APWORLD_CH17.pptx

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Chapter 17: The Industrial Revolution

What was the Significance?

• _{Song Dynasty China was most advanced civilization of pre-modern}

times

• _{West surpasses rest of world with modern industrial revolution}

after 1750

• _{British efforts to create cotton cloth triggered the modern}

industrial revolution

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• _{A Revolution in Agriculture}

–

_{New farm tools and crops}

• _{Seed drill, horse drawn plow, turnip & potato}

–

_{New laws on land ownership}

• _{Enclosures convert community property to private property}

and create landless farmers

–

_{One response is “domestic industry”}

• _{Farmers process cotton into fabric to supplement lost}

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• _{A Revolution in Textile Manufacture}

– _{Inventions make textile factory possible}

• Machines to augment hand production

– Flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule

• Engines to replace human energy in production

– _{Steam engines developed for coal mining}

– Perfected for manufacturing by Boulton & Watt

– Work is no longer brought to worker cottages

– _{Loss of income from skilled tasks brought riots such as those attributed to the}

mythical Ned Ludd

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• _{Capital Goods}

–

_{Improved iron production aids industry}

• _{Techniques include “puddling”}

–

_{Factory and city developments}

• _{Iron needed for gas supply and waste disposal}

–

_{Transportation improvements}

• _{Railroad spread rapidly to integrate economy}

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Second Stage of Industrialization, 1860-1914

• _{New Products and New Nations}

– _{Steel & Chemical Industries}

• _{Improved steel production makes Germany top steel producer}

• _{Advancements in chemistry include fertilizers, explosives, insecticides,} perfume and plastics

– _Electricity

• Alternating current in 1892 (Tesla)

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Second Stage of Industrialization, 1860-1914

• _{Factory Production}

– _{Cartels transform production into impersonal process} – _{Artisan replaced by mass production & consumption}

• _{Warfare and Industrialization}

– _{Industry produces more powerful armies} – _{New weapons include machine gun}

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Second Stage of Industrialization, 1860-1914

• _{Second Industrial Revolution Worldwide}

–

_{European industrial capital shapes world}

–

_{Immigration accelerates}

–

_{Canada attracts capital and grows economically}

–

_{France invests in Russia & Ottoman Empire}

–

_{British overseas investment twice that of nearest rival}

–

_{Age of Global Capitalism in full swing}

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Social Changes: Conditions of Working People

• _{Common complaint is rising corporate wealth}

but impoverishment of workers

• _{Other data show real income growth in}

industrial countries

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Social Changes: Conditions of Working People

• _{Demographic Causes & Effects of the Industrial}

Revolution

–

_{European population nearly doubles, 1750-1850}

• _{New foods from the “Columbian exchange” help} • _{First there was a decline in death rates}

• _{Then a decline in birthrates}

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Social Changes: Conditions of Working People

• _{Winners & Losers of Industrial Revolution}

– _{Entrepreneurs in new industries are big winners} – _{Handicraft workers are big losers}

– _{Cities have sanitation problems, crowding, and air pollution} – _{Public health measures emerge after mid-century to address}

these issues

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Social Changes: Conditions of Working People

• _{Gender Relationships & the Industrial Revolution}

– _{Factories split workplace from home; undermined traditional roles}

for women

• _{First female participants were single women}

• _{Heavier labor drew males to factories who required “family wage” rather than}

subsistence wage

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Social Changes: Conditions of Working People

• _{Gender Relationships & the Industrial}

Revolution [cont.]

–

_{Reduced number of children & mandatory}

education freed women from domestic

responsibilities

–

_{Women needing work to support families (15-20%}

of adult women) turned to domestic work

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Political Reaction in Britain & Europe, 1800-1914

• _{Political, Economic & Social Reform in Britain}

–

_{Britain suppresses initial calls for change}

–

_{Responses from Parliament include}

• _{Enlarged electorate in Reform Act of 1832} • _{Factory Act of 1833 forbade child labor} • _{Slavery abolished in empire in 1833}

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Political Reaction in Britain & Europe, 1800-1914

• _{Political, Economic and Social Reform in Britain [cont.]}

– _{Post-1832 Chartist movement calls for wider electorate}

– _{Repeal of Corn Laws (1846) removes protection from British}

farmers to lower food costs for workers

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• _{Political, Economic and Social Reform in Britain [cont.]}

–

_{Political parties--Tories & Whigs--begin to compete for}

labor vote in 1870s.

–

_{Universal male suffrage and vote to select women over age}

30 occurs in 1918

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Political Reaction in Britain & Europe, 1800-1914

• _{Labor Organization}

–

_{Trade Union Act of 1871 legalizes unions}

• _{Leads to growth of unions for unskilled workers}

–

_{Fabian Society sought to make conditions better for}

workers

• _{Enter politics as Labor Party and become permanent factor in}

British voting from 1906 onward

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Political Reaction in Britain & Europe, 1800-1914

• _{Labor Organization [cont.]}

– _{Marx & Theories of Worker Revolution}

• _{Communist Manifesto sees onset of revolution} • _{1848: worker revolts in France, Austria and Prussia} • _{Marx sees workers--proletariat--as source of wealth} • _{Revolution would make laborers the ruling class}

– _{Class struggle would be constant until revolution} – _{Current form was bourgeoisie v. proletariat}

• _{Socialist programs were near-term Marxist goals} • _{Worker Revolution never occurred}

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• _{Labor Organization [cont.]}

–

_{Germany, 1870-1914}

• _{Labor unrest met with expanded right to vote, disability &}

accident insurance and social security

–

_{The United States, 1870-1914}

• _{Numerous labor organizations after Civil War}

• _{Anti-trust laws were used against union formation until 1930s}

• _{No labor party develops in United States}

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• _{Labor Organization [cont.]}

– _{France, 1870-1914}

• French union activists repeatedly defeated

• Labor unions--syndicats--legalized in 1884

• _{Workers least powerful political segment of France}

– _{Labor in Non-industrialized World}

• Handcraft industries lose out on worldwide basis

• Hardship promotes migration in search of work

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New Patterns of Urban Life

• _{Urbanization a consequence of industry} • _{Steam make city location flexible}

• _{Jobs draw workers to city}

• _{Max Weber, Simmel & Spengler worry about negative impact of urban life} • _{“Chicago School” notes rise of neighborhoods as well as business districts}