.

Guidance on planning and design of DC links terminating at AC system locations having low short-circuit capacities relative to the DC power infeed. The Guide is limited to those aspects of interactions between AC and DC systems which result from the fact that the AC system is 'weak' compared to the power of the DC link (i.e. AC system appears as a high impedance at the AC/DC interface bus). Some more general aspects of the design and planning of HVDC transmission schemes are described only when this adds to the understanding of the interaction phenomena and for the sake of completeness of the guidelines.

CE/SC 14 14.07/1EEE 15.01.01, 1997, 53 pp. Ref. No. 115

Guide for upgrading transmission systems with HVDC transmission

Following the installation of the first HVDC transmission scheme between Sweden and the Island of Gotland in 1954, over 60 HVDC schemes throughout the world have been installed. Since their initial installation many of the HVDC schemes have been upgraded in various ways. By reviewing both what has been achieved in terms of upgrading and what potentially is possible to accomplish in an upgrade, this guide provides direction and the latest information on the subject.

Operational guidelines and monitoring of HVDC systems

Major advances in technology for controlling HVDC systems has led to greater efficiency in operation and maintenance, as well as providing a reduction in staff. The quality and reliability of an HVDC system is directly dependent on the type of monitoring implemented. Recent developments now allow implementation of computer based information systems with significant improvements in the delivery and presentation of data necessary for supporting the operation.

CE/SC14 GT/WG23, 1998, 30 pp. Ref. No. 130

Fire aspects of HVDC thyristor valves and valve halls.

Survey of the possible causes of fires in valves and valve halls; assistance to users in the areas of specification, engineering and construction; comparative information on fire detection and protection systems; fire alarm and fire control systems; guidance with fire-fighting, operation and maintenance; guidance to actions after a fire. A reference document for discussion with insurance companies.

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Guide to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters for HVDC systems.

The principal purpose of the document is to give guidance to those responsible for : preparing the a.c. filtering aspects of Technical Specifications for HVDC projects ; evaluating the proposed designs, and monitoring the subsequent project. The main objective is to enable informed judgements to be made and future Technical Specifications to be written, such that the resulting a.c. filters are effective yet economical and are non under or over designed.

14 14,30, 1999, 250 pp. Ref. No. 139

Cross-modulation of harmonics in HVDC schemes

Harmonic cross-modulation is a term used to describe the variety of frequency interactions around the two converters that comprise and HVDC link and the effect on and interactions with the DC system and both AC systems. Because there are two converters involved, as well as two AC systems and any number of coupled frequencies, the number of interactions to be considered is infinite. Questions to be answered are : which interactions are the strongest, and whether they are likely to cause steady state or transient problems, and how to determine these interactions.

Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)

Rapid developments of solid state power electronic devices in the last three decades have led to the development and widespread application of static var compensators (SVCs). These shunt connected reactive compensation equipment provided an important means for enhancing electric power transmission system performance. Continued rapid developments in power electronic devices and control techniques let to utilisation of gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) devices to form new power electronic shunt compensation equipment which offered more robust output.

14 19, 1999, 144 pp. Ref. No. 144

Coordination of controls of multiple FACTS/HVDC links in the same system.

Power electronics applications in high-voltage electric power systems date from the early 1970s when converters for HVDC systems bagan using thyristors to replace mercury arc valves. Since the mid-1970s all new HVDC systems have employed thyristor valves. Advances in power electronics have extended the application of fast switching currents to AC systems as well, resulting in the technology commonly known as FACTS, Flexible AC Transmission Systems. This document is intended to provide guideliens into the kinds of interactions that can occur and the means of analysis and design that are available to assure that a coordinated response is achieved and adverse interactions are avoided.

14 14-29, 1999, 135 pp. Ref. No. 149

Unified power flow controller (UPFC)

The result of a dialogue between utilities and manufacturers concerning the application of the unified power flow controller (UPFC). its purpose is to provide comprehensive information on the physical nature of such devices, the functions they can provide, the value of these functions for utilities, the way to implement them in the network, the problems to anticipate and the obstacles that may exist regarding cost-effective implementation.

CE/SC 14 27, 2000, 120 pp. Ref. No. 160

FACTS technology for open access.

Summary of the present state of the art on the key technological developments in the FACTS area, addressing in particular the open access aspects of networks and the scope for the application of FACTS devices therein. Contains the approved terms of reference. Definition of FACTS includes conventional devices such as phase shifting transformers, series capacitors and HVDC links for completeness and the possibility of combining them with FACTS devices to improve HVAC transmission system flexibility and control.

CE/SC 14/37/38/39-24, 2001, 80 pp. Ref. No. 183

Economic assessment of HVDC links

HVDC has been a viable technique since the 60's and has played a vital part in both long distance transmission and in the interconnection of systems. Its relative economic position has been much discussed over 30 years and this report is both an update of those considerations and a review of the present position. It reviews many aspects of transmission development common to both AC and DC transmission with a concentration on the specific aspects of DC as they give advantage or extra dimension to the long distance transmission of electrical power. CE/SC14 20, 2001, 71 pp. Ref. No. 186

HVDC stations audible noise.

The principle purpose of this guide is to give specific recommendations to those responsible for preparing the audible noise aspects of technical specifications for HVDC projects, evaluating the proposed designs and monitoring the subsequent project. The main objective is to enable future technical specifications to be written and informed judgements made, such that the resulting outdoor audible noise levels fulfil applicable regulations and standards.

CE/SC 14 26, 2002, 100 pp. Ref. No. 202

Custom power - State of the art.

Custom power is a concept, based on the use of static controllers in the distribution system or in some instances, rotating machines, for the electric utilities to supply value-added power with the reliability and power quality requested by the customers. It includes consideration of all aspects of power supply that impact individual customers, including harmonics, inter-harmonics, voltage dips, overvoltages, range of steady state voltage and frequency variations and phase unbalance, in addition to the abover consideration fo reliability.

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Brochures thématiques/Technical brochures

HVDC converter stations for voltages above +/- 600 kV.

The scope of the work is to review the current state of HVDC converter stations up to 600 kV and the problems associated with it and to investigate in detail what needs to be done to expand the technology to voltages above 600 kV and specifically to 800 kV. Parallel operation of converters is not considered in this document.

B5

PROTECTION ET AUTOMATISME

PROTECTIONS AND AUTOMATIONS

ex CE/SC 34

PROTECTION DES RESEAUX ELECTRIQUES ET COMMANDE LOCALE

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND LOCAL CONTROL

Transformateurs de courant et de tension non classiques.

Non-conventional current and voltage transformers.

For some years new concepts of current and voltage transformers for HV and EHV transmission systems have been investigated and developed to the stages of laboratory models or prototype units installed for trials on transmission systems. One aim in development was to design measuring devices of improved transient performance, compared with the conventional CT’s, CVT’s and VT’s for reliable and faster fault clearance times. CE/SC 34 , 1980, 173 pp. Ref. No. 7

Harmonisation of protection policies for power stations and generators and of protection policies for HV networks.

The power generating units and the transmission network operate as an interactive system. Faults and switching actions in the network cause electrical system transients which stimulate torsional oscillations along the turbine generator shaft. In the past, the generator three-phase terminal short-circuit was considered as the most critical mechanical stress condition for the turbine generator unit.

Final report on computer based protection and digital techniques in substations.

Digital computer technology has been applied in electric power substations for many years. Data acquisition, alarms, status monitoring and supervisory control systems have all been converted to digital computer systems to some extent, and in many cases these systems are entirely digital in nature. Protection of power apparatus and systems is a function that has been considered for conversion to digital computer technology during recent years.

Use of equipment built-in automatic testing – self-checking and monitoring with a view to improving reliability.

The increasing sizes of power networks with increasing transfer of energy and fault current levels have stressed the importance of reliable fault clearing. Great care is taken in circuit design, selection of components, careful production and quality control to assure reliable fault clearing. Nevertheless components in the fault clearing chain will degrade by time or fail suddenly and cause either failure to operate or incorrect operation.

Evaluation of characteristics and performance of power system protection relays and protective systems.

Intended to provide guidance on the tests required to establish the characteristics and performance of power system protection relays and protective systems, leaving the issuing of a standard to IEC. These functional tests are performed as a part of a type test program. Diversity in protection relays and protective systems prevents the definition of a universal type test programme. CE/SC 34 GT/WG 04, 1986, 101 pp. Ref. No. 11

Digital protection techniques and substation functions.

The report summarises the findings and recommendations of WG34.01, dealing with various aspects of digital computer techniques for protection of electric power systems and the impact of an integrated hierarchical structure on all protection and control tasks. An important part of the report is defining the structure for collection and description of significant test cases for protection and control.

Adaptive protections and control.

The concept of adaptive protection evolved during the 1980’s. By then, digital computer based relaying was well accepted. Most relaying functions have been shown to be amenable to digital computer implementation and the satisfactory field experience with these devices has allayed the fears of protection engineers about the survivability of computer relays in the harsh environment of electric utility substations.

Application guide on protection of complex transmission network configurations.

This guide is primarily aimed at the application engineer who has a basic protection knowledge but needs expert assistance to plan and operate the protection of more complex transmission systems. This publication may however, also be of interest to experienced engineers as it contains recent information collected through analysis of the responses to a world-wide survey questionnaire issued in 1989.

Application of wideband communication circuits to protection. Prospects and benefits.

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The document starts with a general introduction dealing with the trend towards digital communication and the need for wideband communication, giving a brief comparison of the different transmission media and an overview of the different types of protection systems. It also gives a short survey of the present practices and future trends and presents some opportunities for new applications.

Maintenance and management of protection systems.

The growing size and complexity of power systems generate increasing needs for maintenance and management efforts to optimise investment and renewal costs. On the other hand the rapid development of information technology can provide a new approach to reduce life cycle costs. SC34 has considered these aspects from the point of view of protection and control systems. CE/SC 34 GT/WG 06, 1994, 61 pp. Ref. No. 87

Teleprotection.

Protective gear in modern power systems often uses information from various distant points on the power system and the transmission of such information involves the use of telecommunication techniques. The document is aimed at reviewing the principal methods of teleprotection having regard to the properties of the various telecommunication systems. CE/SC 34/35 , 1969, 317 pp. Ref. No. 12

Protection systems using telecommunication.

Telecommunication connected to or included in protection systems seems to be more common when transmission power systems are extended and developed. The increasing integration of telecommunication in the protections systems necessitates a good overall view of protection and telecommunication problems and of course power system problems as well. This report promotes mutual appreciation of the problems experienced by engineers.

CE/SC 34/35 GT/WG 05, 1987, 132 pp. Ref. No. 13

Protection against voltage collapse

A milestone in the actual comprehension of the complex phenomenon called “voltage collapse” in power transmission systems. Offering an in-depth survey of our present knowledge about this typical system disturbance, restricting the analysis to the so-called “long-term” variant, the one for which it seems most feasible to develop some sort of system protection to cope with.

CE/SC 34 GT/WG08, 1998, 80 pp. Ref. No. 128

Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection.

Covering back-up protection policies, including breaker failure protection, for lines, transformers and busbars of a primary transmission network. it defines input data and describes a theoretical and reasonable approach to evaluate the necessity and performance of a general back-up protection system assuming the input data is known. A description of the moste wide-spread and near-future back-up protection systems and the principal advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Application of

the previous theoretical approach to the different solutions described.

34 01, 1999, 402 pp. Ref. No. 140

Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection.

The scope of the work covers back-up protection policies, including breaker failure protection, for lines, transformers and busbars of a primary transmission network. it defines input data and describes a theoretical and reasonable approach to evaluate the necessity and performance of a general back-up protection system assuming the input data is known. A description of the moste wide-spread and near-future back-up protection systems and the principal advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Application of the previous theoretical approach to the different solutions described.

34 01, 1999, 402 pp. Ref. No. 140

Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical protection schemes.

The question of how to test numerical relays has become an important topic over the last few years. The protection functions of the relay and the transient currents and voltages are still the same, but it is the present state of technology that offers new possibilities and makes the number of functions in the relay more complex. It is generally agreed that testing numerical protection should be different from older techniques.

CE/SC 34 10, 2000, 120 pp. Ref. No. 159

Communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations.

A study of communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations covering communication of all functions usually performed i.e. all tasks of protection, control, monitoring, measuring, disturbance recording etc. The complete definition of all communication requirements has to provide the rating guide for existing/coming communication networks/busses and the basis for the definition of standards.

CE/SC 34 03, 2001, 112 pp. Ref. No. 180

Protection using telecommunications.

Deregulation in both the telecommunication and electric power industry, together with new telecommunication network technologies and advan