Beyond a Divided Cyprus

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Beyond a Divided Cyprus

A State and Society in Transformation

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beyond a divided cyprus

First published in 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®

in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the World, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.

Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave®_{and Macmillan}®_{are registered trademarks in the United}

States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Beyond a divided Cyprus : a state and society in transformation / edited by Nicos Trimikliniotis and Umut Bozkurt.

pages cm

1. Cyprus—Foreign relations—1960– 2. Cyprus—Ethnic relations—Political aspects. 3. Cyprus—Politics and government. I. Trimikliniotis, Nicos, editor of compilation. II. Bozkurt, Umut, 1976– editor of compilation.

DS54.55.B49 2012

956.9304—dc23 2012016917

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Integra Software Services

First edition: November 2012 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 978-1-349-34153-5 ISBN 978-1-137-10080-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137100801

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The crisis consists precisely in the fact that the old is dying and the new cannot be born; in this interregnum a great variety of morbid

symptoms appear.

Antonio Gramsci

Realizing they will never be a world power, the Cypriots have decided to settle for being a world nuisance.

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List of Figures and Tables

Figures

12.1 GDP growth, 1996–2012 232 12.2 Unemployment rate (percentage), 1995–2011 232 12.3 Current account deﬁcit as percentage of GDP 233 12.4 Real wage and private consumption 235

Tables

8.1 Electoral results of AKEL (1960–2008) 159 8.2 Composition of AKEL’s afﬁliates: Social class 160 8.3 AKEL’s and the popular movement’s membership 162 10.1 Electoral cleavages in Greek-Cypriot politics 189 12.1 Basic features of Cyprus economy for 2008 221 12.2 Economic interdependence between Greek-Cypriots

(GC) and Turkish-Cypriots (TC) after 2003 and

according to the Green Line regulation (million¤) 223 12.3 Migration movements, 2000–2010, in the RoC 229 12.4 Employed non-Cypriots in the RoC 229 12.5 Determinants of structural competitiveness 237

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Acknowledgments

This book is a result of a truly collective effort. It grew out of a com-mon concern acom-mongst scholars and activists in Cyprus that what we are witnessing in this part of the world must be analyzed and articulated to a wider audience and across the divide. It aims to speak of worlds in the

making. We saw the so-called “frozen conﬂict” in Cyprus becoming more

ﬂuid and ingrained in the transformations sweeping across the barbed wire dividing the country: all that was solid begun to melt into air. Yet, as time went by we realized that much deeper and wider global transforma-tions were unfolding. The economic crisis is spreading and deepening: a crisis of cohesion in the euro zone is accompanied by rising unem-ployment and austerity measures imposed on both sides of our divided country. Yet mass action and mobilizations are changing the landscape. The eruptions of revolts in the Arab world are changing the region in uncertain directions. Meanwhile, the discovery of hydrocarbons in com-bination with regional geopolitical sovereignty games is pulling Cyprus closer to the nucleus of other regional contestations.

In this era of uncertainty, this volume reﬂects on the upheavals of con-tradictory transformations within and around the country. It is informed by a sense of engagement to rethink what is happening around us; it is hoped that these reﬂections can serve as useful pointers for future research and political agendas.

Different people have helped us in different ways; it is impossible to thank all of them individually. We want to express our gratitude to the friends who shared their ideas, concerns, and companionship, and encouraged us. In particular, we would like to thank ¸Sebnem O˘guz, Berch Berbero˘glu, Avishai Ehrlich, Floya Anthias, Toumazos Tsielepis, Gregoris Ioannou, Costas M. Constantinou, Panayiotis Pantelides, Sotiris Kattos, and Alex Apostolides. Also we want to express our appreciation to Daphne Trimikliniotis Mavrovouniotis and Marios Trimikliniotis for great art-work for the cover of the book. Having a mother and a brother who are artists is a great resource!

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xii AC K N O W L E D G M E N T S

A very special thank you must go to our respective families for endur-ing us durendur-ing the time of preparendur-ing this manuscript: to Corina, for puttendur-ing up with a partner; to Stella and Manos, for bearing with their busy and absent-minded father in what seemed a never-ending project; and to par-ents Andreas and Daphne and brothers Michael, Anthony, and Marios for their understanding and backing. On the other part of the divide, lov-ing parents Gülsen and Özkan and wonderful brother Do˘gu¸s made this project possible through their love and endless support.

We dedicate this book to those people of Cyprus, the region, and the world who dare to think that another world is possible, and relentlessly struggle against capitalism, racism, nationalism, and hatred. As for our island, we dream of a reuniﬁed future and salute all the unnamed heroes who are persisting in their battle for reconciliation, coexistence, and peace.

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Abbreviations

ADESOK Aνανεωτικó Δημoκρατικó Σoσ ιαλισ τικó K ´ινημα (Reformist Democratic Socialist Movement)

AKEL Aνoρθωτικó K óμμα Eργ αζoμ´ενoυ Λαo ´υ (Progressive Party of Working People)

AKP Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development

Party)

BDH Barı¸s ve Demokrasi Hareketi (The Movement for Peace

and Democracy)

CBM Conﬁdence building measures CENTO Central Treaty Organization CIA Central Intelligence Service CR Conﬂict resolution

CTP Cumhuriyetçi Türk Partisi (Republican Turkish Party)

DEK Δημoκρατικó Eθνικó Kóμμα (Democratic National Party)

DE˙IK Dı¸s Ekonomik ˙Ili¸skiler Konseyi (Foreign Economic

Relations Board)

DHP Demokratik Halk Partisi (Democratic People’s Party)

DIKO Δημoκρατικó K oμμα, (Democratic Party)

D˙ISK Devrimci ˙I¸sçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu (Revolutionary

Workers Union Confederation)

DISY ΔημoκρατικóςΣυναγ ερμóς (Democratic Rally) DMP Demokratik Mücadele Partisi (Party for Democratic

Struggle)

DP Demokrat Parti (Democrat Party)

ECtHR The European Court of Human Rights

EDEK Eνια´ια Δημoκρατικ ´η´Eνωσ η K ´εντρoυ (United

Democratic Union of the Centre)

EDMA Eνια´ιo Δημoκρατικó M ´ετωπo Aναδημιoυργ ´ιας

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xiv AB B R E V I A T I O N S

EDON Eνια´ια Δημoκρατικ ´η Oργ ´ανωσ η Nεoλα´ιας (United Democratic Youth Organization)

EDY Eνωμ´ενoι Δημoκρ ´ατες (United Democrats) EEC European Economic Community

EOKA Eθνικ ´η Oργ ´ανωσ η Kυπρ´ιων Aγ ωνισ τ ´ων (National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters)

EU European Union

GAP Güneydo˘gu Anadolu Projesi (Southeastern Anatolian

Project)

GDP Gross Domestic Product

G˙IAD Kuzey Kıbrıs Genç ˙I¸sadamları Derne˘gi (North Cyprus

Young Businessmen’s Association)

GKK Güvenlik Kuvvetleri Komutanlı˘gı (Command of Security

Forces)

G8 The Group of 8. Russia, USA, United Kingdom, France, Japan, Germany, Canada, Italy are members with additional participation by the European Union Halk-Der Halkla Dayanı¸sma ve Kültür Derne˘gi (Association for

Culture and Solidarity with the People)

˙IKTTC ˙Istanbul Kıbrıs Türkler Talebe Cemiyeti (The ˙Istanbul

Association of Turkish Cypriot Students) IMF International Monetary Fund

˙I¸SAD Kıbrıs Türk ˙I¸sadamları Derne˘gi (Cyprus Turkish

Businessmen Association)

˙ISO ˙Istanbul Sanayi Odası (˙Istanbul Chamber of Industry)

˙ITO ˙Istanbul Ticaret Odası (˙Istanbul Chamber of Commerce)

KATAK Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlı˘gı Kurumu (Turkish Minority

Institution of the Island of Cyprus)

KKK K oμμoυνιστικó Kóμμα K ´υπρoυ (Communist Party of Cyprus)

KÖGEF Kıbrıslılar Ö˘grenim ve Gençlik Federasyonu (Cypriots

Federation of Education and Youth)

KT˙IBK Kıbrıs Türk ˙I¸sçi Birlikleri Kurumu (Organization of

Turkish Cypriot Workers’ Unions)

KTSO Kıbrıs Türk Sanayi Odası (Cyprus Turkish Chamber of

Industry)

KTTO Kıbrıs Türk Ticaret Odası (Turkish-Cypriot Chamber of

Commerce)

MÜS˙IAD Müstakil Sanayici ve ˙I¸sadamları Derne˘gi (Independent

Industrialists and Businessmen’s Association) NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NE.O N´εoι Oρ´ιζoντες (New Horizons)

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AB B R E V I A T I O N S xv

OEB Oργ ´ανωση Eργ oδoτ ´ων και Bιoμηχ ´ανων (Cyprus Employers and Industrialists Federation)

PAK Πανγ κ ´υπριo Aπελευθερωτικó K ´ινημα (Pancyprian Liberation Movement)

PAKOP Πανγ κ ´υπριo Aπελευθερωτικó K ´ινημα γ ια

Eπισ τρoϕ ´η Πρoσ ϕ ´υγ ων (Pancyprian Liberation

Movement for the Return of Refugees)

PEO Πανγ κ ´υπρια Eργ ατικ ´η Oμoσ πoνδ´ια, (Pancyprian Federation of Labor)

PKK Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan (Kurdish Workers Party)

PSE Πανγ κ ´υπρια Συνoμoσ πoνδ´ια Eργ ατ ´ων (Pan-Cypriot Confederation of Labor)

SBA The Sovereign Base Areas

SEK Πανγ κ ´υπρια Eργ ατικ ´η Συνoμoσ πoνδ´ια (Pancyprian Labor Confederation)

SEV Συνoμoσ πoνδ´ια Eλλ ´ηνων Bιoμηχ ´ανων (Hellenic Federation of Entreprises)

TEB Türk Ekonomi Bankası (Turkish Economy Bank)

T˙IP Türkiye ˙I¸sçi Partisi (Workers’ Party of Turkey)

TKP Toplumcu Kurtulu¸s Partisi (Communal Liberation Party)

TMT Türk Mukavemet Te¸skilati (Turkish Resistance

Organization)

TOBB Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birli˘gi (The Union of

Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey) TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

TÜS˙IAD Türk Sanayicileri ve ˙I¸sadamları Derne˘gi (Turkish

Industrialists’ and Businessmen’ Association) UBP Ulusal Birlik Partisi (The National Unity Party)

UNFCYP UN Force in Cyprus US United States

USA˙ID Ulusal Sanayici ve ˙I¸sadamları Derne˘gi (The Association of

National Industrialists and Businessmen) USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WW1 World War 1

WW2 World War 2

Beyond a Divided Cyprus