Communication
Infrastructures for Cloud
Computing
Hussein T. Mouftah
University of Ottawa, Canada
Burak Kantarci
University of Ottawa, Canada
A volume in the Advances in Systems
Analysis, Software Engineering, and High
Performance Computing (ASASEHPC)
Book Series
I Information Science I
REFERENCE
Table of Contents
Preface xviii
Section 1
Core Networks and Cloud Computing Chapter 1
Migration Path Towards Cloud-Aware Core Networks 1
Luis M. Contreras, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Victor Lopez, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Oscar Gonzalez de Dios, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Felipe Jimenez, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Juan Rodriguez, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Juan Pedro Fernandez-Palacios, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Chapter 2
Location and Provisioning Problems in Cloud Computing Networks 22
Federico Larumbe, Polytechnique Montreal, Canada
Brunilde Sansd, Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada
Chapter 3
The Cloud Inside the Network: A Virtualization Approach to Resource Allocation 46
Joao Soares, University of Aveiro, Portugal & Portugal Telecom Inovagao, Portugal
Romeu Monteiro, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Marcio Melo, University of Aveiro, Portugal & Portugal Telecom Inovagao, Portugal
Susana Sargento, University of Aveiro, Portugal & Instituto de Telecimunicaqdes, Portugal
Jorge Carapinha, Portugal Telecom Inovagao, Portugal
Chapter 4
Dimensioning Resilient Optical Grid/Cloud Networks 73
Chris Develder, Ghent University, Belgium
Massimo Tornatore, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
M. Farhan Habib, University of California, Davis, USA
Brigitte Jaumard, Concordia University, Canada
Chapter 5
Design and Implementation of Optical Cloud Networks: Promises and Challenges 107
Walid Abdallah, University of Carthage, Tunisia
Noureddine Boudriga, University of Carthage, Tunisia
Section 2
Wired/Wireless Access Networks and Cloud Computing Chapter 6
Communication Infrastructures in Access Networks 136
Syed Ali Haider, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA & National University of Science
and Technology, Pakistan
M. Yasin Akhtar Raja, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
Khurram Kazi, New York Institute of Technology, USA
Chapter 7
Cloud Radio Access Networks 163
Jordan Melzer, TELUS Communications, Canada
Chapter 8
Accelerating Mobile-Cloud Computing: A Survey 175
Tolga Soyata, University of Rochester, USA
He Ba, University of Rochester, USA
Wendi Heinzelman, University of Rochester, USA
Minseok Kwon, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
Jiye Shi, UCBPharma, UK
Section 3
Engineering of Cloud Data Centers Chapter 9
Performance Evaluation of Cloud Data Centers with Batch Task Arrivals 199
Hamzeh Khazaei, Ryerson University, Canada
Jelena Misic, Ryerson University, Canada
Vojislav B. Misic, Ryerson University, Canada
Chapter 10
Energy-Efficient Optical Interconnects in Cloud Computing Infrastructures 224
Christoforos Kachris, Athens Information Technology, Greece
Ioannis Tomkos, Athens Information Technology, Greece
Chapter 11
Energy-Efficiency in Cloud Data Centers 241
Burak Kantarci, University of Ottawa, Canada
Hussein T. Mouftah, University of Ottawa, Canada
Chapter 12
Carrier-Grade Distributed Cloud Computing: Demands, Challenges, Designs, and Future
Perspectives 264
Dapeng Wang, Alcatel-Lucent, China
Jinsong Wu, Alcatel-Lucent, China
Section 4
Engery-Efficiency in Cloud Communications Chapter 13
Energy-Efficiency in a Cloud Computing Backbone 283
Burak Kantarci, University of Ottawa, Canada
Hussein T. Mouftah, University of Ottawa, Canada
Chapter 14
Towards Energy Efficiency for Cloud Computing Services 306
Daniele Tafani, Dublin City University, Ireland
Burak Kantarci, University of Ottawa, Canada
Hussein T. Mouftah, University of Ottawa, Canada
Conor McArdle, Dublin City University, Ireland
Liam P. Barry, Dublin City University, Ireland
Chapter 15
Towards Energy Sustainability in Federated and Interoperable Clouds 329
Antonio Celesti, University of Messina, Italy
Antonio Puliafito, University of Messina, Italy
Francesco Tusa, University of Messina, Italy
Massimo Villari, University of Messina, Italy
Chapter 16
Energy Efficient Content Distribution 351
Taisir El-Gorashi, University of Leeds, UK
Ahmed Lawey, University of Leeds, UK
Xiaowen Dong, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, China
Section 5
Applications and Security Chapter 17
Virtual Machine Migration in Cloud Computing Environments: Benefits, Challenges,
and Approaches 383
Raouf Boutaba, University of Waterloo, Canada
Qi Zhang, University of Waterloo, Canada
Mohamed Faten Zhani, University of Waterloo, Canada
Chapter 18
Communication Aspects of Resource Management in Hybrid Clouds 409
Luiz F. Bittencourt, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
Edmundo R. M. Madeira, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
Nelson L. S. da Fonseca, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
Chapter 19
Scalability and Performance Management of Internet Applications in the Cloud 434
Wesam Dawoud, University of Potsdam, Germany
Ibrahim Takouna, University of Potsdam, Germany
Christoph Meinel, University of Potsdam, Germany
Chapter 20
Cloud Standards: Security and Interoperability Issues 465
Fabio Bracci, University of Bologna, Italy
Antonio Corradi, University of Bologna, Italy
Luca Foschini, University of Bologna, Italy
Compilation of References 496 About the Contributors 541
Index 556
Detailed Table of Contents
Preface xviii
Section 1
Core Networks and Cloud Computing Chapter 1
Migration Path Towards Cloud-Aware Core Networks 1
Luis M. Contreras, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Victor Lopez, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Oscar Gonzalez de Dios, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Felipe Jimenez, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Juan Rodriguez, Telefonica I+D, Spain
Juan Pedro Fernandez-Palacios, Telefonica I+D, Spain
New services like Cloud Computing and Content Distribution Networks are changing telecom operator infrastructure. The creation of on-demand virtual machines or new services in the cloud reduces the utilization of resources among users but changes traditional static network provisioning. This chapter presents network architecture to deal with this new scenario called "Cloud-Aware Core Network." A Cloud-Aware Core Network can request on-demand connectivity so the network is configured based on the changing demands. Secondly, the network has to dynamically control the network resources and to take into account cloud information in the network configuration process. The Cloud-Aware Core Network is based on an elastic data and control plane, which can interact with multiple network tech nologies and cloud services.
Chapter 2
Location and Provisioning Problems in Cloud Computing Networks 22
Federico Larumbe, Polytechnique Montreal, Canada
Brunilde Sanso, Polytechnique Montreal, Canada
This chapter addresses a set of optimization problems that arise in cloud computing regarding the location and resource allocation of the cloud computing entities: the data centers, servers, software components, and virtual machines. The first problem is the location of new data centers and the selection of current ones since those decisions have a major impact on the network efficiency, energy consumption, Capital Expenditures (CAPEX), Operational Expenditures (OPEX), and pollution. The chapter also addresses the Virtual Machine Placement Problem: which server should host which virtual machine. The number of servers used, the cost, and energy consumption depend strongly on those decisions. Network traffic between VMs and users, and between VMs themselves, is also an important factor in the Virtual Machine Placement Problem. The third problem presented in this chapter is the dynamic provisioning of VMs
to clusters, or auto scaling, to minimize the cost and energy consumption while satisfying the Service Level Agreements (SLAs). This important feature of cloud computing requires predictive models that precisely anticipate workload dimensions. For each problem, the authors describe and analyze models that have been proposed in the literature and in the industry, explain advantages and disadvantages, and present challenging future research directions.
Chapter 3
The Cloud Inside the Network: A Virtualization Approach to Resource Allocation 46
Joao Soares, University of Aveiro, Portugal & Portugal Telecom Inovagao, Portugal
Romeu Monteiro, University of Aveiro, Portugal
Marcio Melo, University of Aveiro, Portugal & Portugal Telecom Inovagao, Portugal
Susana Sargento, University of Aveiro, Portugal & Instituto de Telecimunicagdes, Portugal
Jorge Carapinha, Portugal Telecom Inovagao, Portugal
The access infrastructure to the cloud is usually a major drawback that limits the uptake of cloud services. Attention has turned to rethinking a new architectural deployment of the overall cloud service delivery. In this chapter, the authors argue that it is not sufficient to integrate the cloud domain with the operator's network domain based on the current models. They envision a full integration of cloud and network, where cloud resources are no longer confined to a data center but are spread throughout the network and owned by the network operator. In such an environment, challenges arise at different levels, such as in resource management, where both cloud and network resources need to be managed in an integrated approach. The authors particularly address the resource allocation problem through joint virtualization of network and cloud resources by studying and comparing both Integer Linear Programming formula tion of the problem and a heuristic algorithm.
Chapter 4
Dimensioning Resilient Optical Grid/Cloud Networks 73
Chris Develder, Ghent University, Belgium
Massimo Tornatore, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
M. Farhan Habib, University of California, Davis, USA
Brigitte Jaumard, Concordia University, Canada
Optical networks play a crucial role in the provisioning of grid and cloud computing services. Their high bandwidth and low latency characteristics effectively enable universal users access to computational and storage resources that thus can be fully exploited without limiting performance penalties. Given the rising importance of such cloud/grid services hosted in (remote) data centers, the various users (ranging from academics, over enterprises, to non-professional consumers) are increasingly dependent on the network connecting these data centers that must be designed to ensure maximal service avail ability, i.e., minimizing interruptions. In this chapter, the authors outline the challenges encompassing the design, i.e., dimensioning of large-scale backbone (optical) networks interconnecting data centers. This amounts to extensions of the classical Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) algorithms to so-called anycast RWA but also pertains to jointly dimensioning not just the network but also the data center resources (i.e., servers). The authors specifically focus on resiliency, given the criticality of the grid/cloud infrastructure in today's businesses, and, for highly critical services, they also include specific design approaches to achieve disaster resiliency.
Chapter 5
Design and Implementation of Optical Cloud Networks: Promises and Challenges 107
Walid Abdallah, University of Carthage, Tunisia
Noureddine Boudriga, University of Carthage, Tunisia
Cloud applications have witnessed significant increase in their development and deployment. This has been driven by the low cost and high performances that can offer cloud paradigm for enterprises to implement innovative services. However, cloud services are constrained by the available transmission rate and the amount of data volume transfers provided by the current networking technologies. Opti cal networks can play a key role in deploying clouds with enhanced performances, thanks to the high bandwidth and the very low latency provided by optical transmission. Nevertheless, the implementation of optical cloud networks faces many challenges and obstacles, such as the user-driven service nature of cloud applications, resource virtualization, and service abstraction and control. This chapter addresses the design and the implementation of optical cloud networks. Therefore, different issues related to the integration of cloud platform in the optical networking infrastructure are described. Then, current progress achieved to overcome these challenges is presented. Finally, some open issues and research opportunities are discussed.
Section 2
Wired/Wireless Access Networks and Cloud Computing Chapter 6
Communication Infrastructures in Access Networks 136
SyedAli Haider, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA & National University of Science
and Technology, Pakistan
M. Yasin Akhtar Raja, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA
Khurram Kazi, New York Institute of Technology, USA
Access networks are usually termed "last-mile/first-mile" networks since they connect the end user with the metro-edge network (or the exchange). This connectivity is often at data rates that are significantly slower than the data rates available at metro and core networks. Metro networks span large cities and core networks connect cities or bigger regions together by forming a backbone network on which traf fic from an entire city is transported. With the industry achieving up to 400 Gbps of data rates at core networks (and increasing those rates [Reading, 2013]), it is critical to have high-speed access networks that can cope with the tremendous bandwidth opportunity and not act as a bottleneck. The opportunity lies in enabling services that can be of benefit to the consumers as well as large organizations. For instance, moving institutional/personal data to the cloud will require a high-speed access network that can overcome delays incurred during upload and download of information. Cloud-based services, such as computing and storage services are further enhanced with the availability of such high-speed access networks. Access networks have evolved over time and the industry is constantly looking for ways to improve their capacity. Therefore, an understanding of the fundamental technologies involved in wired and wireless access networks will help the reader appreciate the full potential of the cloud and cloud access. Against the same backdrop, this chapter aims at providing an understanding of the evolution of access technologies that enable the tremendous mobility potential of cloud-based services in the con temporary cloud paradigm.
Chapter 7
Cloud Radio Access Networks
Jordan Melzer, TELJJS Communications, Canada
163
Radio virtualization and cloud signal processing are new approaches to building cellular Radio Access Networks (RAN) that are starting to be deployed within the cellular industry. For cellular operators, Cloud RAN architectures that centrally define or decode transmissions, placing most of the base-station software stack within a data-centre, promise improvements in flexibility and performance. The expected benefits range from standard cloud economies—statistical reductions in total processing, energy efficiency, cost reductions, simplified maintenance—to dramatic changes in the functionality of the radio network, such as simplified network sharing, capacity increases towards theoretical limits, and software defined radio inspired air interface flexibility. Because cellular networks have, in addition to complex protocols, extremely sensitive timing constraints and often high data-rates, the design challenges are formidable. This chapter presents the state of the art, hybrid alternatives, and directions for making Cloud Radio Access Networks more widely deployable.
Chapter 8
Accelerating Mobile-Cloud Computing: A Survey 175
Tolga Soyata, University of Rochester, USA
He Ba, University of Rochester, USA
Wendi Heinzelman, University of Rochester, USA
Minseok Kwon, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
Jiye Shi, UCB Pharma, UK
With the recent advances in cloud computing and the capabilities of mobile devices, the state-of-the-art of mobile computing is at an inflection point, where compute-intensive applications can now run on today's mobile devices with limited computational capabilities. This is achieved by using the com munications capabilities of mobile devices to establish high-speed connections to vast computational resources located in the cloud. While the execution scheme based on this mobile-cloud collaboration opens the door to many applications that can tolerate response times on the order of seconds and minutes, it proves to be an inadequate platform for running applications demanding real-time response within a fraction of a second. In this chapter, the authors describe the state-of-the-art in mobile-cloud computing as well as the challenges faced by traditional approaches in terms of their latency and energy efficiency. They also introduce the use of cloudlets as an approach for extending the utility of mobile-cloud com puting by providing compute and storage resources accessible at the edge of the network, both for end processing of applications as well as for managing the distribution of applications to other distributed compute resources.
Section 3
Engineering of Cloud Data Centers Chapter 9
Performance Evaluation of Cloud Data Centers with Batch Task Arrivals 199
Hamzeh Khazaei, Ryerson University, Canada
Jelena Misic, Ryerson University, Canada
Vojislav B. Misic, Ryerson University, Canada
Accurate performance evaluation of cloud computing resources is a necessary prerequisite for ensuring that Quality of Service (QoS) parameters remain within agreed limits. In this chapter, the authors con sider cloud centers with Poisson arrivals of batch task requests under total rejection policy; task service times are assumed to follow a general distribution. They describe a new approximate analytical model for performance evaluation of such systems and show that important performance indicators such as mean request response time, waiting time in the queue, queue length, blocking probability, probability of immediate service, and probability distribution of the number of tasks in the system can be obtained in a wide range of input parameters.
Chapter 10
Energy-Efficient Optical Interconnects in Cloud Computing Infrastructures 224
Christoforos Kachris, Athens Information Technology, Greece
Ioannis Tomkos, Athens Information Technology, Greece
This chapter discusses the rise of optical interconnection networks in cloud computing infrastructures as a novel alternative to current networks based on commodity switches. Optical interconnects can sig nificantly reduce the power consumption and meet the future network traffic requirements. Additionally, this chapter presents some of the most recent and promising optical interconnects architectures for high performance data centers that have appeared recently in the research literature. Furthermore, it presents a qualitative categorization of these schemes based on their main features such as performance, connec tivity, and scalability, and discusses how these architectures could provide green cloud infrastructures with reduced power consumption. Finally, the chapter presents a case study of an optical interconnection network that is based on high-bandwidth optical OFDM links and shows the reduction of the energy consumption that it can achieve in a typical data center.
Chapter 11
Energy-Efficiency in Cloud Data Centers 241
Burak Kantarci, University of Ottawa, Canada
Hussein T. Mouftah, University of Ottawa, Canada
Cloud computing aims to migrate IT services to distant data centers in order to reduce the dependency of the services on the limited local resources. Cloud computing provides access to distant computing resources via Web services while the end user is not aware of how the IT infrastructure is managed. Besides the novelties and advantages of cloud computing, deployment of a large number of servers and data centers introduces the challenge of high energy consumption. Additionally, transportation of IT services over the Internet backbone accumulates the energy consumption problem of the backbone infrastructure. In this chapter, the authors cover energy-efficient cloud computing studies in the data center involving various aspects such as: reduction of processing, storage, and data center network-related power consumption. They first provide a brief overview of the existing approaches on cool data centers that can be mainly grouped as studies on virtualization techniques, energy-efficient data center network design schemes, and studies that monitor the data center thermal activity by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The authors also present solutions that aim to reduce energy consumption in data centers by considering the communications aspects over the backbone of large-scale cloud systems.
Chapter 12
Carrier-Grade Distributed Cloud Computing: Demands, Challenges, Designs, and Future
Perspectives 264
Dapeng Wang, Alcatel-Lucent, China
Jinsong Wu, Alcatel-Lucent, China
This chapter discusses and surveys the concepts, demands, requirements, solutions, opportunities, chal lenges, and future perspectives and potential of Carrier Grade Cloud Computing (CGCC). This chapter also introduces a carrier grade distributed cloud computing architecture and discusses the benefits and advantages of carrier grade distributed cloud computing. Unlike independent cloud service providers, telecommunication operators may integrate their conventional communications networking capabilities with the new cloud infrastructure services to provide inexpensive and high quality cloud services together with their deep understandings of, and strong relationships with, individual and enterprise customers. The relevant design requirements and challenges may include the performance, scalability, service-level agreement management, security, network optimization, and unified management. The relevant key issues in CGCC designs may include cost effective hardware and software configurations, distributed infrastructure deployment models, and operation processes
Section 4
Engery-Efficiency in Cloud Communications Chapter 13
Energy-Efficiency in a Cloud Computing Backbone 283
Burak Kantarci, University of Ottawa, Canada
Hussein T. Mouftah, University of Ottawa, Canada
Cloud computing combines the advantages of several computing paradigms and introduces ubiquity in the provisioning of services such as software, platform, and infrastructure. Data centers, as the main hosts of cloud computing services, accommodate thousands of high performance servers and high capacity storage units. Offloading the local resources increases the energy consumption of the transport network and the data centers although it is advantageous in terms of energy consumption of the end hosts. This chapter presents a detailed survey of the existing mechanisms that aim at designing the Internet back bone with data centers and the objective of energy-efficient delivery of the cloud services. The survey is followed by a case study where Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP)-based provisioning models and heuristics are used to guarantee either minimum delayed or maximum power saving cloud services where high performance data centers are assumed to be located at the core nodes of an IP-over-WDM network. The chapter is concluded by summarizing the surveyed schemes with a taxonomy including the cons and pros. The summary is followed by a discussion focusing on the research challenges and opportunities.
Chapter 14
Towards Energy Efficiency for Cloud Computing Services 306
Daniele Tafani, Dublin City University, Ireland
Burak Kantarci, University of Ottawa, Canada
Hussein T. Mouftah, University of Ottawa, Canada
Conor McArdle, Dublin City University, Ireland
Liam P. Barry, Dublin City University, Ireland
Over the past decade, the increasing complexity of data-intensive cloud computing services along with the exponential growth of their demands in terms of computational resources and communication band width presented significant challenges to be addressed by the scientific research community. Relevant
concerns have specifically arisen for the massive amount of energy necessary for operating, connecting, and maintaining the thousands of data centres supporting cloud computing services, as well as for their drastic impact on the environment in terms of increased carbon footprint. This chapter provides a survey of the most popular energy-conservation and "green" technologies that can be applied at data centre and network level in order to overcome these issues. After introducing the reader to the general problem of energy consumption in cloud computing services, the authors illustrate the state-of-the-art strategies for the development of energy-efficient data centres; specifically, they discuss principles and best practices for energy-efficient data centre design focusing on hardware, power supply specifications, and cooling infrastructure. The authors further consider the problem from the perspective of the network energy consumption, analysing several approaches achieving power efficiency for access, and core networks. Additionally, they provide an insight to recent development in energy-efficient virtual machine place ment and dynamic load balancing. Finally, the authors conclude the chapter by providing the reader with a novel research work for the establishment of energy-efficient lightpaths in computational grids.
Chapter 15
Towards Energy Sustainability in Federated and Interoperable Clouds 329
Antonio Celesti, University of Messina, Italy
Antonio Puliafito, University of Messina, Italy
Francesco Tusa, University of Messina, Italy
Massimo Villari, University of Messina, Italy
Cloud federation is paving the way toward new business scenarios in which it is possible to enforce more flexible energy management strategies than in the past. Considering independent cloud providers, each one is exclusively bound to the specific energy supplier powering its datacenter. The situation radically changes if we consider a federation of cloud providers powered by both a conventional energy supplier and a renewable energy generator. In such a context, the opportune relocation of computational workload among providers can lead to a global energy sustainability policy for the whole federation. In this work, the authors investigate the advantages and issues for the achievement of such a sustainable environment.
Chapter 16
Energy Efficient Content Distribution 351
Taisir El-Gorashi, University of Leeds, UK
Ahmed Lawey, University of Leeds, UK
Xiaowen Dong, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, China
Jaafar Elmirghani, University of Leeds, UK& King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
In this chapter, the authors investigate the power consumption associated with content distribution net works. They study, through Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) models and simulations, the optimization of data centre locations in a Client/Server (C/S) system over an IP over WDM network so as to minimize the network power consumption. The authors investigate the impact of the IP over WDM routing approach, traffic profi le, and number of data centres. They also investigate how to replicate content of different popularity into multiple data centres and develop a novel routing algorithm, Energy-Delay Optimal Routing (EDOR), to minimize the power consumption of the network under replication while maintaining QoS. Furthermore, they investigate the energy efficiency of BitTorrent, the most popular Peer-to-Peer (P2P) content distribution application, and compare ittothe C/S system. Theauthors develop an MILP model to minimize the power consumption of BitTorrent over IP over WDM networks while maintaining its performance. The model results reveal that peers co-location awareness helps reduce BitTorrent cross traffic and consequently reduces the power consumption at the network side. For a real time implementation, they develop a simple heuristic based on the model insights.
Section 5
Applications and Security Chapter 17
Virtual Machine Migration in Cloud Computing Environments: Benefits, Challenges,
and Approaches 383
Raouf Boutaba, University of Waterloo, Canada
Qi Zhang, University of Waterloo, Canada
Mohamed Faten Zhani, University of Waterloo, Canada
Recent developments in virtualization and communication technologies have transformed the way data centers are designed and operated by providing new tools for better sharing and control of data center resources. In particular, Virtual Machine (VM) migration is a powerful management technique that gives data center operators the ability to adapt the placement of VMs in order to better satisfy performance objectives, improve resource utilization and communication locality, mitigate performance hotspots, achieve fault tolerance, reduce energy consumption, and facilitate system maintenance activities. Despite these potential benefits, VM migration also poses new requirements on the design of the underlying communication infrastructure, such as addressing and bandwidth requirements to support VM mobility. Furthermore, devising efficient VM migration schemes isalsoachallenging problem, as it not only requires weighing the benefits of VM migration, but also considering migration costs, including communication cost, service disruption, and management overhead. This chapter provides an overview of VM migra tion benefits and techniques and discusses its related research challenges in data center environments. Specifically, the authors first provide an overview of VM migration technologies used in production environments as well as the necessary virtualization and communication technologies designed to sup port VM migration. Second, they describe usage scenarios ofVM migration, highlighting its benefits as well as incurred costs. Next, the authors provide a literature survey of representative migration-based resource management schemes. Finally, they outline some of the key research directions pertaining to VM migration and draw conclusions.
Chapter 18
Communication Aspects of Resource Management in Hybrid Clouds 409
Luiz F. Bittencourt, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
Edmundo R. M. Madeira, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
Nelson L. S. da Fonseca, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
Organizations owning a datacenter and leasing resources from public clouds need to efficiently manage this heterogeneous infrastructure. In order to do that, automatic management of processing, storage, and networking is desirable to support the use of both private and public cloud resources at the same time, composing the so-called hybrid cloud. In this chapter, the authors introduce the hybrid cloud concept and several management components needed to manage this infrastructure. They depict the network as a fundamental component to provide quality of service, discussing its influence in the hybrid cloud management and resource allocation. Moreover, the authors present the uncertainty in the network channels as a problem to be tackled to avoid application delays and unexpected costs from the leasing of public cloud resources. Challenging issues in the hybrid cloud management is the last topic of this chapter before the concluding remarks.
Chapter 19
Scalability and Performance Management of Internet Applications in the Cloud 434
Wesam Dawoud, University of Potsdam, Germany
Ibrahim Takouna, University of Potsdam, Germany
Christoph Meinel, University of Potsdam, Germany
Elasticity and on-demand are significant characteristics that attract many customers to host their Internet applications in the cloud. They allow quick reacting to changing application needs by adding or releas ing resources responding to the actual rather than to the projected demand. Nevertheless, neglecting the overhead of acquiring resources, which mainly is attributed to networking overhead, can result in periods of under-provisioning, leading to degrading the application performance. In this chapter, the authors study the possibility of mitigating the impact of resource provisioning overhead. They direct the study to an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provisioning model where application scalability is the customer's responsibility. The research shows that understanding the application utilization models and a proper tuning of the scalability parameters can optimize the total cost and mitigate the impact of the overhead of acquiring resources on-demand.
Chapter 20
Cloud Standards: Security and Interoperability Issues
Fabio Bracci, University of Bologna, Italy
Antonio Corradi, University of Bologna, Italy
Luca Foschini, University of Bologna, Italy
465
Starting from the core assumption that only a deep and broad knowledge of existing efforts can pave the way to the publication of widely-accepted future Cloud standards, this chapter aims at putting together current trends and open issues in Cloud standardization to derive an original and holistic view of the existing proposals and specifications. In particular, among the several Cloud technical areas, the analysis focuses on two main aspects, namely, security and interoperability, because they are the ones mostly covered by ongoing standardization efforts and currently represent two of the main limiting factors for the diffusion and large adoption of Cloud. After an in-depth presentation of security and interoperability requirements and standardization issues, the authors overview general frameworks and initiatives in these two areas, and then they introduce and survey the main related standards; finally, the authors compare the surveyed standards and give future standardization directions for Cloud.
Compilation of References About the Contributors Index
.496 .541 556
