B LOOD. Blood Detection

Blood Detection

B

LOODISATYPEOFBIOLOGICALEVIDENCEFREQUENTLY found at crime scenes that can be used to con-nect a suspect to a victim or object. Blood stains found at a crime scene can play a large role in elim-inating or identifying a person as a potential sus-pect.

4HETWOMAJORCOMPONENTSOFBLOODAREPLASMAAND formed elements. 55% of the total blood volume ISPLASMATHEÏUIDPORTIONOFBLOODCONSISTINGOF carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, inorganic salts, serum proteins (such as antibodies), and clotting ements. 45% of the total blood volume is formed el-ements, consisting of red blood cells (erythrocytes), WHITE BLOOD CELLS LEUKOCYTES  AND PLATELETS 4HE red blood cells, through the use of a protein called hemoglobin, are responsible for transporting oxy-gen to the tissues of the body, and, in turn, remov-ING CARBON DIOXIDE FROM TISSUES 4HE WHITE BLOOD cells (0.1% of blood volume) play an important role in immune response and antibody production in the lymph nodes. Platelets (3.9% of blood volume) are responsible for initiating and participating in blood clotting.

4HE TWO MAIN ELEMENTS OF BLOOD USED IN FORENSIC LABSWITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFTHOSEPERFORMING$.! testing, are red blood cells and serum proteins. On the surface of the red blood cells are chemical structures called antigens that are grouped into systems determined by their relationship to one another. A commonly used antigen group system is THE!"/GROUPWHICHWASUSEDUNTILTHESFOR blood typing. Serum proteins, such as antibodies, AREFREQUENTLYUSEDFORVARIOUSTESTS!NANTIBODY ACTIVATES OR DESTROYS A SPECIÎC ANTIGEN WHICH AL-LOWSFORPARTICULARREACTIONSTOOCCURWHENCERTAIN groups of antigens and antibodies are mixed.

In 1901, Karl Landsteiner discovered that blood COULDBEDISTINGUISHEDBYITSGROUPORTYPEINWHAT BECAMEKNOWNASTHE!"/GROUPSYSTEM)TWASNOT UNTILTHEEARLYÁSHOWEVERTHATFORENSICSCIEN-tists began to utilize these ABO blood groupings for CLUESTHATCOULDHELPLINKBLOODTOASPECIÎCINDI-vidual. Blood type is considered class evidence

be-CAUSEITISNOTUNIQUETOANINDIVIDUALTHEWAYTHAT ÎNGERPRINTSARE4HEBLOODANTIGENCLASSIÎCATIONS are AB, A, B, and O. AB means that the blood has BOTH!AND"TYPEANTIGENSWHILE/MEANSTHATTHE blood has neither A nor B antigens. In addition to these antigens, the Rh factor helps to distinguish blood samples. This is either positive (Rh antigen present) or negative (Rh antigen not present) and APPENDEDAFTERTHE!"/INDICATORWHICHMEANS that there are 8 possible blood types (AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-).

"LOODTYPESVARYGREATLYWITHINTHEHUMANPOPULA-tion, but the rates of occurence correlate strongly WITHRACE!LTHOUGHBLOODTYPINGCANHELPLINKAN INDIVIDUALTOBLOODEVIDENCETHEREAREBETTERWAYS to match an individual to a blood sample.

Type African American

Asian Caucasian Hispanic

O+ 47% 39% 37% 53% O- 4% 1% 8% 4% A+ 24% 27% 33% 29% A- 2% 0.5% 7% 2% B+ 18% 25% 9% 9% AB+ 4% 7% 3% 2% AB- 0.3% 0.1% 1% 0.2% )N!LEC*EլERYSANDHISCOLLEAGUESAT,EICESTER University discovered that certain portions of the $.!STRUCTUREOFSOMEGENES$.!MARKERS AREAS UNIQUETOANINDIVIDUALASÎNGERPRINTS2ESEARCH-ERSHAVESINCEDEVELOPEDDIլERENTVARIATIONSOFTHE ORIGINAL*EլERYSTECHNIQUE4HESENEWTECHNIQUES ARE CALLED $.! PROÎLING OR $.! TYPING &ORENSIC labs favor DNA analysis over ABO blood typing be-CAUSEITALLOWSINVESTIGATORSTOIDENTIFYTHEPERSON TOWHOMTHEBLOODBELONGS"LOODDETECTIONTESTS ARE STILL PERFORMED IN THE ÎELD TO IDENTIFY A SUB- STANCEBUT$.!ANALYSISISTHEPREFERREDCONÎRMA-TORYTESTONCETHESUBSTANCEHASBEENIDENTIÎEDAS blood.

One of the most sensational cases involving DNA TYPINGOFBLOODEVIDENCEWASTHE/*3IMPSONCASE

/N*UNE.ICOLE"ROWN3IMPSONAND2ON-ALD'OLDMANWEREMURDEREDINANALLEYNEAR/*ÁS HOME ! ÎVE DROP BLOOD TRAIL WAS FOUNDNEAR THE BODIESANDTHREEADDITIONALBLOODSTAINSWEREIDEN-TIÎEDONTHEREARGATEOF/*ÁS&ORD"RONCO4HESE STAINSWERECOLLECTEDANDANALYSISREVEALEDTHATTHE blood belonged to O.J. Simpson. Results indicated a ONEOUTOFÎFTY SEVENBILLIONSTATISTICALCHANCETHAT 3IMPSONWASINNOCENT

When an investigator is confronted by a stain that LOOKSLIKEBLOODATACRIMESCENEITISDIխCULTTO KNOWFORCERTAINTHATTHESTAINISBLOOD!FTERCARE-FUL DOCUMENTATION THE INVESTIGATOR MAY QUICKLY identify blood through a presumptive test at the scene. These tests are called presumptive because if a test result is negative, blood is absent, but if a test result is positive, blood is presumed to be present. As numerous compounds may cause false positive REACTIONSACONÎRMATORYTESTMUSTBEPERFORMED FOLLOWINGAPOSITIVEPRESUMPTIVETEST#ONÎRMATORY

TESTSPROVIDEMUCHMOREACCURATERESULTSBUTTAKE LONGERTOPERFORMANDREQUIRESAMPLESTOBESENTTO a lab for analysis.

0RESUMPTIVETESTSAREBASEDONTHEPEROXIDASE LIKE activity of hemoglobin contained in red blood cells. 0EROXIDASES ARE ENZYMES THAT QUICKEN THE OXIDA-tion of a number of classes of organic compounds. 4HEREARETWOCATEGORIESOFPRESUMPTIVETESTSTHOSE THAT CHANGE COLOR AND THOSE THAT CAUSE A GLOW-ing reaction. In color change presumptive tests, a STERILESWABISMOISTENEDWITHDISTILLEDWATERAND PLACED IN CONTACT WITH A SMALL SAMPLE PRESUMED

Blood Detection

There are many presumptive tests that can be used depending on the preference of the investigator, the FORENSICLABANDTHESITUATION3OMEOFTHETESTSUSEDARELISTEDINTHETABLEBELOW

Presumptive Test Indication of

Posi-tive Situation Used Reagents False Positives

Phenolphthalein (Kastle-Meyer Test)

"RIGHTPINKCOLOR On visible stains Reduced phenol-phthalein (phe-nolpthalin), hydro-gen peroxide, in ALKALINEMEDIUM

Vegetable material (e.g. potatoes and horseradish)

Tetramethylben-zidine (TMB) / Hemastix

Green to

blue-green color On visible stains /Field tests TMB, hydrogen peroxide, in acetic acid medium TMB, diisopropyl-benzene dihydro-PEROXIDEBUլERING material Oxidizing agents, catalyst, and veg-etable peroxidase Cosmetic sub-stance

Luminol

"LUE WHITETOYEL-LOWISHGREENLIGHT Latent blood Luminol, sodium carbonate, sodium perborate

Plant enzymes, oxidizing agents, metals, and chlo-rine

Fluorescein &LUORESCEWITH alternate light source

Latent blood,

verti-cal surface 2EDUCEDÏUORENS-CEINÏUORESCIN  hydrogen peroxide

Copper, hypochlo-rite

to be blood. A drop of both a presumptive reagent ANDHYDROGENPEROXIDEISTHENADDEDTOTHESWAB An immediate color change indicates the possible presence of blood. Alternatively, a presumptive test may be performed by placing a thread or fragment of the dried material on a spot plate and adding the ABOVEREAGENTSASINTHESWABTEST

When performing the presumptive test, a substrate CONTROLTESTISREQUIREDWHICHWILLCONÎRMTHATTHE test result is not brought about by the material that THESTAINWASON4HISISDONEBYTAKINGASWABOF the original, unstained surface (as close as possible to the stain) and adding all similar reagents as the NON SUBSTRATE CONTROL SWAB 2ESULTS FOR ALL PRE-sumptive tests must be recorded immediately be-fore the sample is oxidized by air exposure, as this may result in a false-positive reading.

!PHENOLPHTHALEINTESTBETTERKNOWNASTHE+ASTLE -EYERTESTISNOWONEOFTHEMOSTFREQUENTLYUSED presumptive color tests. In a positive reaction, re-DUCEDPHENOLPHTHALEINWILLTURNBRIGHTPINKINAN ALKALINESOLUTION4HISOCCURSBECAUSETHEPHENOL-phthalein is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of hemoglobin. Phenolphthalein reagents, HOWEVER HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO GIVE FALSE POSITIVES WHENVEGETABLEMATERIALSAREPRESENT!SARESULT after the evidence is collected and transported to THELABACONÎRMATORYTESTISPERFORMED

The Hemastix test is another commonly used pre-SUMPTIVETESTFORBLOOD4HISTESTISPERFORMEDWITH COMMERCIAL (EMASTIX STRIPS PLASTIC STRIPS WITH A REAGENT TREATEDÎLTERPAPERATONEEND4ETRAMETH-ylbenzidine (TMB), the reactive reagent on He-MASTIX STRIPS IS ANOTHERWELL KNOWNPRESUMPTIVE REAGENT4HISPRODUCTDESIGNEDASAURINEDIPSTICK TESTHASBEENADAPTEDTOBEUSEDINTHEÎELDFORTHE DETECTIONOFBLOOD4OPERFORMTHISTESTASWABIS MOISTENEDWITHDISTILLEDWATERANDPLACEDINCON-TACT WITHTHESTAIN4HESWABISTHENPLACEDONTO THETIPOFTHEDIPSTICKIFBLOODISPRESENTTHE(E-MASTIXSTRIPWILLTURNGREEN

In some cases bloodstains can not be seen under NORMAL LIGHTING AND VIEWING SUCH AS A STAIN THAT

has been cleaned up by the suspect. Therefore, be-fore performing any tests, a high intensity light source is used to detect latent bloodstains. If a stain CANNOTBEVISUALIZEDWITHALIGHTSOURCE,UMINOLOR Fluorescein tests may be used.

,UMINOLISHIGHLYSENSITIVEANDISKNOWNTODETECT blood that has been diluted up to 1 in 10,000,000 TIMESUNLESSASOLVENTSUCHASBLEACHWASUSED)T WORKSSIMILARTOOTHERCOLORTESTSINTHAT,UMINOL and an oxidizer (hydrogen peroxide) are applied to the bloodstain. This results in the oxidation and chemiluminescence of Luminol, producing a blue-WHITE TO YELLOWISH GREEN LIGHT WHEN THE TREATED AREAISDARKENED!LTHOUGHTHE,UMINOLREAGENTIS KNOWNTONEGATIVELYIMPACTSOMESEROLOGICTESTING PROCESSESITDOESNOTAլECTMOSTSUBSEQUENTBLOOD typing or DNA analysis. Still, the dilution of blood THROUGHTHEUSEOF,UMINOLCANMAKESOMEGENETIC ANALYSESDIխCULTAND,UMINOLHASBEENKNOWNTO PRODUCEFALSEPOSITIVERESULTSWITHPLANTENZYMES oxidizing agents, metals, and chlorine.

Fluorescein has been used to detect blood since as EARLY AS  2EDUCED &LUORESCEIN ÏUORESCIN  IS APPLIEDTOASUSPECTEDSTAINANDWILLÏUORESCEWHEN AN ALTERNATE LIGHT SOURCE IS USED 5NLIKE ,UMINOL Fluorescein is capable of revealing bloodstains that have been cleaned using solvents such as bleach. !DDITIONALLY &LUORESCEIN IS THICKER THAN ,UMINOL and, therefore, can be applied to vertical surfaces.

It is crucial that bloodstains found at a crime scene are documented, collected, tested, preserved, and ANALYZEDCORRECTLYASFAILURETOPERFORMEACHTASK PROPERLYCANWEAKENORDESTROYPOTENTIALEVIDENCE The testing procedure is designed to reveal if the STAINISBLOODWHETHERITCAMEFROMANANIMALOR HUMANANDIFITISOFHUMANORIGINHOWCLOSELYTHE BLOODCANBELINKEDTOANINDIVIDUAL

The results of the presumptive test can assist the investigator in collecting the bloodstains. If the test WASNEGATIVEONLYTWOORTHREESAMPLESFROMTHE stain must be collected. Investigators collect the STAINSAMPLEBYPREFERABLYTRANSFERRINGTHEWHOLE item, or extracting the blood using one of several METHODS4HEMOSTCOMMONMETHODINVOLVESTAK-ING A STERILE MOISTENED SWAB OR THREAD AND ROLL-INGSWABBINGTHEBLOODSTAIN4HESWABORTHREADIS then completely dried and placed in a paper bag, ENVELOPEORBOX!NOTHERWELL KNOWNMETHODIS tape lifting the bloodstain. Fingerprint tape can BETAKENANDUSEDTOCAREFULLYLIFTTHEBLOODSTAIN WHICHISTHENPLACEDONVINYLACETATEBACKING 0ROPER EVIDENCE PACKAGING IS CRUCIAL TO PROTECT against loss, contamination, deterioration, cross-TRANSFERBETWENTHESAMPLESSUSPECTSCENEITEM victim), and biohazards.

All biological materials must be completely dried ANDPLACEDINTHEIROWNSEPARATECORRECTLYLABELED paper bags. Plastic bags are only used for trans-PORTINGMOISTBLOODEVIDENCEFORNOMORETHANTWO hours. If moist biological evidence is left in any plastic container there is a great possibility of mi-CROORGANISMGROWTHWHICHMAYALTERTHEEVIDENCE degrade DNA, and/or inhibit future testing. Col-lected bloodstains should be refrigerated, unless THEBLOODSTAINWASFOUNDINSOILTHENITSHOULDBE FROZENSOTHATMICROORGANISMSPRESENTWILLNOTDE-grade the DNA.

The evidence collection bags must be labeled prop-ERLYWITHADESCRIPTIONOFTHEEVIDENCETHESOURCE location, agency, chain of custody, case / item num-bers, health hazards, and storage conditions (room temperature, frozen, refrigerated). The protocols

for evidence collection are very detailed and be- YONDTHESCOPEOFTHISMANUALHOWEVERITISIMPOR- TANTTOREMEMBERTHATEVIDENCEWHICHISIMPROPER-LYCOLLECTEDMAYBESUPPRESSEDINCOURTWHICHMAY cause the case to be dismissed.

After the evidence is collected and transported to THE LAB A CONÎRMATORY TEST MUST BE PERFORMED #ONÎRMATORYTESTSAREOFTENMICROCRYSTALLINETESTS that are based on the formation of hemoglobin-derived crystals under heated conditions. Micro-CRYSTALLINE TESTS INVOLVE THE ADDITION OF SPECIÎC CHEMICALSTOBLOODSOTHATCRYSTALSWITHHEMOGLO- BINDERIVATIVESWILLBEFORMED4HISCRYSTALFORMA-TIONISTHENOBSERVEDMICROSCOPICALLY4HETWOMOST COMMONCONÎRMATORYTESTSARETHE4AKAYAMAAND the Trichmann tests.

4HE4AKAYAMATESTISPERFORMEDBYTHEADDITIONOF ANALKALINESOLUTIONWITHASPECIÎCSTRUCTUREOFHE-moglobin to the stain on a microscope slide. If blood ISPRESENTPINKCRYSTALSWILLBEOBSERVEDASTHESLIDE is heated. The Trichmann test is performed by add-ing a small amount of chloride-containadd-ing glacial acetic acid to the stain on a microscope slide, and, if blood is present, small crystals are observed as THESLIDEISHEATED!SWITHPRESUMPTIVETESTSTHE ANALYSISOFCONTROLSSPECIÎCALLYAPOSITIVECONTROL ISREQUIREDFORCOMPARISON

/NCEASTAINHASBEENCONÎRMEDASBLOODTHEFO-RENSIC SEROLOGIST MUST DETERMINE WHETHER IT IS OF human or animal origin. The standard test used in this determination is the precipitin test. The pre-cipitin test is characterized by the formation of a PRECIPITATEDUETOANANTIBODYTHATREACTSWITHITS corresponding antigen. Human antiserum, contain-ING ANTIBODIES THAT SPECIÎCALLY REACT WITH HUMAN ANTIGENSREACTSWITHHUMANBLOODTOFORMAPRE-cipitate.

&OLLOWING THE IDENTIÎCATION AND CHARACTERIZATION of the bloodstain, it must be analyzed to associate it to a particular individual. Blood factors, such as THE!"/GROUPOR$.!TYPINGCANASSISTINLINKINGA bloodstain found at a scene to an individual.

Though forensic scientists currently have various tests that can be used to detect and analyze blood, advancements are continually being made. Blood is a complex system and scientists are constantly dis- COVERINGNEWINFORMATIONANDTECHNIQUESTOHAN-dle this evidence.

!"/ 'ROUP 3YSTEM ! CLASSIÎCATION SYSTEM WHICH HAS BEENWIDELYUSEDSINCETHEEARLYS4HE!"/GROUP SYSTEM USES BLOOD TYPE TO LINK BLOOD TO AN INDIVIDUAL 4HISSYSTEMHASNOTBEENWIDELYUSEDSINCETHEÁS #ONÎRMATORY4ESTS4HESETESTSAREOFTENMICROCRYSTAL-line tests that are based on the formation of hemoglobin-DERIVEDCRYSTALSUNDERHEATEDCONDITIONS!CONÎRMATORY TEST WOULD PROVE THE PRESENCE OF BLOOD BUT IT IS MUCH more costly and time-consuming than a presumptive test.

$.!4YPING!CLASSIÎCATIONSYSTEMTHATHASBEENPRE-dominantly used since the 1990’s. It is based on research that proves that certain portions of the DNA structure are AS UNIQUE TO AN INDIVIDUAL AS ÎNGERPRINTS 4HIS SYSTEM CANACCURATELYLINKONEPERSONTOABLOODSAMPLE &ORMED %LEMENTS &ORMED ELEMENTS MAKE UP FORTY ÎVE percent of the total blood volume. The formed elements AREREDBLOODCELLSWHITEBLOODCELLSANDPLATELETS 0LASMA0LASMAISTHEÏUIDPORTIONOFBLOODWHICHMAKES UP ÎFTY ÎVE PERCENT OF THE TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME 0LASMA consists of carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, inorganic salt, serum proteins (such as antibodies), and clotting ele-ments.

Red Blood Cells: Red blood cells are responsible for trans-porting oxygen to the tissues of the body and remove car-bon dioxide from the tissues.

0RESUMPTIVE4ESTS4HESETESTSCANCONÎRMTHEABSENCE OF BLOOD WITH A NEGATIVE RESULT ! POSITIVE RESULT INDI-cates the probable presence of blood, but, due to false positives, a positive presumptive test result must be con-ÎRMEDWITHACONÎRMATORYTEST

The Investigation

N

INE days ago, during the night of a sudden summer thunderstorm, the Mondelo family CARWENTOVERTHESIDEOF"ACKBONE-OUNTAINAND CAUGHTÎREONIMPACT4HREEBODIESWEREFOUNDIN THEWRECKAGEANADULTWOMANATEENAGEMALEAND AFEMALECHILD!LLWEREBURNEDBEYONDRECOGNITION 4HE THREE VICTIMS WERE IDENTIÎED AS ,OUISE -ON-delo and her children, Wally and Jan, by personal EլECTSTHATSURVIVEDTHEÎRE

0ICTURES OF THE SCENE WERE RECORDED BUT DUE TO THE RAINSTORM THE CRASH WAS INITIALLY BELIEVED TO BESIMPLYATRAGICACCIDENTANDWASNOTTREATEDAS a crime scene. When Lyle Mondelo could not be REACHEDANDWASFOUNDTOBEMISSINGHEBECAMEA POSSIBLESUSPECTANDTHEWRECKAGEWASTHOROUGHLY PROCESSED 4HE SCENE WAS SUBSTANTIALLY DISTURBED ANDSOMEEVIDENCEWASUNDOUBTEDLYLOSTHOWEVER upon retracing the path of the vehicle, investiga-TORSFOUNDSEVERALPIECESOFBROKENGLASSLYINGINTHE ROADWAY"ECOMINGINCREASINGLYMORESUSPICIOUSOF

FOUL PLAY THE BROKEN GLASS FRAGMENTS WERE PACK-aged and retained. In addition, investigators cut and removed a section of charred carpet from the vehicle for further laboratory analysis. The bodies, ASPARTOFANONGOINGCRIMINALINVESTIGATIONWERE KEPTINTHECOUNTYMORGUE

4HESMALLTOWNOF(IGHLAND0ARKWASSHOCKEDSINCE nothing this terrible had ever happened in the area. Tips from neighbors and friends poured into THE POLICE DEPARTMENT BUT NONE OF THE TIPS WERE EYEWITNESSACCOUNTSORPROVIDEDSPECIÎCINFORMA-TIONREGARDINGTHECARACCIDENT,YLEWASTHELIKELY SUSPECTBUTWASNOWHERETOBEFOUND!NALL POINTS BULLETINWASISSUEDFOREVERYONETOBEONTHELOOK-OUTFOR,YLE-ONDELO(EWASPRESUMEDARMEDAND dangerous and to be driving a missing, blue, 1993 &ORD 2ANGER WITH 4UMBLING 7ATER ,AND $EVELOP-ment Co. logos. Four days ago, Lyle Mondelo’s cred-ITCARDWASUSEDTOPURCHASEGASOLINEANDFOODATA gas station in Texas.

The Investigation

When contacted, business associate John Wayne 'RETZKYTOLDINVESTIGATORSTHAT,YLEHADBEENSLIP-ping into a deep depression because of trouble at THEIRJOINTLYOWNEDBUSINESS4UMBLING7ATER,AND $EVELOPMENT #OMPANY 'RETZKY ALSO HINTED THAT there had been problems in the Mondelo family. At this time, investigators noticed that John had a LARGEBITEMARKONHISUPPERARM7HENASKEDABOUT THEWOUND'RETZKYCLAIMEDTOHAVEBEENBITDURING ABARÎGHTTHENIGHTBEFOREANDALLOWEDTHEBITETO BEPHOTOGRAPHED(EWASNOTHELDORCHARGEDWITH any crime. Background Investigation

With no additional leads, policed launched a full investigation into the Mondelos. Louise Wilson and ,YLE -ONDELO HAD MET AT COLLEGE WHILE RECEIVING Business Degrees in Management. They married in COLLEGEANDMOVEDTO(IGHLAND0ARK,OUISEÁSHOME-TOWNAFTERGRADUATION4HETOWNWASSTILLAILINGAT THETIMESUլERINGFROMTHESHUTDOWNOFTHEMINES A LITTLE OVER A DECADE AGO !LTHOUGH AT ÎRST ,YLE THOUGHTTHEIRBUSINESSPROSPECTSINTHESMALLTOWN WEREPOORHESOONDISCOVEREDTHATMONEYCOULDBE MADEDEVELOPINGLANDFORTHEPRIVATELODGESANDSKI resorts that employed most of the residents.

!FTER RETURNING TO (IGHLAND 0ARK ,OUISE RAN INTO HEROLDHIGHSCHOOLSWEETHEART*OHN7AYNE'RETZ-KY7HILETALKINGTOHIM,OUISELEARNEDTHATHEWAS ALSOADEVELOPER'LADTOSEEANOLDFRIENDANDTHINK-ing that a favorable business relationship could de-VELOP,OUISEASKED*OHNTOMEETWITHHERAND,YLE over dinner. Lyle and John soon became friends, and rather than compete for business against each other, the three decided to join together and start Tumbling Water Land Development Company. ! YEAR AFTER 4UMBLING 7ATER WAS FOUNDED ,OU-ISECONCEIVEDHERÎRSTCHILD7ALLY&RIENDSOFTHE Mondelos said that Lyle suspected Louise and John OFHAVINGANAլAIRATTHETIMEANDTHETWONEARLY DIVORCED4HECOUPLEWORKEDOUTTHEIRRELATIONSHIP WITHTHEHELPOFAMARRIAGECOUNSELOR

4UMBLING7ATERBECAMEPROSPEROUSANDWASABLE

to buy several hundred acres of land adjacent to "LACKROCK 2IVER A PRIME RECREATIONAL WATERWAY Soon thereafter, Louise had another child, Jan, and TOOKLEAVEFROMTHEOխCETOWORKFROMHOMEWHILE SHERAISEDTHETWOCHILDREN&RIENDSSAYTHAT,OU-ISENEVERREALLYWENTBACKTO4UMBLING7ATEREVEN AFTERTHECHILDRENWEREOLDERANDINSCHOOL4HEIR friends also suggested that Lyle and Louise’s rela- TIONSHIPWASHEALTHIERWITHTHEMNOTWORKINGTO-gether.

4UMBLING7ATERSÁLAWYERTOLDINVESTIGATORSTHATSHE BEGANPREPARINGBANKRUPTCYPAPERSFORTHECOMPA-NYABOUTAYEARAGOTHESKIRESORTWASDRAGGINGOUT negotiations for a property purchase, and the com-PANYÁSOTHERBUSINESSDEALSWERENÁTMAKINGENOUGH PROÎTTOKEEPTHEBUSINESSAÏOAT3OONAFTERBEING ASKEDTOBEGINTHEBANKRUPTCYÎLINGTHOUGHSHE SAIDANUNEXPECTEDDEALWASMADETOBUILDANUM-BEROFÎSHINGCABINSONTHE"LACKROCK2IVERLAND 4HATWASENOUGHTOKEEPTHEBUSINESSGOINGAND AFTERTHAT4UMBLING7ATERBEGANMAKINGDEALSAT a steady rate.

A potentially related case recently touched on the -ONDELOSÁLIVES4HREEWEEKSAGOACRYSTALMETH-AMPHETAMINELABWASDISCOVEREDINANABANDONED CAMPERON4UMBLING7ATERLAND,OUISEÁSNEPHEW Mitch Wilson, and John Wayne’s brother, Larry 'RETZKYWEREFOUNDINTHELABANDINDICTEDFORPOS-SESSIONWITHINTENTTOSELLTHEKILOGRAMSOFMETH FOUNDINTHELAB4WODAYSLATERTHEYWEREBOTHRE-leased on bond, posted by Lyle Mondelo and John 'RETZKY-ITCHAND,ARRYGAVENONAMESOFPOSSIBLE suppliers or dealers.

4WOWEEKSBEFORETHECRASH,OUISE-ONDELOÎLED for divorce. Friends say she told them that she sus-PECTED,YLEOFBEINGINVOLVEDWITHDRUGSBUTTHAT THE FRIENDS BELIEVED SHE WAS INVOLVED WITH *OHN 7AYNE 'RETZKY AGAIN 4WO DAYS LATER AFTER ÎLING FOR DIVORCE ,OUISE REQUESTED A RESTRAINING ORDER against Lyle, stating that Lyle had harassed her and THE CHILDREN ,OUISE ALSO TOLD POLICE THAT SHE WAS AFRAIDTHAT,YLEMIGHTTRYTOTAKETHECHILDRENAWAY When attempting to contact Mitch Wilson and Lar

The Investigation

RY'RETZKYFORQUESTIONINGABOUTTHECARAC-cident, police discovered that they had both SKIPPED TOWN ALONG WITH ,ARRYÁS GIRLFRIEND Mary Bradey. Authorities believed that their disappearance could be related to the ac-CIDENT AND THEY WERE DESCRIBED AS POSSIBLY ARMEDANDDANGEROUSINTHEWARRANTPOSTED for their arrest.

4WODAYSAGOANABANDONEDBLUE&ORD2ANG-ER WITH OUT OF STATE PLATES WAS FOUND ON A STRIPOF.EW-EXICOHIGHWAY4HEPICKUPWAS DIRTYANDAHEADLIGHTWASBROKENBUTINVES-tigators noticed a Tumbling Water Land Develop-MENT#OSIGNONTHEBACKTAILGATE&ORCEDENTRYWAS APPARENT 5PON ACCESS TO THE TRUCK INVESTIGATORS discovered several pieces of trace evidence and sent ITTO(IGHLAND0ARKFORANALYSIS

At the Scene

4HIS MORNING THE BODIES OF TWO DECEASED VICTIMS WEREDISCOVEREDINAREMOTEÎSHINGCABINONPROP-ERTYOWNEDBY4UMBLING7ATER,AND$EVELOPMENT #OMPANY4HECABINISOLATEDFROMVIEWOFTHEMAIN ROAD AND DEEPLY BURIED IN THE THICK WOODS LIES ALONGTHEBANKOFTHE"LACKROCK2IVERANDISACCES-sible only by a gravel road cutting into the forest. 3OON AFTER THE BODIES WERE DISCOVERED THE SMALL CABINWASSURROUNDEDBYPOLICETAPEANDINVESTIGA-tors combing the scene in search of evidence. Detective Murray, the lead investigator in the case,

explained, “A Girl Scout on A HIKING TRIP found the vic-tims about an hour and a half ago. There are TWO BODIES IN-side, both in ad-vanced stages OF DECOMP 0-) undetermined. The female vic

WASIDENTIÎEDAS,OUISE-ONDELOTHESAMEWOMAN IDENTIÎEDINTHECARTHATRANOլ"ACKBONE-OUN-TAINANDCAUGHTÎREDURINGTHESTORMLASTWEEKEND 4HEBODIESAREINBADSHAPEBUTHOPEFULLYWEÁLLGET APOSITIVE)$WHEN$.!ANALYSISCOMESBACKÄ Inside the cabin the smell of advanced human de-CAYWASOVERWHELMING4HEOVERTURNEDCHAIRSAND tables led investigators to conclude that a violent STRUGGLEHADTAKENPLACE4HESMALLERBODYDRESSED IN A BLOUSE AND JEANS WAS FOUND NEAR THE PHONE INTHEKITCHEN4HELARGERCORPSEWASDRESSEDINA MANÁSPOLOSHIRTANDSLACKSLYINGINTHECORNERTO THELEFTOFTHEDOORANDBLOODCOVEREDTHEWALLSAND ÏOORAROUNDHIM)NVESTIGATORSCOLLECTEDMAGGOTS from the corpses to help establish a time of death and collected DNA samples from both victims. While PROCESSINGTHESCENEÏESHWASDISCOVEREDSCRAPED ACROSSTHESTONEOFTHEÎREPLACEANDBLOODANDSKIN WEREFOUNDONAPIECEOFÎREWOODLYINGNEARTHE WOMANÁSBODY3AMPLESOFBOTHWERECOLLECTEDFOR ANALYSIS4HEWOUNDSUPONTHEHEADOFTHEFEMALE VICTIMAPPEAREDCONSISTENTWITHTHEÎREWOODBUTA DEÎNITIVEDETERMINATIONWASDIխCULTTOMAKEDUE to the state of decay. Outside of the cabin, a set of TIRETRACKSWEREFOUNDDEEPLYRUTTEDINTHEMUDAND grass. As none of the investigators had driven near THATAREADENTALSTONEMOLDSWERECASTOFTHETRACKS ANDPICTURESWERETAKENTOPRESERVEEVIDENCE

The Evidence

An abandoned, blue Ford Ranger bearing the Tumbling Water Land Development Co. logo

WASFOUNDIN.EW-EXICOWITHITSGASTANKCOMPLETELYEMPTY!STHE.EW-EXICOAUTHORITIES

EXAMINEDTHETRUCKFORPOTENTIALEVIDENCETHEYFOUNDSUSPICIOUSSMUDGESONTHEDRIVERÁS

SIDEÏOOR!TÎRSTGLANCETHESMUDGESAPPEAREDTOBEMUDBUTUPONCLOSEREXAMINATION

ONEINVESTIGATORNOTEDTHATHECOULDSEETRACESOFAREDDISHSUBSTANCEMIXEDINWITHTHE

MUD4HEREFORETHINKINGTHESTAINCOULDPOSSIBLYBEBLOODHEPHOTOGRAPHEDTHEEVIDENCE

ANDREMOVEDTHESUSPECTEDAREAOFCARPETTOALLOWITTOBEEXAMINEDATTHELAB

!NUNKNOWNWOMANOFSIMILARHEIGHTANDBUILDHAS BEENIDENTIÎEDAS,OUISE-ONDELO!LTHOUGHHER IDENTITYISUNCERTAINTHISOTHERWOMANWASFOUND EITHER DRIVING THE -ONDELO FAMILY CAR WITH TWO CHILDRENPRELIMINARILYIDENTIÎEDAS7ALLYAND*AN ORINAREMOTEÎSHINGCABINWITHAMANWHOHAS BEEN PRELIMINARILY IDENTIÎED AS ,OUISEÁS HUSBAND Lyle Mondelo.

Persons of Interest

The Mondelos

,OUISE!NN-ONDELOTHEYEAROLDWIFEOF,YLE Mondelo and mother of Wally and Jan, is also one of THEOWNERSOF4UMBLING7ATER,AND$EVELOPMENT #OMPANY&RIENDSSAYTHAT,OUISEWASINANUNHAP-PYMARRIAGEANDHADRECENTLYÎLEDFORDIVORCE Lyle Christopher Mondelo, the 40 year old husband of Louise Mondelo and father of Wally and Jan, is a PARTOWNEROF4UMBLING7ATER,AND$EVELOPMENT #OMPANYALONGWITHHISWIFE

John Wayne Gretzky

*OHN7AYNE'RETZKYISYEARSOLD(EISAFRIEND and business partner of the Mondelo’s in the Tum-bling Water Land Development Company. Accord-ing to rumors, John Wayne and Louise had a brief AլAIRWHEN,YLEAND,OUISEÎRSTMOVEDTO(IGHLAND 0ARK(EISKNOWNAROUNDTOWNTOBEAGREEDYBUSI-nessman, and has been suspected of shady deals in the past.

Pre-Lab Questions

 7HATARETHETWOMAJORCOMPONENTSTOBLOOD  7HATTESTDIDFORENSICSCIENTISTSUSETOLINKBLOODTOANINDIVIDUALUNTILTHEÁS  7HATTESTISNOWUSEDEXTENSIVELYTOLINKBLOODTOANINDIVIDUAL  7HYAREBLOODDETECTIONTESTSSTILLIMPORTANTINCURRENTINVESTIGATIONS  (OWDOINVESTIGATORSÎNDBLOODSTAINSTHATARENOTIMMEDIATELYVISIBLEUNDERNORMALLIGHTING  7HYAREPRESUMPTIVETESTSPERFORMEDBEFORECONÎRMATORYTESTS  )FAPRESUMPTIVETESTHASAPOSITIVERESULTCANINVESTIGATORSGUARANTEETHATBLOODISPRESENT

Lab Procedure

Lab 1: Presumptive Testing for Blood

1. Prior to performing presumptive tests on the evi-DENCEFROMTHEPICKUPTRUCKYOUWILLPRACTICETHE presumptive tests using some positive controls, ASWELLASSOMESUBSTANCESWHICHALSOCANGIVEA POSITIVERESULT7EARGLOVESWHENHANDLINGTHESE chemicals.

2. Cut each card in half in the middle of the stain. 4HIS WILL ALLOW YOU TO REPEAT THE EXPERIMENT IN case there is any confusion about the results. 3. 0LACETHECARDHALFONTOPOFABLANKSHEETOFPAPER

so that the reaction may be easily noted.

4. !DDONEDROPOFDISTILLEDWATERTOTHECOTTONSWAB and rub it into the stain upon the control card. 5. Add one drop of phenolphthalein solution to the

COTTON SWAB )F ANY COLOR CHANGE OCCURS AT THIS point then the reagent is contaminated and the test should be considered invalid.

6. Add one drop of the hydrogen peroxide solution TOTHECOTTONSWAB

7. ! PINK COLOR SHOULD APPEAR BETWEEN  SECONDS and three minutes to indicate that the dried mate-RIALISMOSTLIKELYBLOOD

8. )F A PINK COLOR IS NOT OBSERVED OR APPEARS AFTER three and a half minutes have passed, the test is considered negative.

9. Record your results on your Data Collection Sheet. 10. Test all substances on the provided cards in the manner stated above, recording predictions and reactions of each one.

11. Test other teacher-provided substances in the SAMEMANNERADDINGTHEWATERPHENOLPHTHALEIN and hydrogen peroxide. Observe and record the reactions. HINT: If additional substances are to be tested, tests may be performed upon both ends of THEPROVIDEDCOTTONSWABS#OMPAREYOURSHADE OFPINKTOTHESWABFROMTHEPOSITIVECONTROLCARD if you are unsure if you are getting the right color to indicate a positive result.

Lab 2: Processing the Evidence

1. Obtain your evidence from your teacher, sign-ing and datsign-ing in the appropriate location on the Chain of Custody portion of the Evidence label. 2. Carefully cut open your evidence, opening it at an

end that is NOT sealed by evidence tape.

3. Examine your evidence. Measure the stain and re-cord several detailed observations about your evi-dence, including size, shape, color, and any other pertinent details.

4. )FAVAILABLEUSEADIGITALCAMERATOTAKETHREEOR FOUR PICTURES OF THE EVIDENCE FROM DIլERENT AN-gles.

5. )FAVAILABLEUSEAMAGNIFYINGGLASSTOLOOKCLOSELY AT THE CARPET SQUARE FOR OTHER MATERIALS ON THE fabric. 6. 3KETCHTHEEVIDENCENOTINGATLEASTTWOAREASOF THESTAINTOBETESTEDUPONYOUIRSKETCH 7. 4AKEACOTTONSWABANDWETITWITHDISTILLEDWA-TER2UBTHECOTTONSWABONTOTHEÎRSTAREAOFTHE stain to be tested. 8. 0ERFORMTHEPRESUMPTIVETESTONTHECOTTONSWAB Add one drop of phenolphthalein and observe the reaction. Add one drop of the hydrogen peroxide SOLUTION!PINKCOLORSHOULDAPPEARBETWEEN seconds and one minute to indicate that the dried MATERIALISMOSTLIKELYBLOOD)FAPINKCOLORISNOT observed or appears after three minutes have passed, the test is considered negative.

9. )FPOSSIBLETAKEAPICTUREOFTHECOLORCHANGEOB-served.

10. Repeat the test on the sample from another part of the stain.

11. $ETERMINE WHETHER THE SUBSTANCE ON YOUR EVI-dence is blood.

12. Complete your Data Collection sheet.

13. When you have reached a conclusion, return your STAINTOTHEEVIDENCEWRAPPERANDRESEALIT

Data Collection and Calculations

Lab 1:

Substance Prediction: Lab Observations (color of

develop-MENTTIMETOSEEPINK Lab Result: Positive Control

Negative Control Substance #1 Substance #2

Lab 2: Record 4 or 5 physical details about evidence:

$RAWASKETCHOFYOUREVIDENCE)NCLUDE  $ESCRIBEYOURPROCEDUREFORPROCESSINGTHE measurements. evidence and the results you see.

Post-Lab Questions

 7HATDIDYOUOBSERVEWHENYOUTESTEDTHEPOSITIVECONTROLCARD  7HATDIDYOUOBSERVEWHENYOUTESTEDTHENEGATIVECONTROLCARD  7HATCOMMONFOODITEMSPROVIDEDAFALSEPOSITIVEINTHEPRESUMPTIVEBLOODTEST  7HYDOPOLICEOխCERSPERFORMAPRESUMPTIVETESTINTHEÎELD"ASEDONYOUREXPERIMENTSWHYISIT  IMPORTANTTODOACONÎRMATORYTESTLATER  7HATDIDYOULEARNABOUTCORRECTLYPROCESSINGEVIDENCE7HYISTHISPROCEDUREIMPORTANT  7HATDIDYOURGROUPCONCLUDEABOUTTHESTAINONTHECARPET$IDYOURTESTDETECTTHEPRESENCEOFBLOOD  "ASEDONYOURKNOWLEDGEOFTHECRIMES WHATISYOURHYPOTHESISABOUTTHEEVENTSSURROUNDINGTHE SUBSTANCEONTHECARPETOFTHETRUCK

Mock Trial

Using this Kit in the Mock Trial

3TAINED WITH 3USPICION CONTAINS INFORMATION THAT COULDPROVETHATTHEREWASBLOODMIXEDINWITHTHE MUDINTHETRUCK4HEEVIDENCECOLLECTEDINTHISLAB CANNOTPROVECONCLUSIVELYTHATANYSPECIÎCPERSON WASPRESENTANDCANNOTATTESTTOTHEACTIONSOFTHAT PERSON)FEVERYTHINGINTHELABWASPERFORMEDCOR- RECTLYYOUSHOULDHAVEOBTAINEDTHEFOLLOWINGIN-formation:

È The test performed upon the controls and other ITEMSSHOULDIDENTIFYTHEDIլERENTSUBSTANCES THATMAYPRODUCEAFALSEPOSITIVEWITHTHE+AS-tle Meyer test. The test performed on the evi-DENCESHOULDPROVETHATBLOODWASPRESUMED TOBEPRESENTUPONTHECARPETINTHETRUCK È The evidence does not prove that the blood in

THETRUCKCAMEFROMTHEVICTIMSINTHECABIN HOWEVERITISCOMPELLINGTHATBLOODSOMEHOW ENDEDUPONTHEÏOOROFANABANDONEDTRUCK Foul play could be involved.

)F"LOOD$ETECTIONISTHEONLYKITDONEINTHE-YS-TERYOF,YLEAND,OUISEAMOCKTRIALISUNLIKELYTOBE useful, since prosecution has little evidence to try a suspect. Instead, leave the results as an exercise in blood detection analysis and evidence processing. )FOTHEREXERCISESWEREPERFORMEDAMOCKTRIALCAN HELPSTUDENTSTAKEALLOFTHEEVIDENCEPRESENTEDIN THEINVESTIGATIONANDAVAILABLEFROMOTHERKITSINTO account and provide a more interesting and thor- OUGHTRIAL)NFORMATIONONRUNNINGAMOCKTRIALFOL-LOWS

Before the Trial

If a more thorough social studies activity is de-sired, students may be instructed to read through the procedures for trial of criminal cases and the SIMPLIÎED RULES OF EVIDENCE !DDITIONALLY LESSONS DESIGNEDTOFAMILIARIZESTUDENTSWITHTHECOURTSYS-TEMANDJUDICIALPROCEDUREMAYPROVEBENEÎCIAL Brainstorming

Using the story and module evidence, list the facts of the case on the board.

$ETERMINE AS A CLASS WHO SHOULD BE CHARGED FOR each crime.

Put students into brainstorming groups. Give all GROUPSÎVETOTENMINUTESTODEVELOPHYPOTHESES FOREACHOFTHEFOLLOWING

1. )DENTIFY HOW EACH FACT MAY SUPPORT THE CASE presented by the prosecution.

2. )DENTIFY HOW EACH FACT MAY SUPPORT THE CASE presented by thedefense.

3. )DENTIFYCRITICALWEAKNESSESINTHERELIABILITYOF each fact.

2EVIEW THE BRAINSTORMING RESULTS AS A CLASS AND instruct students to connect various facts and evi-DENCETOMAKELOGICALASSUMPTIONSABOUTTHECASE Student Roles

!LLOWSTUDENTSTOSELECTORASSIGNVARIOUSROLESREL-ative to the characters.

!DDITIONALSTUDENTSMAYSERVEASTHECOURTÎLLING THEROLESOFJUDGEBAILIլANDCLERK4HEJUDGEMUST RESEARCH COURT PROCEEDINGS AND MAKE DETERMINA-TIONSOFLAWTHEREFORETHEINSTRUCTORMAYWISHTO TAKETHISROLETHEMSELVES4HEBAILIլISRESPONSIBLE FORSWEARINGINWITNESSESANDKEEPINGORDERINTHE COURT 4HE #LERK IS RESPONSIBLE FOR RECORDING THE TRIALPROCEEDINGS9OUMAYWISHTOOMITTHESEROLES ORHAVETHESESTUDENTSWORKWITHTHEPROSECUTION or defense during the planning stages. With large classes, students may also play the role of jury.

Ju-Mock Trial

rors must attend to the trial proceedings and also REVIEW THE EVIDENCE AND WRITTEN DOCUMENTS PRE-pared by the defense and prosecution to come to a conclusion about the case. They must then either meet outside of class and come to a unanimous de-CISIONOREACHWRITEASHORTPAPERJUSTIFYINGTHEIR OWNDECISION !TLEASTONESTUDENTSHOULDACTASANEXPECTWITNESS THEFORENSICSCIENTISTWHOPROCESSEDANALYZEDTHE EVIDENCEPRESENTED IFMULTIPLELABORATORYMODULES WEREUTILIZEDSEVERALSTUDENTSSHOULDÎLLTHISROLE 4HISSTUDENTMUSTBEVERYFAMILIARWITHTHELABORA-tory procedures used to process the evidence and SHOULDALSOBEAWAREOFTHEWAYSTHEEVIDENCECAN BE MISHANDLED AND THE PRECAUTIONS TAKEN AGAINST evidence contamination and faulty methods, as THESEARELIKELYTOCOMEUPINCOURT

The remainder of students should split, approxi-mately evenly, into the prosecution and defense TEAMS4HESTUDENTÎLLINGTHEROLEOFTHEACCUSED SHOULDWORKWITHTHEDEFENSE%ACHSIDESHOULDAS-SIGNTHEIRMEMBERSASEITHERLAWYERSORWITNESSES CALLED 4HE LAWYERS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR BUILDING THEIRCASEDEVELOPINGTHEQUESTIONSTOASKTHEIRWIT-NESSESANDFORIDENTIFYINGKEYWITNESSESCALLEDBY the other side to exploit during cross examination. %ACH SIDE SHOULD ALSO IDENTIFY CRITICAL WEAKNESSES INTHEIROWNCASEANDPREPARECOUNTER ARGUMENTS FORTHESEWEAKNESSES!STHEREAREALWAYSSURPRISES during trial, each side should prepare strategies to DEALWITHTHEUNEXPECTED

The prosecution must provide a reasonable series of EVENTSTHATARECONSISTENTWITHTHEFACTSOFTHECASE a motive for the events that occurred, and prove be-yond a reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty. 4HEDEFENSEMAYPRESENTTHEIROWNACCOUNTINGOF the facts or undermine the prosecution’s case by SHOWINGTHATTHEPROSECUTIONÁSWITNESSESAREUNRE-liable, that the prosecution’s version of the events MAKENOSENSEORISINCONSISTENTORBYINTRODUCING reasonable doubt into the prosecution’s case. 5NLIKE A REAL TRIAL WITNESSES MAY HELP THE LAW-YERSBUILDTHEIRCASETHEIRPRIMARYDUTYHOWEVER

SHOULDBETOBECOMEINTIMATELYFAMILIARWITHTHEIR TESTIMONY %XPERT WITNESSES ARE ESPECIALLY USEFUL WHENDEALINGWITHFORENSICEVIDENCEANDEACHSIDE MAYWISHTOCALLTHEIROWNORUSETHEOTHERSIDEÁS EXPERT4HESTUDENTSPLAYINGTHEROLEOFEXPERTWIT-NESSMUSTBECOMEVERYFAMILIARWITHTHATÎELDAND BEABLETOÎELDQUESTIONSABOUTTHEACCURACYAND LIMITATIONSOFTHETECHNIQUES Preparation 4OENSURETHATSTUDENTSWILLBEREADYTOARGUETHEIR CASE THE PROSECUTION AND DEFENSE SHOULD ANSWER THEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONS 1. 7HATARETHEFACTSOFTHECASE 2. 7HYDIDTHESETHINGSHAPPEN 3. 7HOWASINVOLVED 4. $OESSUխCIENTEVIDENCEEXISTTOPARTICIPATEIN THECOURTROOM 5. 7HATISKEYTOYOUPROVINGYOURPOINT

!DDITIONALLY WITNESSES SHOULD ANSWER THE FOLLOW-ing:

1. 4OWHATAREYOUTESTIFYING

2. What are the most important parts of your tes-TIMONYTOTHEPROSECUTION4HEDEFENSE 3.

7HATWEAKNESSESAREPRESENTINYOURTESTIMO-NY)FYOUAREANEXPERTWITNESSWHATARETHE limitations of the evidence presented that is RELEVANTTOYOURÎELD