SWAMI PARMANAND COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
NETWORKING (MCSE & CCNA)
AT
JETKING
SEC 34 , CHANDIGARH
SUBMITTED AS A PART OF COURSE CURRICULUM
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Under the Guidance of Mr. Baljit singh Mr. Inder Gulati
Submitted To: Submitted By:
Er. Harpreet Kaur (HOD) Saroj Dogra (697041917)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SWAMI PAMANAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, DERA BASSI, MOHALI
I feel deeply indedted to Mr. Baljit Singh, Microsoft trainer who delivered valuable lesson on MCSE, his indepth knowledge about the subject helped me understand the subject in better way. His method of teaching the minute details helped me a lot to acquire the insight into the subject.
I am also grateful to Mr. Inder Gulati, CCNA trainer for giving best knowledge about CCNA.the way he instilled knowledge of the subject was undoubtly praise worthy and valuable.
I am also thankful to Jetking institution as a whole that is doing yeoman’s service by teaching the learner avreast with the computer , networking and hardware knowledge that is the need of the day.
I will be failing in my duty if I do not acknowledge my husband Mr. Nardev Singh Rana who always stood by my side during my studies. I am indepted to my son’s Anirudh Rana and Romil Rana who never clamed my time and get bore by my long absence rather silent.
Last but not the least, I thank all my classmates at Jetking for extending kind co-operation.
SAROJ DOGRA
Figure No. Name of Figure Page No.
1
Computer network
6
2
Local Area Nework
9
3
LAN Classification
9
4 Campus Area Network
10
5
Metropolitan Area Network
11
6
To find location of a computer using FQDN
24
7
Tree structure
25
8 Structure of domain forest and domain tree 36
9
Multi-Master Mode
37
10
Parent child relationship model
40
11
Direct Sharing Scenario
43
12
ICS scenario
44
13
Scenario of win proxy server
45
14 NAT Server 46
15
VPN server
48
16
LAN routing
52
17
Static routing
53
18
Architecture of router
60
19
Variable Subnet Mask
75
20
Scenario of Telnet
76
21
Scenario of Static Routing
81
22
Routing table
86
23
Routing table of covered networks
86
24
Routing loops
87
25
OSPF Scenario
99
26
VLAN Operation
105
27
VTP Configuration
110
28
VTP Pruning
111
29
IEEE 802.11 Standard
114
List of tables
Table No.
Name of table
Page No.
1
Difference between Workgroup & Domain
72
Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6
12
3
Address Classes
13
4
Category and Speed of UTP cables
17
5
Colour Coding for straight Cable
18
6
Colour Coding for Crossover cable
19
7
Colour Coding for Rollover Cable
20
8
Operating Systems
21
9 Difference between Workgroup and Domain
34
10
Exchange Server with different operating systems 56
11
Router interfaces and connectors
62
12
Router Ports
63
13
Default address mask in binary & dotted decimals
71
14
Decimal and Binary values of subnet mask
72
15
Subnet mask, valid hosts, broadcast address
74
16
Routing table
86
17
Difference between RIPV1 & RIPV2
90
18
Difference between IGRP and RIP
91
Sr. No.
Topic
Page No.
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Company Profile
1
2
LITERATURE RIEVIEW
5
3
NETWORKING
6
3.1 Introduction to networking
6
3.1.1 Models of Networking
6
3.1.2 Categories of network
8
3.2 IP ADDRESSES and MAC Addresses
12
3.2.1 IPAddressClasses 12
3.2.2 MAC Addressing
15
3.3 NETWORKING MEDIA
15
3.3.1 Ethernet Cabling
17
3.4 OPERATING SYSTEM
20
3.4.1 Types of Operating Systems
20
3.5 DNS SERVER
22
3.5.1 PARTS OF DNS SYSTEM
23
3.5.2 DNS Zone
26
3.6 DHCP SERVER
28
3.6.1 Working of DHCP Server
29
3.6.2 InstallationStepsofDHCPServer 31
3.7 ACTIVE DIRECTORY 33
3.7.1ActiveDirectoryServices 34
3.7.2 CHILD DOMAIN 40
3.8 INTERNET SHAREING
42
3.8.1 Direct Sharing
42
3.8.2 ICS (Internet Connection Sharing)
43
3.8.3 Win Proxy Server
45
3.8.4 NAT (Network Address Translation)
45
3.9 VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)
47
3.9.1 VPN components
48
3.9.2 Types of VPN
49
3.10 ROUTING
51
3.10.1 Types of Routing
51
3.11 EXCHANGE SERVER
56
3.11.1 Elements of Exchange Server
56
3.11.2 Exchange Version
56
3.11.3 Requirements for Exchange Server
57
3.12 Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model
57
3.12.1 Description of Different Layers
58
3.13 ROUTERS
60
3.13.1 Router Architecture and its Key Component
60
3.13.2 Router Interfaces & Ports
62
3.13.3 Modes of Router
63
3.13.4 Configuring Password
65
3.13.5 Managing Configuration
66
3.14 SUBNETTING
70
3.14.1 Advantages of subnetting
70
3.14.2 Types of Subnetting
73
3.15 TELNET
75
3.15.1 To Access the Device Remotely
75
3.15.2 Commands to assign IP addresses to the interfaces 76
3.16 ROUTING
79
3.16.1 TYPES OF ROUTING
79
3.16.2 Routing Protocol Basics
84
3.1.3 R IP (Routing Information Protocol)
88
3.1.4 IGRP ( Interior Gateway Protocol)
91
3.1.5 EIGRP(Enhanced Interior Routing Protocol)
93
3.1.6 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
95
3.17 LAN SWITCHING
100
3.17.1 SWITCH
100
3.17.1.1 VLAN (Virtual LAN)
103
3.17.1.2 Vlan Trunking Protocol (VTP)
108
3.18 Wi-Fi (WIRELESS FIDELITY)
113
3.18.1 Wireless LAN
113
3.18.2 Wireless Standards
114
3.18.3 Wireless Security
115
4 CONCLUSION
117
1. INTRODUCTION
This project report pertains to six months industrial training that I had underwent at JETKING, Chandigarh as part of curriculum of degree in Bachelor of technology in Electronics and Communication engineering as required by Swami Parmanand College of engineering and technology (affiliated to Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar) .
I learnt a lot from professional managers and skilled engineers. I had a great learning experience as trainee in this firm. I learnt a lot about how different networks are controlled in the industry or any department with the help of networking processes, under MCSE and CCNA.
I have learnt about different type of servers like DHCP Server, DNS Server, NAT Server. Also I have learnt how to control the LAN and MAN networks under MCSE (Microsoft Certified System Engineers) and how to control MAN and WAN networks under CCNA (CISCO Certified System Engineers).
Justification cannot be done to whatever I have learnt in these six months within a few pages but I have still tried my best to cover as much as possible in this report. In this report I have tried to sum up the technical knowledge I have gained in my six months of training.
1.1 Company Profile
Jetking is an organization came into establishment in1947. Jetking is India’s number one Computer Hardware and Networking Institute.
Birth and Evolution
It took a lot of failure before mankind tasted technological success. Jetking evolved in tune with the changing face of technology. During 55 years in the field of electronic technology. Jetking successfully trained thousands of students to overcome failure for high paying careers.
1947 Birth
1962 Pioneered “Do-It-Yourself Kits” in India
1972 Introduced Asia- 72, Fairchild and Wildcat transistors
1986 Became a Public Limited Company and also introduced entertainment electronics product-T.V sets, Two-in-ones and amplifiers.
1990 Launched Jetking School of Electronics Technology 1993 Network of Jetking training centers spread all over India 1994 Opening of Jetking, Chandigarh
1995 Tie-up with Heath kit Educational System (U.S.A.)
1996 Introduced advanced courses on Pentium, Notebooks, Modems, Email/Internet, LAN 4.X
1997 Novell Education Academic Partner
1998 Representative for International Correspondence School (ICS), USA in India
1999 Added cyber technology to the curriculum
2003 ISO 9001-2000 company and Authorized Microsoft online testing centre (VUE) for MS, CISCO, MCSA, MCSE, CCNA, A+ etc. Mr. Suresh G. Bharwani is the CHAIRMAN and MANAGING Director of
Jetking Infotrain Ltd. India’s leading Computer Hardware and Networking Institute. With the vision to promote and the conviction to deliver the widespread propagation of comp- uter hardware and networking education across the nation, Mr. Bharwani was the first to set up an training institute offering innovative courses in computer hardware in 1990. Jetking’s core competency lies in providing complete training and developing hardware engineers and professionals with sound technical knowledge. It focuses on the overall development of personality of an individual with emphasis on personality development, presentation and communication skills, leadership skills etc.
Jetking has established more than 125 operational centers and 250 faculties across the country and has trained over 3,50,000 students who have move onto the crave
success- full career. With its alumni placed in the best of organizations in India and some abroad,
Jetking,s vocational training and placement promises has helped build the career prospects of many young boys and girls.
The company has been awarded the ISO 9000:2000 certification in 2003.The company has been awarded the “ Maharashtra IT Award” for a key role in manpower activities in year 2006-07,it was felicitated with Franchise Award as Best Franchisor for the year 2007-08.Also,ranked 4th in the list of 26th hot franchises as per outlook money
magazine.
Mr. Suresh Bharwani was awarded with “Pike’s Peak Award” by the Bob Pike Group USA for effective implementing smart lab plus for making technical training fun, faster and easier for non- technical person.
Across all the sectors, industries are upgrading their information technology system. Industries ranging from plastics, chemicals, textiles and power to the automotive and telecom sector are now IT savy. Government and public sectors are going hi-tech with EDI and computer networks. The IT industry, software companies, data centers, IT-enabled services providers are all equipped with advance IT system and networks. The increasing number of call centers, BPO’s etc., have given a further boost to the hardware and networking industry.
The courses in jetking comprises lecture and theory session, with a great focus on active participation through smart lab plus ,that focuses on audio visual and learning with hands-on training and equips students with an in depth domain knowledge that is technical; it also equips students with soft skills ,to face the multi-faceted challenges of corporate world.
PLACEMENT: Jetking is the first and only institute that promises the 100% jobs guarantee to its students. The companies that have recruited jetkings students include:
Samsung, Sun Micro system, IBM, Canon, Siement, reliance, TATA, Compaq HP invent, IT-T solutions, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited, D-Link, Novell, Dell, Wipro, LG, ICIC Infotech and several other MNCs.
Any student who has qualified his or her HSC/SSC examination is eligible to take up a course at jetking. The one year program Jetking certified hardware and networking professionals give 680 hours of in-depth knowledge to a student in Basic electronics and computer applications. Computer hardware and peripherals, window 2003 administrator and network administrator (soon it will be replaced with window server 2008).Apart frame technical knowledge there are personality development sessions which groom the student’s personality, their ability to perform better.
Jetking, India’s leading hardware and networking training institute has trained over 3,00,000 students from its 125 centers spread across India. With its alumni placed in the best of organizations in India and some abroad, Jetking vocational training and placement promises has helped build the career prospects of many young boys and girls.
Jetking has partnered with some of the worlds most renowed names in networking to provide you with cutting edge courses and technologies. With academic partnerships with Microsoft, Comp TIA,LINUX, NOVELL, and person VUE .
Jetking Chandigarh is a division of Hi-Tech point. Hi-Tech point is an ISO 9001-2000 IT company. It was established in year 1993 and run by a company of IT professionals. Jetking Chandigarh branch is considered to be the best centre among all centers. It has bagged number 1 center award consecutively for last 7 years. Here training on various fields is going on like Basic Electronic, Hardware, Networking, JCHNP Analog and Digital electronics and Hardware, RHCE, RHCSS, MNA, MCSE (Microsoft System Engineers), MCITP, MNA, CCNA (CISCO Certified Network Associate), CCNP(CISCO Certified Network Professional).
Partnership with industry leaders like Microsoft and Red Hat Jetking ensure its students authentic courseware and technology.
2. LITERATURE RIEVIEW
Computer Networking is a very vast project in the present developing era of electronics and communication. Now a days, computers are used in a wider range. All the organizations are using multiple computers within their departments to perform their day to day work. Computer network allows the user to share data , share folders and files with other users connected in a network. Computer Networking has bound the world in a very small area with it wide networking processes like LAN, MAN, WAN.
The courses in jetking comprises lecture and theory session, with a great focus on active participation through smart lab plus ,that focuses on audio visual and learning with hands-on training and equips students with an in depth domain knowledge that is technical; it also equips students with soft skills ,to face the multi-faceted challenges of corporate world.
3. NETWORKING
3.1 Introduction to networking
Networking is a practice of linking of two or more computing devices such as PCs, printers, faxes etc., with each other Connection between two devices is through physical media or logical media to share information, data and resources. Networks are made with the hardware and software.
Cable/media
Fig 1: computer network
3.1.1 Models of Networking
Model means the connectivity of two computers. We have many types of networking models.
(i) Client – Server Model
(ii) Peer to Peer Model (Workgroup Model) (iii) Domain Model
(i) Client –Server Model
In a Client server model we have one server and many clients. A Client can share the resources of server, but a server cannot share the resources on clients.
On the point of view of administrator it’s very easy to control the network because we combine with the server also at security point of view. It is very useful because it uses user level security in which users have to remember only one password to share the resources.
(ii) Peer to Peer Model (Workgroup Model)
In Peer to Peer networking model all computers are in equal status, that is we cannot manage centralization, administration secutity. In Peer to Perr networking client use operating system like Window 98, Window XP, Window 2000, Window Vista.
(iii) Domain Model
It is a mixture of client server and peer-to-peer model. In this clients can share their resources as peer-to-peer but with the permission of the server as in client server model therefore it is commonly used model because in this security is more as we can put restriction on both server and clients.
Difference between Workgroup & Domain Table 1
Workgroup Domain
1. It is a peer to peer networking model. 2. There is no client and no server. All the computers are in equal status.
1. It is a server based networking model. 2. There is a centralized dedicated server computer called domain controller which
3. This model is recommended for small networks, upto 10 computers.
4. There is no centralized administrated separately.
5. In this model, low grade OS like 2000/XP professional, WIN 98 etc. can be used.
6. Users accounts are created in each PC and are called as Local Users.
controls all other computers called clients. 3. This model is recommended for large networks.
4. There is centralized administration and each PC can be administrated and managed from the server.
5. in this model high grade OS like WIN 2000/2003 Server can be used.
6. Users accounts are created on the server side and are called Domain Users.
3.1.2 Categories of network
Networks can be categorized as per geographical area to be covered by the network. Computer network are divided into four categories includes: Local Area Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN).
3.1.2.1 Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is a computer network that is used to connect computers and work station to share data and resources such as printers or faxes. LAN is restricted to a small area such as home, office or college. Devices used in LAN are : HUB and switch. Media for LAN is UTP cables. Figure 1.2 shows how all work stations, server and printer are interconnected with the help of the network device.
Fig 2: Local Area Network Types of LAN
In LANs, data can be transferred using techniques like token passing. As per techniques used for data sharing, LANS are classified into Ethernet, Token Bus, Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).Figure 3.3 shows LAN classification.
Advantages of LAN
a). Provides communication in smaller networks, easy to install and configure. b). many users can share data or network elements at the same time which results in fast work.
Disadvantages of LAN
a). limited number of computers are connected in a LAN. b). LAN cannot cover large area.
c). Network performance degrades as the number of users exceeds.
3.1.2.2 Campus Area Network (CAN)
Campus Area Network is a computer network made up of two or more LANs within a limited area. It can cover many buildings in an area. The main feature of CAN is that all of the computers which are connected together have some relationship to each other e.g. different buildings in a campus can be connected using different CAN. It will help to interconnect academic departments, library and computer laboratories. CAN is larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.
Figure 3.4 shows a CAN network.
Fig 4: Campus Area Network
Devices used in CAN are : HUB, Switch, Layer-3 switch, Access Point .And the media used for CAN is Unshielded twisted pair of cables and Fiber Optics Cable.
3.1.2.3
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
MAN is the interconnection of networks in a city. MAN is not owned by a single organization. It act as a high speed network to allow sharing resources with in a city. MAN can also be formed by connecting remote LANs through telephone lines or radio links. MAN supports data and voice transmission. The best example of MAN is cable T.V network in a city.
Fig 5 : Metropolitan Area Network
3.1.2.4
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN covers a wide geographical area which include multiple computers or LANs. It connects computer networks through public networks like, telephone system, microwave, satellite link or leased line.
Most of the WANs use leased lines for internet access as they provide faster data transfer. WAN helps an organization to establish network between all its departments and offices located in the same or different cities. It also enables communication between the organization and rest world.
3.2 IP ADDRESSES and MAC Addresses
It is also called as logical addresses. IP is a 32 bit long and it is divided into 4 octets and dot (.) is used to separate one octet from another. It is represented in the form of decimals. There are two versions of IP addresses:
- IPv4 - IPv6
Table 2 Comparison between IPv4 and IPv6
3.2.1 IP Address Classes
IP address is a 32 bit address. It is divided into various classes namely Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E. TCP/IP defines Class D for experimental purpose. TCP /IP address contains two addresses embedded within one IP address; Network address and host address as shown in figure 3.1
NETWORK ADDRESS HOST ADDRESS 0 bits 31 bits IPv4 IPv6 - It is 32 bit long.
- It is divided into 4 octets. - Ipv4 performs broadcasting,
multicasting and unicasting. - IPv4 is divided into 5 classes:
A to E.
IPv4 is in decimal form.
- It is 128 bit long.
- It is divided into 16 octets. - IPv6 doesn’t support
broadcasting, it performs multicasting and unicasting. - Ipv6 doesn’t support classes. - IPv6 is in hexadecimal form.
Class A consists of 8-bit network ID and 24-bit host ID. Class B consists of 16-bit network ID and 16-16-bit of host ID. And Class C consists of 24-16-bit of network ID and 8-bit of host ID.
Address Classes
Table 3: Address Classes
` Addres s Class Starting Bits (first-byte) Range of First Octet
Mask Value Valid Hosts
Class A 0 1to 127 255.0.0.0 256*256*256-2= 16,777,214
Class B 10 128 to 191 255.255.0.0 256*256-2=65,534
Class C 110 192 to 223 255.255.255.0 256-2
Class D 1110 224 to 239 Reserved for multicasting
Class E 1111 240 to 255 Reserved for research and development
3.2.1.1 How to Assign IP Address to Computer
An IP address assigned to a computer may either be permanent address or address that is assigned to a computer on a time lease or for temporary basis. Hence, the address granted to computers is divided into two categories Dynamic IP addresses and Static addresses.
Dynamic IP Addresses
Dynamic IP addresses are assigned to the devices that require temporary connectivity to the network or non-permanent devices such as portable computer. The most common protocol used for assigning Dynamic IP address is DHCP also called
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. The DHCP grants IP address to the computer on lease basis.
Static IP Addresses
Static IP addresses are assigned to the device on the network whose existence in the network remains for a longer duration. These static IP addresses are semi-permanent IP addresses which remain allocated to a specific device for longer time e.g. Server.
3.2.1.2
How to Configure IP Address in window 2003
• Right click on My Network Places- properties
• right click on working LAN card- properties
• select internet protocol (TCP/IP) -properties
• Tick on- Use the following IP addresses - now fill the IP address e.g 10.0.0.1
• Tick on –Use the following DNS server address
• Fill the preferred DNS server – 10.0.0.1
• Ok
• Close
Now check the connectivity of computer with itself with command Start-run-cmd-ping 10.0.0.1
3.2.2 MAC Addressing
MAC address is a hardware address that is embedded in the NIC card. It is also known as hardware address or physical address. Every NIC card has a unique MAC address assigned by IEEE. MAC address is used to identify the nodes at lower levels of OSI model. The MAC address operates at the data link layer of the OSI model.
MAC address is a 12 digit hexadecimal number (48 bit address). It is made up of numbers from 0-9 or a letter from A-F. MAC address can be written in any one of the formats:
► MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS T o identify the MAC address in window:
• Click Start →Run
• Enter cmd in the Open text book
• Type ipconfig /all
• Press Enter
The 12 digit MAC address will be shown as say 00:11:11:EA:8D:F6
3.3 NETWORKING MEDIA
To do networking we need to use some type of media. There are many types of media. (i) Coaxial Cable
(ii) Fiber optic cable (iii) Twisted Pair of Cables (iv) Micro- wave
(iv) Satellite Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable consists of an insulated copper conductor surrounded by a tube shaped copper braid outer copper tune and the inner conductor have the same axis of curvature hence it called coaxial cable. It is basically of two types:
(i) Base Band Cable (RG – 59) (ii) Broad Band Cable (RG – 58)
We used Base Band signal cable in Networking of Computers, It is so called because it carries single frequency. Its speed is 10 Mbps and impedance is 50 Ω. Where as Broad
Band Cables carries multiple frequencies. Connector used for Coaxial cable is BNC(British Novel Connector) connector. ARCnet uses RG-62 coaxial cable. It has an impedance of 93 Ω and has a comparatively lesser attenuation, hence yield greater distances. These cables are expensive and provide high propagation factor.
Fiber Optical Cable
Fiber optic cable consists of a very fine fiber made from two types of glass, one for the inner core and the other for the outer layer. Here signal is transmitted in the form of light. Different varieties of fiber optics is used depending on the size of the network. Single mode fiber optics is used for networks spanning longer distance. Fiber Optics has lower propagation factor than coaxial cable. It is a costly but more secure transmission media. Twisted Pair Cable
There are two wires, which are twisted with each other to avoid EMI (Electro Magnetic Induction).these cables are easy to terminate. However they have a slightly higher value of attenuation value and hence have limited distance covering capacity. Connector used for Twisted Pair of Cable is (Registered Jack) RJ-45 and RJ-11. There are two types of twisted pair of cables:
• STP (Shielded Twisted Pair):
In this an extra wire which is called shielded wire is wrapped over the inner cover which holds copper in pairs. This protection is used to protect signal from external noise.
• UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
In this type of wire no shielded cover is there for extra protection from noise. There are different categories of UTP cables:
Categories of UTP Cables
Category Speed
CAT-1 CAT-2 CAT-3 CAT-4 CAT-5 CAT-6 CAT-7 56 Kbps 4 Mbps 10 Mbps 16-20 Mbps 100 Mbps 1Gbps 1Gbps
3.3.1 Ethernet Cabling
There are three types of Ethernet cables:
• Straight cable
• Crossover cable
• Rolled cable
3.3.1.1 Straight cable
It is used when we have to connect
• PC TO Switch
• PC to Hub
• Hub to Router
• Switch to Router
Colour Coding for straight Cable
TABLE 5
568A
(one end) (other end)
568B
(one end) (other end) Green/white Green Orange/white Blue Blue/white Orange Brown/white Brown Green/white Green Orange/white Blue Blue/white Orange Brown/white Brown Orange/white Orange Green/white Blue Blue/white Green Brown/white Brown Orange/white Orange Green/white Blue Blue/white Green Brown/white Brown
3.3.1.2 Crossover Cable
It is used when we have to connect:
• PC to PC • Hub to Hub • Switch to switch • Router to Router • PC to Router • Hub to Switch
Colour Coding for Crossover cable
Table 6 Colour Coding for Crossover cable
Orange/white Orange Green/white Blue Blue/white Green Brown/white Brown Green/white Green Orange/white Blue Blue/white Green Brown/white Brown
3.3.1.3 Rollover Cable
Rollover cable isn’t used to connect any Ethernet connections together, but
Rollover cable can be used to connect a host to a router console serial communication (com) port.
NOTE: Straight cable and Cross cables are used for data transfer but Rollover cables are not used for data transfer.
There are two methods for manufacturing Rollover cables:
Table 7
Colour Coding for Rollover Cable568A
(one end) (other end)
568B
Green/white Green Orange/white Blue Blue/white Orange Brown/white Brown Brown Brown/white Orange Blue/white Blue Orange/white Green Green/white Orange/white Orange Green/white Blue Blue/white Green Brown/white Brown Brown Brown/white Green Blue/white Blue Green/white Orange Orange/white
3.4 OPERATING SYSTEM
3.4.1 Types of Operating Systems
(i) DOS (Desktop Operating System) (ii) NOS (Network Operating System) Table 8: Operating Systems
DOS
1. It is a desktop operating system. 2. It is used in small networks. 3. In this OS, there is less security. 4. In this OS, all computers are clients. 5. In this OS, MS-DOS, GUI package Win
3.1, Win 95, Win 98, Win ME comes.
NOS
1. It is a network operating system. 2. It is used for large networks. 3. In this OS, there is more security. 4. In this OS, there are servers and clients.
5. In this OS Win NT, Win 2000, Win 2003, LINUX, UNIX, Novell and MAC comes.
Window server 2003 (also referred to as WIN 2k3) is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. Introduced in 24th April 2003 as the successor to window 2000 server, it is
considered by Microsoft to be the corner stone of its window server system line of business server products. An update version Window Server 2003 R2 was released manufacturing on 6th dec, 2005. its successor window 2008 was released on 4th feb, 2008.
According to Microsoft, window server 2003 is more scalable and deliver better performance than its predecessor window 2000.
Features of Window 2003
(i) A significant improved version of Internet Information Service (IIS)
(ii) Increased default security over previous version due to the built in firewall and having most services disabled by default.
(iii) Manage your server-a role management administrative tools that allow an administrator to choose what functionality the server should provide.
(iv) Improvement to Active Directory.
(v) Improvement to Group Policy handling and Administration. (vi) Provides a Backup system to restore lost files.
(vii) Improved disk management, including the ability to Backup from shadows of files, allowing the Backup of open files.
(viii) Improved security and command line tools which are part of Microsoft initiative to bring a complete command shell to the next version of window. (ix) Support for a hard based “Watch Dog Timer”, which can restart the server if
the operating system does not suspend with in a certain amount of time. Removed Features
• The ability of creating server disk automated system recovery (ASR) is used instead .
Edition of Window 2003
Window server 2003 comes in a number of editions, each targeted towards a particular size and type of business. In general, all variant of window server 2003
have the ability to share files and printers, act as application server and host message queue, provide email services, authenticate users, act as an X.509 certificate server, provide LDAP (Light Weight Directory Access Protocol) services, serve streaming media, and to perform other server-oriented functions.
3.5 DNS SERVER
DNS stands for domain name system. DNS system is a standard technology for managing the names of websites and other internet domains. DNS techniques allows you to type names into your web browser like computer networking, about computer and allow your computer to automatically find that address on internet. DNS is the resolution mechanism used by Window Server 2003 clients to find other computers and services running on those computers for computers in a window 2003 network infrastructure to talk to one another, one of the key ingredients is the DNS server .Host name alone do not communicate globally but communicate locally, but if domain name is added along with it then the host name can communicate globally. DNS is use for name reservation i.e. to convert IP address to host name and host name to IP address or the function of DNS is to resolve host name such as www.yahoo.com to an IP address. User identify only user friendly name and all computers and technologies identify IP address and MAC address DNS is use to solve this problem because DNS is used to convert host name FQDN (fully qualified domain name) to IP address and IP address to host name .
3.5.1
PARTS OF DNS SYSTEM
(i) Host name(iii) FQDN (iv) Namespace (v) DNS server 3.5.1.1 HOST NAME
Host name is a computer name and is also called is NetBIOS (network basic Input/ output system) name. NetBIOS is actually an application layer protocol that can use the transport services of TCP/ IP when used in routed network. A NetBIOS name is 16- byte addresses that identify a NetBIOS resource on the network.
3.5.1.2 DOMAIN NAME
Domain name is used to identifies the internet site one can identifies the location without having to remember the IP address of every location e.g. yahoo.com or
gmail.com
3.5.1.3 FQD
FQDN means fully qualified domain name which represents a hostname appended to the parent name space in hierarchy. Also in fully qualified domain name different levels of namespace are visualize as in fig below this hierarchy is visualized─ the root level namespace, top─ level domain, and so on, in use throughout the internet today. Left most portion of the FQDN is the host portion of the name. A host name is alias we give to an IP address.
Fig 6:To find location of a computer using FQDN
FQDN is a unique name in the computer on the network. We can identify host id and location of a computer as in fig above. Suppose we want to find location of pc1 with IP address 20.0.0.1, which is in lab2, 2nd floor in the organization center. The FQDN
for this is
Pc1.row3.lab2.floor2.center.com
But this address is very lengthy to locate pc1 so to simplify this we use “c name” technique as:
Pc1.center.com=20.0.0.1 3.5.1.4 Domain Namespace
DNS operates in what is known as DNS namespace. The DNS namespace is an organized, hierarchical division of DNS names. Domain namespace enable users to easily locate the network services and resources. The domain namespace include the root domain, the top level domain of the organization and organize these domain in a hierarchical tree structure. Namespace works on the hierarchical tree structure of root domain. There are total 13 root domain working in the internet, they are A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L and M. There is one root domain, which acts as the starting point of the
fully qualified domain names. This root domain is designated with a dot (.). Fig 6.2 shows the tree structure or domain namespace.
Fig 7: Tree structure or Domain Namespace 3.5.1.5 DNS server
Any computer providing domain namespace is a DNS server. DNS server is used to convert host name FQDN into IP address and IP address into host name FQDN. To store the name-to-IP-addresses mappings so crucial to network communication, name server uses zone files.
3.5.2 DNS Zone
Zone is the part of DNS database that contain record of domain or multiple domain. If the domains represents logical division of the DNS namespace, zones represents the physical separation of the DNS namespace. In other words information about records of the resources within DNS domain is stored in a zone files, and this zone files exist on hard drive of server. Zone files are divided into one of two basic types:
• Forward lookup zone: Provides host-name-to-IP-address resolution
• Reverse lookup zone: Provides IP-address-to-host-name resolution
3.5.2.1 Resource record stored in a zone file
Each record stored in a zone file has a specific purpose. Some of the records set the behavior of the name server, others have the job of resolving a host name or service into an IP table.
(i) NS (Name Server):
These specify the name servers that are authoritative for a given portion of DNS namespace. These records are essential when DNS servers are performing iterative queries to perform name resolution.
(ii) SOA (Start of Authority):
This resource record indicates the name of origin for the zone contains the name of the server that is the primary source for information about the zone. The information in an SOA record affect how often transfer of the zone are done between servers authoritative for the zone. It is also used to store other properties such as version information and timings that affect zone renewal or expiration.
(iii) CNAME (Canonical Name):
For example, the server hosting the site www.abc.com is probably not named www, but a CNAME record exist resolution of www to an IP address all the same. The CNAME record actually points not to an IP address, but to an existing A record in the zone.
3.5.2.2 Steps to Install and configure DNS server
• Start → control panel→ add and remove program
• Add remove window components
• Select networking services and click on detail button
• Check box of DNS server
• Ok and finish
3.5.2.3 Creating a Forward Lookup Zone
• Statically fill the IP address
• Start →administrator tools
• DNS→ right click on forward lookup zone
• New zone→ next
• Select primary zone→ next
• Enter zone name (abc.com)→ next
• Tick Allow both secure and non secure updates and secure dynamic updated
• next→ next
• now click on created zone (abc.com)
• new host→ enter host name for global level (i.e by entering www) fill IP address of the web server , click on add button
• enter another host name, a blank host with same IP i.e do not fill its host name
steps to change SOA and NS records
• Right click on SOA records → properties
• host master.abc.com→ apply→ ok
• right click on NS records
• click on add button→ enter FQDN→ www.abc.com
• resolve→ ok→ apply→ ok
Now go to start menu → ping abc.com
On Client Side → To access DNS server fill IP address of server then use ping command e.g ping www.abc.com
3.5.2.3 Creating a Reverse Lookup Zone
• Right click on reverse lookup zone
• New zone→ next→ select primary zone→ next
• fill →Network ID→ next→ next
• Select allow both non secure and non secure dynamic updates
• Finish
• Right click on created reverse zone→ new pointer
• enter host IP number e.g (50.0.0.50)
• enter FQDN (www.chd.com)
3.5.2.4 Some DNS Commands
(i) c:>tracert www.yahoo.com
command is used to check the path , a data packet follow from one router to another router.
(ii) c:>nslookup
command display the domain name with IP (works only when reverse lookup zone is set up).
(iv) c:>ipconfig /all
This command display FQDN, IP address, MAC address. (iv) c:>ipconfig /flushdns
This command flush or clear all the information in the cache that is retrieved from DNS server.
(v) c:>ipconfig /displaydns
Display the current contents or entries in the cache. (vi) c:>ip config /register
register any DNS name
3.6 DHCP SERVER
DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a protocol that allocates IP address to computer on a network. DHCP centralized the management of IP address allocation and reduces human error associated with manual IP configuration. DHCP server supplies all the necessary networking param-eters. Two things are always handed out as a part of DHCP configuration: IP address and subnet mask. Further DHCP will frequently configure clients with optional values, such as a default gateway, DNS server address, and the address of a Window Internet Naming Server, if one is present. Scenario showing DHCP server IP address allocation.
3.6.1 Working of DHCP Server
(i) DHCP Scope (ii) DHCP Super Scope (iii) Exclusion IP Range (iv) DHCP Lease Time (v) IP Reservation DHCP Scope
Scope having the range of IP address for providing dynamic IP address to other computer. A group of IP address within a scope is called as DHCP scope.
DHCP Super Scope
A super scope is used to combine two or more scopes each serving different subnets, and can make the administration of several scopes on window 2003 DHCP server more manageable. Using super scope you can group multiple scopes as a single administrative
entity that allows the client to lease from either one. With this feature, a DHCP server can:
• Support DHCP clients on a single physical network segment where multiple logical IP networks are used. When more than one logical IP network is used on each physical subnet or network, such configuration is called multinets.
• Support DHCP clients located on the far side of DHCP and BOOTP relay agent.
• In multinet configuration, DHCP superscope can be used to group and activate individual scope ranges of IP addresses used on your network. In this way , a DHCP server computer can activate and provide leases from more than one scope to clients on a single physical network.
Exclusion IP range
If you want to reserve some IP for any computer i.e if we want that from the series of 192.168.0.2 to 192.168.0.100 if we want that a series of IP addresses must not be assigned automatically then at can be done using exclusive IP range.
DHCP Leased Time
DHCP lease time is validity of IP address. By default DHCP lease time is 8 days minimum,1 day maximum 999 days, 23 hours to53 day.
With in 8
After 80% of day clients demand new IP some times server refuse the client request. After 87.5% of days it will retry, and if the server did not give the new IP address then the client will receive APIPA address (Automatic Private IP Address).
When a DHCP client is unable to locate a DHCP server, the client picks out a random IP address from the private APIPA address range of 169.254.*.*, with a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0. The 169.254.*.* IP range is private because that network number is not in use on the internet, it is random because the client generates an arbitrary host number for that network.
The significance of APIPA is that DHCP client computers that cannot find a DHCP server can still be assigned an IP address and communicate with other computers on the same subnet mask that also cannot find DHCP server. It allows communication
when DHCP server is down or just plain not there. Note that APIPA does not assign a default gateway, and therefore it cannot communicate with any computer that lives on the other side of a router.
IP Reservation
There are some DHCP clients that you want to be the DHCP clients, but you will also want to make sure that they get same IP address every time. This can be done by statically filling the IP address. We can reserve IP address with the help of MAC address for a particular computer.
3.6.2
Installation Steps of DHCP Server
• start→ control panel
• add and remove program→ add and remove window components
• select networking services and click on detail button
• check box of DHCP server
• ok→ finish
3.6.2.1
Steps To Configure DHCP Server
• start→ program→ administrative tool
• select DHCP
• create new scope in action menu→ new scope → next
• give scope name→ next
• give IP address range→ next
• add exclusion name→ next
• check lease duration→ next→ finish
After DHCP server is configured, it is required to be authorized and DHCP scope should be active. For that select DHCP server and click on authorize in action menu. Then right click on scope name and click on active.
3.6.2.2
On Client Side
• Go to LAN card properties → select TCP/IP protocol→ properties
• Select obtain IP address automatically
• Go to command prompt (cmd)
• Give command
3.6.2.3
Backup of DHCP Server
We can take backup of all the configuration in DHCP server with the help of administrator. Backup means to export the DHCP database to another system, as it is helpful in case due to any reason our data is corrupted or deleted, we can take our database from the place where it is stored. Steps of taking backup :
• Stop the DHCP server and disable the DHCP server services
• Copy the DHCP server directory to a temporary location, say pen drive or on a new DHCP server.
3.6.3 DHCP Relay Agent
The DHCP relay agent is a software that listen DHCP discover packet and forward to DHCP server. In window 2003 server system the DHCP relay agent can be enabled as a part of Routing and Remote Access (RRAS).
3.6.3.1 Steps To Configure DHCP Relay Agent
• Set the network, fill the IP address and select two LAN cards
• Open Routing and Remote Access → enable Routing and Remote Access
• Right click on general new routing protocols
• Select DHCP relay agent
• New interface
• Select LAN card which is to be connected to the cross cable i.e L1
• Right click on relay agent → properties
• Enter IP address of DHCP server
• add→ apply→ ok
3.7 ACTIVE DIRECTORY
With the release of Windows 2000, Microsoft introduced Active Directory, a scalable, robust directory service. Active Directory is used to create server based networking. Active Directory’s job is to store and make available a Directory database i.e information about the user, its class, name, address, mails, phone numbers, location.
Active Directory is a technology created by Microsoft that provides a variety of network services like Directory Services, DNS based naming and other network information. Active Directory also allows administrator to assign policies, deploy software and apply critical updates to an organizations. Active Directory was previewed in 1999, released first with window 2000 server edition and revised to extend functionally and improve administration in Window 2003. Additional improvements were made in Window server 2003 and Window server 2008.
The fundamental building block of Microsoft’s Directory services continues to be a domain. A domain is logically grouping of network resources, including shares, printers, groups and users accounts. The user account represents the individual to domain, and allows for different type of access and different types of tasks. Every users account is unique. It has uniqueness of the user account that allows administrator to control access for every member of domain.
There are two types of users accounts: local account and domain account. Local accounts are maintained in the local database of a computer and cannot be used to grant access to network resources. Local users are primarily used to administer a computer or to allow several people to share a single computer that is not a member of a domain. Whereas domain users accounts are much more widely used in organizations that local user accounts because they allow for central administration and user can log onto any computer in the domain. Domain users accounts are stored in Active Directory.
3.7.1 Active Directory Services
A computer network can be divided logically into two networking models.
• Workgroup
• Domain
Difference Between Workgroup and Domain Table 9
Workgroup Domain
1. It is a peer-to-peer networking model.
2. There is no client and no server. All computers are in equal status. 3.This model is recommended for small networks (upto 10 pcs).
4. There is no centralized Admin-istration and each PC is administrated separately.
5.In this model, low grade operating system like 2000/xp professional, win 98 etc can be used.
6. Workgroup can be given names like sales, HR, accounts etc.
1. It is a server based networking model. 2.there is a centralized dedicated server computer called domain controller (DC)which controls all other computers called clients.
3. This model is recommended for large networks.
4. There is centralized administration and each PC can be administrated and managed from the server.
5.In this model high grade operating system ,like win2000/2003 server are used.
6. Domain can also given names like abc.com, xyz.com etc.
7 Users accounts are created in each
PC and are called as “Local Users”. 7.Users accounts are created on sever side DC and are called as ”Domain Users”.
Active Directory uses domain to hold objects, each domain has security boundary. Users must authenticates to the domain in which their users account resides before they can access resources, such as a shared folders. Active Directory also links related domains in a hierarchical structure and users can access resources in any of the domain in which their user account resides. The hierarchical structures of related domain is called a tree, and all domains in the tree share the same Domain Name System (DNS) namespace. All the domains and the trees in a single organization are called a forest. All domains in the forest share same schema.
3.7.1.1
Types of Domain
• Domain Forest
• Domain Tree
• Organization unit
Domain Forest
A forest is created when window 2k3 server computer is configured as a domain controller. A forest is a collection of multiple domain link together and relationship between the domains.
Domain Tree
A domain tree is made up when there is a parent child relationship between the domain in the forest. The child domain includes the complete parent domain name. a tree is a set of two or more domains sharing common namespace e.g we can create a parent domain and then child domain like mail.yahoo.com; where mail- child domain, yahoo- parent domain.
Fig 8: Structure of domain forest and domain tree Organization Unit (OU)
Organization unit is the smallest unit in a domain network that can contain users, computer groups, shared folders, printers and group policy object in simple words. OU means department like sale department, accounts department like sales, accounts in a company OU can be used to apply different security policies to computer and users in different department. OU also helps in dividing administration among different administrator of managing only computer and users of sales department.
3.7.1.2
Types of Domain Controller
(i) PDC : Primary domain controller (ii) ADC : Additional domain controller (iii) BDC : Backup domain controller
Primary Domain Controller (PDC)
This is the first domain controller, in this domain all entries are created in it like users account, group policy, Organization unit etc. All FSMO role are done in PDC.
Additional Domain Controller (ADC)
It is a domain network, it is important to have more than one DC so that if one DC fails, the other DC will continue serving the client. There is also load balancing of Active Directory Service if we have more than one DC.
The first DC we create is simply called PDC and if we create an extra DC then that DC is known as ADC. ADC has same configuration of AD as primary domain controller.
All domain controllers in a domain networking are masters. We can make a change in the active directory of any domain controller and that change is replicated to all other domain controllers. Replication takes place among all the domain controllers and it is controlled automatically. If we create a user in the first domain controller, it is automatically created in the ADC because of replication.
All the domain controllers in the domain networking are peers and this model is called as multi- master model
.
Fig 9: Multi-Master Model
3.7.1.3 Requirements of Active Directory
(i) Window 2000/2003 server computer. (ii) Atleast one NTFS partition.
(iii) Static IP address
(iv) Atleast 1GB free hard disk space
(v) LAN card enabled and connected to the network
(vi) Install DNS, if not installed of Active Directory and configure it.
It should be noted that active directory cannot work without DNS.DNS is automatically installed and configured during the Active Directory installation.
3.7.1.4 Installation of Active Directory
First of all fill the static IP address, then install DNS service into it and after that install the Active Directory
• start→ run→ dcpromo
• Ok
• Welcome to active directory → next→ next
• Select domain controller for a new domain e.g (gmail.com)
• Next
• Domain NETBIOS name (gmail.com)
• Next
• Data folder, folder new tech directory service→ next (SYS VOL)
• Next
• Click on install and configure the DNS server on this computer to use this DNS server as its preferred DNS server.
• Tick on permission compatible only with window server
• Next
• Enter the restore mode and the password
• next→ next→ finish
• now restart computer
start→ run→ dcpromo
This command is also used to remove active directory, if after this command the active directory is not removed then type
• start→run
• cmd→dcpromo /forceremoval
• Ok
How to identify Active Directory installation
• Start → administrator tool
After that if three options specified if come, it means that Active Directory has been installed
─ Active Directory domain and trusts ─ Active Directory sites and services ─ Active Directory users and computer Open DNS console by
• Administrator tools→DNS
• Forward lookup zone ─ msdcs.exam.edu
─ start of authority (SOA) ─ name server (NS)
Now ping active directory with domain name like
• start→ run→ ping gmail.com
Backup of Active Director
Active Directory backup come in use when there is some problem in active directory. If there is any problem in active directory then remove it and restore the backup.
• Start→ run→ntbackup→ok
• Select advance mode and untick that is already ticked
• Selsct system state
• Change backup path browse keep in your hardware and then send it to the pen drive
• D:\adbackup
3.7.2 CHILD DOMAIN
A domain is created say “xyz.com”. this domain is known as parent domain or the root domain. Now “chd.xyz.com” will be the child domain or the sub domain of xyz.com.
Fig 10 : parent-child relationship model
A child domain is created to ease administration in a very large domain network. We can create the parent domain in the head office of the company and the child domain in the branch offices.
Each branch office will have its own administrator to manage the users of the child domain present in the branch office.
A true relationship is automatically created between the parent domain and the child domain. This means users in the child domain can access the file server of the
parent domain. Moreover users of either domain can use clients of either domain for logging in the domain but a user can always logon only in the domain in which his account resides, though he physically can use client pc of parent or client domain. Users of either domain can logon its own domain from either side but only when it use its own domain name. users of parent domain can communicate with child domain but he has to use its domain name for that.
3.7.2.1
Steps to create child domain
First of all install the active directory on pc1 i.e on the parent domain. Now make Tom user on it. On pc2 create the child domain, then make users on it, user- Ram
Below are the steps to cerate child domain.
• Fill the IP address in the child domain
• Now ping to the parent domain with the domain name (xyz.com)
• Run →dcpromo→ ok
• next→ select domain controller for a new domain
• next→ select child domain and existing domain name (mcse.com)
• next
• enter username, password and domain name
• enter user parent domain name also enter child domain name
• enter complete DNS name i.e xyz.mcse.com
it should be noted that parent domain can logon into child domain but on the other hand child domain cannot logon to the parent domain. Also parent domain can apply policies or security on the child domain.
Make the client member by entering particular user with its domain name.
• First right click on My Computer
• Properties
• Computer name
• Change
• Write domain name →ok
Now logoff start and then write user name - Tom Domain name - mcse.com Again logoff and check the other user
Start-user name- abc
Domain name – mail.mcse.com
3.8 INTERNET SHAREING
We can share a single internet connection to multiple computers with the help of networking or internet sharing. There are four ways to share internet.
(i) Direct sharing
(ii) ICS – Internet connection sharing (iii) Win Proxy
(iv) NAT – Network Address Translation
3.8.1 Direct Sharing
Internet sharing can be done between computers directly, just by taking internet connection directly from ISP (Internet Server provider), then it is provided to ADSL model, ADSL modem is connected to the ISP through RJ-11 connector. Then it is
connected to the switch with RJ-45 connector. Switch, further connects computers those have to be provided with internet connection. The scenario for direct sharing is as shown in figure:
Fig: 11: Direct Sharing Scenario
ADSL modem has IP address 192.168.1.1. All the PCs are assigned with a DNS (Domain Name Server) and GW (gateway) -192.168.1.1. Also DHCP (Dynamic Host Communication Protocol) is enabled which will provide IP addresses to the PCs automatically.
3.8.2 ICS (Internet Connection Sharing)
Internet Connection sharing provides an alternate way to provide Internet Sharing. ICS requires a server with two network interfaces, one for the private internal network configured with IP 192.168.0.1 address and an adapter for public connection. ICS requires two connections in order to work: one public and one private i.e. ICS server
requires two LAN cards, Internal (Private) and External (Public). Internal LAN card uses Local LAN card (L2) and External LAN card (L1) is used by Internet. ICS is designed to be as simple as possible. ICS works on following windows: XP, Vista, 2K3 Server, 2k3 Server SP1.it doesn’t work on the server in which AD+SP1 is present. The scenario for ICS is shown below:
Fig 12: ICS scenario
Note:- When we configure ICS then the local card detect 192.168.0.1 address automatically.
How to configure ICS
• Open network and sharing center
• Network- Properties
• Click on Manage network connections
• Right click on LAN Card which is used for internet- Properties
• Click on sharing
• Enable ICS
• Ok
3.8.3 Win Proxy Server
Win Proxy is a third party software which is used for sharing internet and we can also block the web site with the help of win proxy. WIN Proxy supports all the three classes A, B, C also it is supported by all operating systems. The scenario for WIN proxy is shown below:
Fig 13: scenario of win proxy server
In win proxy as shown in the scenario above we can share internet. First of all a ADSL modem is connected to the ISP (Internet Service Provider) by a RJ-11 connector and other end of ADSL modem is connected to the PC1 through RJ-45. Assign IP address 192.168.1.1 to the ADSL modem also enable the DHCP server and set the start IP address of 192.168.1.2 and end IP address of 192.168.1.254. Then after ADSL modem connect PC1, assign GW 192.168.1.1 and
3.8.4 NAT (Network Address Translation)
If we have to connect many computers with a single IP address then we will use NAT. NAT exchange IP packet between local network and internet. The routing and remote access server of window 2K3 server provide us with a component known as NAT. By enabling NAT on a Server 2003 system, you allow connected users on a private system to
share a single connection to access a public network such as the internet i.e. NAT enable multiple client computer to connect the internet through a single publicly registered IP address. A NAT server translate private IP address to public addresses. NAT eliminates the need for large number of IP addresses by mapping externally assigned IP addresses.
Fig 14: NAT server
When deploying NAT, it is needed to configure setting on both the client side and the server side. On the server side of NAT fill the IP address statically.
3.8.4.1 Steps to enable NAT server
• Open internet → Tools→ Internet options
• connections→ LAN settings
• untick the IP and port address
• ok→ ok→ give site name
. On the client side of NAT, client side is configured to obtain IP addresses automatically and then restart the client system. Assuming NAT is used for address assignment, the client system will receive TCP/IP information from the NAT server. The client information includes:
• Subnet mask (255.255.255.0)
• DNS server address, which would be the address of the NAT interface on the server.
With the client side configured, there are few things to do on NAT server:
The first step to configure NAT server is to actually install the Routing and Remote Access Services. To do this, start the Routing and Remote Access Service Setup Wizard.
• Start→ administrator tools→ Routing & Remote Access
• Right click on My Computer→ right click on computer name
• Select option Configure and enable routing & remote access
• Welcome to routing → next→ next
• Select NAT→ next
• Select LAN card which is to be connected to internet
• next→ next
From any of the four methods of internet sharing only method is used at a
time to remove the other method
• go to start→ setting
• add & remove
• change/ remove, tick on remove.
