BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL
ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 5, Issue: 4, Page: 351-358, July -August, 2011
EFFECT OF ZINC AND PHOSPHORUS ON YIELD OF Oryza sativa
(cv. BR-11)
K. M. Mahbubur Rahman1, Md. Abul Khair Chowdhury2, Farhana Sharmeen3, Animesh Sarkar4 *,
Mohammed Abdul Hye5 and Gokul Chandra Biswas6
K. M. Mahbubur Rahman, Md. Abul Khair Chowdhury, Farhana Sharmeen, Animesh Sarkar, Mohammed Abdul Hye and Gokul Chandra Biswas (2011). Effect of Zinc and Phosphorus on Yield of Oryza sativa (cv. BR-11). Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 5(4): 351-358. Retrieve from http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/admin/journal/upload/09240/09240.pdf
Abstract
An experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm during Aman season to study the effect of zinc and phosphorus on yield of rice (cv. BR11). The experiment was laid-out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications assigning 12 treatments comprising 4 levels of Zn (0, 5, 10 and 20 kg Zn ha-1 from zinc sulphate) and 3 levels of P (0, 25 and 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 from TSP) along with basal doses of 100 kg N ha-1 from
urea, 40 kg K2O ha-1 from muriate of potash and 12 kg S ha-1 from gypsum.
Zn and P either alone or in combination showed significantly positive effect on the grain and straw yield of BR11 rice. The highest grain (5.97 t ha-1) and
straw yields (11.60 t ha-1) were obtained from Zn10 P50 treatment and the
single treatment P50 and Zn20 produced maximum grain yield 5.61 t ha-1 and
5.57 t ha-1 respectively. Among the yield contributing characters, number of
grain per panicle, number tiller per hill, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield were significantly influenced by the single effect of zinc and phosphorus, but plant height and panicle length were not significant. Number of grain panicle-1, grain and straw yield were also significantly
increased by the interaction effect of zinc and phosphorus. The present study demonstrated that combined application of Zn10 and P50 treatment
showed a significant effect on production of the highest yield and also positive effect on all yield contributing characters.
Key Words: Zinc, Phosphorus, Yield, Oryza sativa.
Introduction
Bangladesh is a land of people and her population density is increasing day by day. To meet the demand of food for raising population the country needs to produce more rice. But the area available for rice cultivation is limited; moreover the land is decreasing due to its utilization for other purposes. So, lands are intensively cropped in Bangladesh. Under these circumstances, there are three general ways to increase rice production, increasing horizontal production (expanding land area), improving crop yield and vertical production (cropping
Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected] or [email protected]
1 Research Officer, District Education Office, Gazipur.
2 Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh
3 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology
University, Dinajpur.
4 Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and
Technology, Sylhet.
5 Agriculture Extension Officer, Narshingdi Sadar, Narshingdi.
6 Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and
intensity). In Bangladesh situation, vertical production is more needed than horizontal production. So, to increase vertical production and per hectare yield, we need to emphasize on the use of balance fertilizers containing macro and micronutrients on both local and HYV rice.
Nutrient stress in Bangladesh soils are increasing day by day. One of the major reasons for this is the use of imbalance fertilizers. In Bangladesh, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are used in soils enormously. But the use of micro nutrients is limited. A greater withdrawal of micro nutrients through the absorption by plants is resulting in deficiency of micro nutrients in soil. Such a situation favors an increase in nutrient deficiency.
The practice of intensive cropping with modern varieties causes a marked depletion of inherent nutrient reserve in soils of Bangladesh. Consequently in addition to N, P and K deficiencies, some other nutrient such as Zn, S and B deficiencies are being observed in many parts of the country (Haque and Jahiruddin ; 1994).
Phosphorus and zinc play important role in grain setting, increased grain yield and nutrient concentration of rice (Hossain et al. 2009, Fang et al. 2008, Fageria and Baligar 2005). Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrient elements for plant life. Adequate quantity of available P is vital for the growth, reproduction, yield and quality of many crops. It is associated with several functions and is responsible for typical characteristics of plant growth, involved in biochemical synthesis of sugar, starch and polysaccharides, nucleic acid formation, cell elongation and transfer of heredity character.
Zinc deficiency has been detected as the third major nutritional problem for Bangladesh soil next to N and P limiting the growth of wetland rice. In some places of Bangladesh yield loss due to Zn deficiency ranged from 10-18%. A survey on zinc nutrition in Bangladesh rice showed that soil with high pH and calcareous soils of the north western districts and also the soils which have been intensively cultivated with transplant rice have Zn deficiency problem. Zn plays an important role in many physiological functions of plants. Zinc catalyses the process of oxidation in plant cells and is vital for the transformation of carbohydrates, regulates the consumption of sugar, increase the source of energy for the production of chlorophyll, aids in the formation of auxins and promotes the absorption of water.
Considering the importance of Zn and P in wet land rice production as essential plant nutrients the present research has been taken to evaluate the effect of Zn and P on the yield and yield contributing characters of BR11 rice. Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm with a view to finding out the effect of zinc and phosphorus on yield of rice
(cv.BR11). The experimental field is located at 24.750N latitude and 90.50E
longitude at a height of 18 m above the main sea level. The land was medium high belonging to the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Agro-ecological Zone, which falls into the Non-calcareous Dark Grey Floodplain Soil. A modern high yielding variety BR11 (Mukta) rice was used as the test crop. The variety was released by Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur for growing only in Aman season. It is well-stand, photosensitive and somewhat resistant to pest and
disease. It takes 120-130 days and the average yield lies between 4.5 to 5.5 t ha-1.
The experiment was laid-out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications assigning 12 treatments comprising 4 levels of Zn (0, 5,
Effect of Zinc and Phosphorus on Oryza sativa
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ha-1 from TSP) along with basal doses of 100 kg N ha-1 from urea, 40 kg K2O ha-1
from muriate of potash and 12 kg S ha-1 from gypsum. The sources used for the
different elements were Urea (46% N), TSP (48% P2O5), MOP (60% K2O), zinc
sulphate (36% Zn) and gypsum (18% S) which were collected from local market of Mymensingh.
Under the trial the total area was 400 square meter. The size of each plot
was 10 m2 (4m × 2.5 m). Inter block and inter plot spacing were 1.5 m and 0.3 m,
respectively. Thirty days old healthy seedlings were transplanted in the experimental plots. Plant spacing maintained was 25cm × 15cm and three seedlings were transplanted per hill. The number of row and hills per plot was equal in all plots. Gap filling was made 7 days after transplanting to make uniform plant population density for unit plot. Weeding, intercultural operations, application of irrigation water were done in the pot for ensuring and maintaining proper growth and development of crop. Plant height, panicle length, number of tillers per hill, number of grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield and straw yield of rice as yield component were recorded plot wise. Ten hills were selected at random from each plot before harvesting.
The data of crop characters were analyzed statistically by means of computer package MSTAT. The differences among the treatments were adjudged by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) as outlined by Gomez and Gomez (1984).
Results and Discussion
The results on the single effect of phosphorus and zinc on the yield components of rice are presented in Table-1. Table-2 represents the interaction effect of phosphorus and zinc on yield components.
Plant height
Plant height was not significantly affected by zinc fertilization. The tallest
plant height (83.33 cm) was obtained from Zn20 treatment and the shortest plant
height (79.60 cm) was obtained from the Zn0 treatment (Table-1). It was further
observed that plant height increased with the increase in doses of zinc. The effect of phosphorus on plant height was not significantly affected in rice. The tallest
plant (81.55 cm) was obtained from P50 treatment of phosphorus whereas the
shortest plant (81.18 cm) was found from the control treatment (Table-1). Slight influence of P doses was observed in increasing plant height of rice, BR11. Alam
et.al (2008) and Animesh Sarkar (2007) also reported the similar result. The
interaction effect of phosphorus and zinc was not significant (Table-2). The tallest
plant (84.50 cm) was obtained from the Zn10P50 treatment and the shortest one
(79.5 cm) was obtained from the Zn5P50 treatment. Though not significant, it
appears from the results that there was positive influence of Zn and P interaction in increasing the plant height.
Panicle length
Zinc application had no significant effect on panicle length of rice although panicle length increased slightly with zinc application (Table-1). The
highest panicle length (23.73 cm) was obtained from Zn20 treatment and the
lowest (23.00 cm) was from Zn0 treatment. The effect of phosphorus was not
significant on panicle length (Table-1) Alam et.al (2008) also showed the same
result. The highest panicle length (23.43 cm) was obtained from the P50 treatment
and the lowest panicle length (23.40 cm) was obtained from the P25 treatment.
The interaction effect of phosphorus and zinc was not significant on panicle length (Table-2). The highest panicle length (24.30 cm) was obtained from
Zn10 P50 treatment and the lowest panicle length (22.50 cm) was obtained in Zn0 P0
treatment.
Number of grains per panicle
From the Table-1 it was reveled that zinc application gradually influenced
on production of the number of grains panicle-1. The highest number of grains
panicle-1 (197.44) was obtained from Zn20 treatment over control. Both the Zn5
(177.33) and Zn10 (184.33) treatments contained significantly higher grains panicle
-1 than the Zn0 (162.67) treatment. All treatments were statistically significant over
control treatment. Babiker (1986) and Balakrishnar and Natarajatnam (1986) also reported that the application of phosphorus produced the highest number of
grains panicle-1 which is in agreement with the present study. The results in Table-1
showed a significant beneficial effect of phosphorus application on the
production of number of grains panicle-1. The maximum number of grains panicle
-1 (183.58) was obtained from the P50 treatment, which was identical with P25
(181.00) treatment. Both the treatments (P25 and P50) were significantly superior to
the P0 (173.75) treatment, where P0 produced the minimum number of grains
panicle-1. The effect of P was in agreement with the findings of Masthan et al.
(1999).
Table-2 presented a significant variation on the number of grains panicle-1
by both the phosphorus and zinc application. The highest number of grains panicle-1 (197) was obtained from the treatment Zn10P50. Treatments Zn10P25 (190),
Zn20P25 (190), Zn10P0 (193) and Zn5P25 (191) also produced higher number of grins
panicle-1 but they all were identical with Zn10 P50 treatments. The lowest number of
grains panicle-1 (151) was obtained from the Zn0 P0 treatment.
Number of effective tillers hill-1
The number of tillers hill-1 was significantly influenced by the application of
Zn fertilizer. From Table-1 it was evident that the highest number of tillers hill-1
(11.16) was obtained from Zn20 treatment and the lowest (9.40) was in Zn0
treatment. Zn5 and Zn10 treatments were identical with Zn20 treatment in producing
effective tillers hill-1. The number of tillers hill-1 was influenced by phosphorus
application and it increased significantly with the increase in P dose. The highest
number of tillers hill-1 (10.73) was produced by P50 treatment and the lowest
number of tillers hill-1 (9.06), was produced by P0 treatment. The P25 treatment
produced (10.71) tillers hill-1, which was higher than control but significantly lower
than P50 treatment. Muniz et al. (1987) reported that application of Zn and P
individually increased the number of tillers hill-1 in rice.
The interaction effect of phosphorus and zinc on number of tillers hill-1 was
not found significant (Table-2). The highest number of tillers hill-1 (12.20) was
obtained from Zn10 P50 treatment and the lowest one (8.13) was obtained in Zn0 P0
treatment. Grain yield
Application of zinc fertilizer significantly increased the grain yield of rice.
The highest grain yield was obtained from Zn20 (5.57 t ha-1) treatment. The lowest
grain yield was obtained from Zn0 (4. 86 t ha-1) treatment which was significantly
inferior to Zn5 and Zn10 treatments (Table-1). The effect of zinc was in agreement
with the findings of Fang et al. (2008), Fageria and Baligar (2005), Hossain et al. (1989) and Ram et al. (1995). Gupta and Potalia (1991) found that Zn application increased grain yields of rice.
Highly significant variation was observed on grain yield of rice by the
phosphorus application. The highest grain yield (5.61 t ha-1) was obtained from P50
Effect of Zinc and Phosphorus on Oryza sativa
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(Table-1). Both the treatments P25 and P50 were significantly superior to P0 (4.51 t
ha-1) treatment. Higher yields in both P25 and P50 treatments were attributed by the
production of higher number of tillers hill-1, higher number of grains panicle-1 and
production of heavier grain than P0 treatment. Hossain et al. (2009); Heenan and
Batten (1986); Saggar et al. (1986); Bunta et al. (1989); Fageria (1991); Mahajan et
al. (1994) and Subba Rao et al. (1995) also reported that the application of
phosphorus increased the grain yield of rice.
The effect of interaction of phosphorus and zinc on grain yield was
significant. The highest grain yield (5.97 t ha-1) was obtained from Zn10 P50
treatment and was identical with Zn10 P25 (5.84 t ha-1) but significantly higher than
those of all other treatment combinations of phosphorus and zinc (Table-2). The
lowest grain yield (4.34 t ha-1) was obtained from Zn0 P0 treatment and was
significantly lower than all other interactions of phosphorus and zinc. Zaman et al. (1994) stated that application of P and Zn had a positive effect on grain yield of rice.
Straw yield
The result on the application of zinc shows a significant effect on straw
yield. The highest straw yield (9.20 t ha-1) was observed at Zn20 treatment whereas
control treatment produced the lowest straw yield (8.67 t ha-1-). Other two
treatments Zn5 and Zn10 produced statistically identical straw yield over control
treatment (Table-1). Gupta and Potalia (1991) also found that Zn application increased straw yields of rice.
The straw yield was significantly influenced by the phosphorus application.
The highest straw yield (9.74 t ha-1) was obtained from P50 treatment and it was
significantly higher than all other treatments (Table-1). It was seen that straw yield in P25 (9.20 t ha-1) was higher than control P0 (8.56 t ha-1) but it was lower than P50
treatment. Hossain et al. (2009) and Subba Rao et al (1995) reported that application of P increased the grain and straw yield significantly.
The interaction effect of phosphorus and zinc was significant in producing straw yield of rice. The highest straw yield (11.60 t ha-1) was obtained from Zn10 P50
treatment and the lowest (8.30 t ha-1) from control treatment (Table-2). Bunta et
al. (1989) reported that application of P at any rates, whether in combination with
Zn or not increased grain and straw yield of rice. 1000 grain weight
Zinc application had a significant performance on 1000-grain weight
(Table-1). Application of zinc at Zn20 treatment produced significantly the highest
1000-grain weight (25.54g) and the Zn0 (24.85g) produced the lowest grain
weight. Application of Zn5 (25.07g) and Zn10 (25.08g) treatment increased
1000-grain weight over control but both were identical with each other and
significantly lower than Zn20 treatment and higher than control. Babiker (1986) also
reported that application of zinc increased the 1000-grain weight.
Phosphorus application had a significant effect on 1000-grain weight of rice (Table-1). P50 treatment produced significantly heaviest grain (26.53g) in respect of 1000-grain weight while in control (P0) treatment it was lowest (23.70g). P25 treatment also produced considerably heavier grain (25.85g) compared to P0 treatment and statistically identical with P50 treatment. Fageria (1991) also found that 1000-grain weight was increased by the application of P fertilizer. Among the yield contributing characters of crop only number of grains panicle-1, number tillers hill-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield were significantly influenced by the single effect of zinc and phosphorus, but plant height and panicle length was not significant. Number of grain panicle-1, grain and straw
Table 1. Single effect of Zn and P on yield and yield contributing characters of T-aman rice BR I1 Treatments Plant height (cm) Panicle length
(cm)
Number of grains panicle-1
Number of effective tillers hill-1
1000-grain weight (g) Grain yield (t ha-1) Straw yield (t ha-1) Zinc Zn0 79.60 23.00 162.67d 9.40b 24.85d 4.86c 8.67b Zn 5 80.80 23.27 177.33c 10.47a 25.07b 5.04b 8.72b Zn 10 81.73 23.37 184.33b 10.97a 25.08b 5.13b 8.89b
Zn 20 83.33 23.73 197.44a 11.16a 25.54a 5.57a 9.20a
Phosphorus
P0 81.18 23.40 173.75b 9.06c 23.70b 4.51c 8.56c
P25 81.38
23.42 181.00a 10.71b 25.85a 5.20b 9.20b
P50 81.55 23.43 183.58a 10.73a 26.53a 5.61a 9.74a
In a column figures with dissimilar letter (s) differ significantly as per DMRT
Table 2. Interaction effect of Zn and P on yield and yield contributing characters of T-aman rice BR11 Treatments Plant height (cm) Panical length (cm) Number of grains
panicle-1
Number of effective
tillers hill-1
1000-grain
weight (g) Grain yield (t ha-1)
Straw yield (t ha-1) Zn0 P0 79.5 22.50 151g 8.13 22.54 4.34h 8.30e Zn0 P25 81.3 22.60 156fg 10.40 24.64 4.58gh 9.11cd Zn0 P20 81.5 24.00 181cd 11.80 26.53 5.12de 8.60c-e Zn5 P0 80.2 24.20 166ef 9.50 23.54 4.14h 8.20e Zn5 P25 82.4 23.90 191a-c 11.46 24.31 5.93cd 8.13cd Zn5 P50 80.1 23.40 175de 11.93 26.41 5.60bc 9.35c Zn10 P0 83.3 23.50 193ab 9.40 23.62 5.64bc 9.13cd Zn10 P25 82.2 23.70 190a-c 11.90 26.30 5.84ab 10.40b
Zn10 P50 84.5 24.30 197a 12.20 27.18 5.97a 11.60a
Zn20 P0 80.3 23.50 185b-d 11.00 25.10 4.54h 8.90c-e
Zn20 P25 82.5 22.60 190a-c 9.20 26.40 4.93ef 9.10cd
Zn20 P50 81.7 22.90 178d 9.07 27.13 4.75fg 8.45de
Rahman et al.
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yield were also significantly increased by the interaction effect of zinc and phosphorus.
The single effect of Zn and P had significant effect on grain yield. The
treatment P50 produced maximum grain yield (5.61 t ha-1). Similarly Zn20 treatment
produced maximum grain yield (5.57 t ha-1). The interaction effect of Zn and P on
grain yield was also significant. The performance of Zn10 P50 was found superior to
other treatment combinations, which produced the highest grain yield (5.97 t ha
-1) due to appropriate availability of Zn and P.
The straw yield produced by Zn20 and P50 treatments was increased over
control. The interaction effect of Zn and P on straw yield was significant. The maximum straw yield as influenced by Zn20, P50 and Zn10 P50 were 9.20 t ha-1, 9.74 t
ha-1 and 11.60 t ha-1 respectively.
The over all results of the present study demonstrated that combined
application of Zn10 and P50 treatment showed a significant effect on production of
the highest yield and also positive effect on all yield contributing characters.
Conclusion
The over all results of the present study demonstrated that the single effect of zinc
and phosphorus showed significant influence on number of grain panicle-1,
number of tiller hill-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and straw yield. But plant
height and panicle length were found insignificant to single effect of Zn and P.
Number of grain panicle-1, grain and straw yield were also significantly increased
by the interaction effect of zinc and phosphorus. Combined application of Zn10
and P50 treatment showed a significant effect on production of the highest yield
and also positive effect on all yield contributing characters. It can be said that farmers of wet land rice cultivation of Bangladesh will be benefited following the above mentioned combined treatment of Zn and P.
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