Research Chapter 1

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RESEARCH

ELEMENTS OF

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RESEARCH DEFINED



It is the scientific investigation

of phenomena which includes

collection, presentation,

analysis and interpretation of

facts that links an individual

speculation with reality.

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RESEARCH DEFINED



It is the systematic study of trend

or event which involves careful

collection, presentation, analysis

and interpretation of quantitative

data or facts that relates man’s

thinking with reality.

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TYPES OF RESEARCH

 

Basic

 

Applied

 

Developmental

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BASIC RESEARCH



 also called “fundamental” or “purealso called “fundamental” or “pure

research” research”



 seeks to discover basic truths orseeks to discover basic truths or

principles principles



 intended to add to the body of scientifintended to add to the body of scientificic

knowledge as well as to discover new knowledge as well as to discover new facts

facts



 has no immediate practical utility has no immediate practical utility

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APPLIED RESEARCH



 involves seeking new applications of involves seeking new applications of

scientific knowledge to the solution of a scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem

problem



 produces new knowledgeproduces new knowledge –– a method, aa method, a

product, or a procedure

product, or a procedure –– of practicalof practical use to man

use to man

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DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH



A decision-oriented research

involving the application of the

steps of scientific method in

response to an immediate need

to improve existing practices.

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CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH



Library Research



Field Research



Laboratory Research

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LIBRARY RESEARCH



done in the library where

answers to specific questions or

problems of the study are

available



is applicable to historical

method

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FIELD RESEARCH



is conducted in a natural

setting



is applicable to descriptive

survey and experimental

methods

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LABORATORY RESEARCH



aims to test hypotheses derived

from theory, to control variance

under research conditions, and to

discover the relations between the

dependent and independent

variables

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LABORATORY RESEARCH



 is conducted in artificial or controlledis conducted in artificial or controlled

conditions by isolating the study in a conditions by isolating the study in a

thoroughly specified and equipped area thoroughly specified and equipped area



 is applicable to experimental,is applicable to experimental,

descriptive, and case study methods descriptive, and case study methods

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VALUES OF RESEARCH



It improves quality of life.



It improves instruction.



It improves students’ achievement.



It improves teachers’ competence.



It satisfies man’s needs.

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VALUES OF RESEARCH



It reduces the burden of work.



It has deep-seated psychological

aspects.



It improves the exportation of food

products.

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VALUES OF RESEARCH



 It responds to the economic recovery It responds to the economic recovery

and austerity measure of the country. and austerity measure of the country.



 It trains graduates to become moreIt trains graduates to become more

responsive to the economic responsive to the economic

development of the country and development of the country and compete globally.

compete globally.

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 

Empirical

 

Logical

 

Cyclical

 

Analytical

 

Critical

 

Methodical

 

Replicable

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH 16 16

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EMPIRICAL



It is based on direct experience or

observation by the researcher



The collection of data relies on

practical experience without giving

consideration to scientific

knowledge or theory.

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LOGICAL



It is based on valid procedures

and principles.



Scientific study is done in an

orderly manner enabling the

researcher to draw valid

conclusions.

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CYCLICAL



Research starts with a problem

and ends with a problem.

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ANALYTICAL



Research utilizes proven

analytical procedures in

gathering data, whether

historical, descriptive,

experimental, or case study.

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CRITICAL



Research exhibits careful and

precise judgment.

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METHODICAL



Research is conducted in a

methodical manner without bias

using systematic method and

procedures.

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REPLICABLE



 Replicability means using the sameReplicability means using the same

instrument, method, and procedure but instrument, method, and procedure but to different subjects and venue.

to different subjects and venue.



 The research design and procedures areThe research design and procedures are

repeated to enable the researcher to repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid conclusive results.

arrive at valid conclusive results.

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QUALITIES OF A GOOD

QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER RESEARCHER

  R R   EE   SS   EE   A A   R R   CC   HH   EE   R R -- esearch-orientedesearch-oriented -- fficientfficient -- cientificcientific -- ffectiveffective -- ctivective -- esourcefulesourceful -- reativereative -- onestonest -- conomicalconomical -- eligiouseligious 24 24

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

RESEARCHER



Intellectual Curiosity



Prudence



Healthy Criticism



Intellectual Honesty



Intellectual Creativity

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INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY



A researcher:



undertakes deep thinking and inquiry undertakes deep thinking and inquiry

of the things, problems, and situations

around him



is keen to get information on theseis keen to get information on these

problems and situation



raises questions to answerraises questions to answer

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INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY



A researcher:



continues to read the related literaturecontinues to read the related literature

and studies



makes use of his/her experiencemakes use of his/her experience 

exercises creativeness andexercises creativeness and

inventiveness

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PRUDENCE



The researcher:



is careful to conduct his/heris careful to conduct his/her

study at the right time and at the

right place wisely, efficiently, and

economically



does the right thing at the rightdoes the right thing at the right

time

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HEALTHY CRITICISM



The researcher is always doubtful

as to the veracity of the results.

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INTELLECTUAL HONESTY



An intelligent researcher

An intelligent researcher is honest

is honest

to collect or gather data or facts in

order to arrive at honest results.

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INTELLECTUAL CREATIVITY



A productive and resourceful

researcher:



always creates new researchesalways creates new researches 

enjoys inventing unique, novel, andenjoys inventing unique, novel, and

original researches



considers research as his hobby considers research as his hobby 

is innovativeis innovative

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RESEARCH PROCESS

1.

1. PROBLEM/OBJEPROBLEM/OBJECTIVESCTIVES 2. HYPOTHESES

2. HYPOTHESES 3.

3. THEORETICAL/CONCETHEORETICAL/CONCEPTUALPTUAL FRAMEWORK FRAMEWORK 4. ASSUMPTIONS 4. ASSUMPTIONS 5. REVIEW OF RELATED 5. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE LITERATURE 32 32

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RESEARCH PROCESS

6. RESEARCH DESIGN 6. RESEARCH DESIGN 7. DATA COLLECTION 7. DATA COLLECTION

8. DATA PROCESSING AND 8. DATA PROCESSING AND

STATISTICAL TREATMENT STATISTICAL TREATMENT 9. ANALYSIS AND

9. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATINTERPRETATIONION 10. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND 10. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS

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CHAPTER 1 PROBLEM AND ITS CHAPTER 1 PROBLEM AND ITS

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND



 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM   HYPOTHESESHYPOTHESES   THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUALTHEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FRAMEWORK 

 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 

 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THESCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE

STUDY STUDY



 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMSDEFINITION OF KEY TERMS

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM



 Factors to Consider:Factors to Consider:



The problem is existing in the locality butThe problem is existing in the locality but

there is no known solution



The solution can be answered by usingThe solution can be answered by using

statistical methods and techniques



There are probable solutions but they areThere are probable solutions but they are

not yet tested.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM



Factors to Consider:



The occurrence of phenomenaThe occurrence of phenomena

requires scientific investigation to

arrive at precise solution.



It is a serious need/problem of theIt is a serious need/problem of the

people.

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CHARACTERITICS OF A CHARACTERITICS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM RESEARCH PROBLEM  

S

PECIFIC

 

M

EASURABLE



A

CHIEVABLE

 

R

EALISTIC

 

T

IME-BOUND

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CRITERIA OF A GOOD CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM RESEARCH PROBLEM  

INTERESTING

 

INNOVATIVE

 

COST-EFFECTIVE

 

RELEVANT



MEASURABLE AND TIME-

MEASURABLE AND

TIME-BOUND

BOUND

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HYPOTHESES



 are wise guesses that are formulated andare wise guesses that are formulated and

temporarily adopted to explain the temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the study observed facts covered by the study



 guide the researcher by describing theguide the researcher by describing the

procedure to follow in conducting the procedure to follow in conducting the study

study



 tell the researchertell the researcher what to dowhat to do andand how tohow to

go about

go about solving a research problemsolving a research problem

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TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS



 NULLNULL



a denial of an existence of a trait,a denial of an existence of a trait,

characteristic, quality, value, correlation

or difference of the result.



is always stated in negative formis always stated in negative form



 ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL



opposite extreme of the null hypothesisopposite extreme of the null hypothesis

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THEORETICAL AND

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK



 Provide clear explanation regarding theProvide clear explanation regarding the

relationships of variables relationships of variables

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK



 shapes the justification of the researchshapes the justification of the research

problem/objectives in order to provide problem/objectives in order to provide the legal basis for defining its

the legal basis for defining its parameters

parameters



 identifies key concepts for betteridentifies key concepts for better

understanding understanding

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK



 a symbolic construction using abstracta symbolic construction using abstract

concepts, facts or laws, variables and concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relations that explain the

their relations that explain the phenomenon

phenomenon

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK



presents specific and well-defined

concepts which are called

constructs

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VARIABLES



a quantity (numerical values or

categories) susceptible of

fluctuation or change in value or

magnitude under different

conditions

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TYPES OF VARIABLE

 

INDEPENDENT

 

DEPENDENT

 

MODERATOR

 

CONTROL

 

INTERVENING

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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE



the stimulus variable chosen by

the researcher to determine its

relationship to an observed

phenomenon

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DEPENDENT VARIABLE



The response variable observed

and measured to determine the

effect of the independent

variable

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MODERATOR VARIABLE



A secondary or special t

A secondary or special type of

ype of

independent variable chosen by the

researcher to determine if it

changes or modifies the

relationships between the

independent and dependent

variables

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CONTROL VARIABLE



is controlled by the researcher

in which the effects can be

neutralized by eliminating or

removing the variable

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INTERVENING VARIABLE



interferes

interferes with

with the

the independent

independent

and dependent variables, but its

effects can either strengthen or

weaken the independent and

dependent variables

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ASSUMPTIONS



are presumed to be true statements

of facts related to the research

problem



give readers foundation to form

conclusions

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY



 The explanation of the significance of The explanation of the significance of

the study is presented either in the the study is presented either in the inductive or deductive perspective. inductive or deductive perspective.



 The researcher should prove that theThe researcher should prove that the

study has important contributions in : study has important contributions in :



solving the problem and needsolving the problem and need 

 bridging a knowledge gap bridging a knowledge gap

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY



improving social, economic and healthimproving social, economic and health

conditions



enriching research instruments, methodsenriching research instruments, methods

and strategies, and



supporting government thrustssupporting government thrusts

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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS



 includes the coverage of the study area,includes the coverage of the study area,

the subjects, the research apparatus, the subjects, the research apparatus,

equipment or instrument, the research equipment or instrument, the research issues and concerns, the duration of the issues and concerns, the duration of the study, and the constraints that have

study, and the constraints that have

direct bearing on the result of the study direct bearing on the result of the study

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DEFINITION OF TERMS



 TWO WAYS OF DEFINING THE KEY TWO WAYS OF DEFINING THE KEY

TERMS TERMS



CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONCONCEPTUAL DEFINITION



is based on concepts or hypothetic onesis based on concepts or hypothetic ones

which are usually taken from dictionary, which are usually taken from dictionary,

encyclopedia, and published journals. encyclopedia, and published journals.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS



 TWO WAYS OF DEFINING THE KEY TWO WAYS OF DEFINING THE KEY

TERMS TERMS



OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONOPERATIONAL DEFINITION



is based on observable characteristicsis based on observable characteristics

and how it is used in the

and how it is used in the study study



is preferable when defining technicalis preferable when defining technical

terms terms

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