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A

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p p

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o

d

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to F

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ata

fr

o

m

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hr e e

N

o rth Ca r o

l i

n a

A

s

b

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(

U

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e

d i

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f

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Jo

hn De

m

e nt

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pu

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m

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h

n De

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m

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m i

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m

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tio n

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a n

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jo i a

m i

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ia

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o

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a r r

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o

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l

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fi b

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a nto n a n

d

othe r s 1 9 8 1 ;

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e

i

n a n

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0

7

)

T

h

e r e a r e t_wo _ge n e r a

l

_{t y p}e s o

f

a s

b

e sto s

—

a

m

_p

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d

c

h

r_ys ot

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m

p h

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ole

a s

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b

r o a

d l

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f

i v e

m

in e r a

l

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lu

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m

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te, a n

d

a

m

o s

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te a s

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h

e s e a r e c

h

a r a cte

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z e

d b

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in e

f

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m

a

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m

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A

T

SD

R

2 0 0 1

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T

h

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la

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o

m

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that chr_ys ot

i le a s

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i

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t

h

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i

s.

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k

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m

e n

1 9 9 6

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Othe r s c o nte n

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that chr

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t t

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e cts

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an 1 9

8

8

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b

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e

i

m

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c ate

d i

n

lu

n

_g

c a n c e r .

(

Y

a r

b

o r o u

gh

2

0 0

7

)

O f

t

h

e

a s

b

e sto s

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in

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fi

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8 8

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ut

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r

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₎

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m

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r e v

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the a n

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l i

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_{i g}

n an t a n

d

n o n-

m

_a

l i

gn a nt _pul

m

o n a r_y

d i

s o r

_d

e r s.

(

D e

m

e nt

, Br o v

ra

,

O

ku n

19 9

_{4 ; H} e

i

n a n

d

ot

h

e r s 2 0 0 7

₎

H

owe v e r, P

C

M

c o n c e ntr at

i

o n e st

i m

ate s

h

a v e

b

e en u n a

b l

e to

e x_p

l

a

i

n

d i ff

e r e n c e s

i

n

d i

s e a s e

i

n

d i

c

i d

e n c e

b

et

w

e e n

d i f f

e r e n_t a s

b

e sto s

i

n

d

u str

i

e s, s u c

h

a s

m i

n

i

n

_{g/ m i l l i}

n _g a n

d

te xt

i l

e s.

(

S

tayne r, Da n

k

o v

i

c, Le

m

e n 1 9 9 6

)

T he P C

M

m

etho

d h

a s s e v e r al

we a

k

n e s s e s. F

i

r st,

i

t c a n n ot r e

l i

a

b l

y

d

etect

fi b

e r s s

h

o rte r t

h

a n 5

j

x

m

,

w h i

c

h l

e a v e s a

l

a rge

pr o_po r t

i

o n o

f

_t

h

e

fi b

e r

d i

str

i b

ut

i

o n un c o u nte

d

.

S

e c o n

d

,

i

t ha s a

l i m i

t o

f

r e s o

l

ut

i

o n o

f

a_{p p}r o x

i m

ate

l

_y

0

.2 5 /x

m

, le a v

i

ng

fi b

e r s w

i

t h d

i

a

m

ete r s <0.2 5 [x

m

u n c o u nted,

d

e sp

i

te their

l

en_gt

h

s

b

e

i

n_g > 5

_/

x

m

. Tr a n s

m i

s s

i

o n e

l

e ctr o n

m i

c r o s c o

p y

(

T E

M )

c a n

m

e a s u r e t he e nt

i

r e

a s

b

e sto s

fi b

e r a e r o s ol an

d

, t

h

u s, c o u

l d b

e u s e

d

to

d

e v e

l

op

m

o r e c o

m

p

l

that

m

_{i g h}t _pr o v e to

b

e

m

o r e _pr ed ictiv e in e_{p i}

d

e

m i

olo_g

i

c

i

n v e st

i

_gat

i

o n s.

(

D

e

m

e nt a n

d

ot

h

e r s

2 0 0 7

₎

T r ans

m i

s s

i

o n ele ctr on

m

ic r o s c o_{p y} a n a_{l y}s e s o

f

a

i

rbo r n e a s

b

e sto s

fi b

e r s

h

a v e shown

d i f f

e r e n c e s

i

n

fi b

e r

l

e n_gt

h

a nd

d i

a

m

ete r

d

istri

b

ut

i

o n s

i

n d i f

f

e r e nt indu strie s.

(

D e

m

e nt a nd

W

a

l l i

n_g

f

o r

d 19 9 0

₎

F

o r e x a

m

_p

l

e, c

h

r ys ot

i l

e

m i

n

i

ng a n

d m i l l i

n g o

p

e r at

i

o n s

h

a

d

a gr e ater

pr o_po rt

i

o n o

f i

ts a e r o s ol

d i

str

i b

ut

i

o n c o

m

_po s e

d

o

f

s

h

o rt

fi b

er s

(

< 5

_[

i

m

)

c o

m

_pa r e

d

to

c

h

r_ys ot

i l

e te xt

i l

e

_{p l}

a nts.

(

De

m

e nt a n

d H

a r r

i

s 1

9 7 9

;

D

e

m

e nt a n

d

W

a

l l i

n

g f

o r

d

1 9

9 0

;

G i b b

s a n

d

H

w

a n_{g 1 9}

8

0

)

In a

d d i

t

i

o n, T E

M

a n a

l

ys e s

h

a v e s

h

o

w

n t

h

at

d i f

fe r e nt

d

epa rt

m

e nts

w i

th

i

n the

s a

m

e _{p l}a nt o r

i

n

d

u str_y e x

h i b i

t

d i

s_pa r ate

fi b

e r s

i

z e

d i

str

i b

ut

i

o n s.

(

De

m

e nt a nd

H

a r r

i

s 1 9 7 9 ;

De

m

e n t 1

9 80

_{; D} e

m

ent a n

d

W

_a

l l i

n _g

f

o r

d

1

9 9 0

)

D

e

m

e nt a n

d

c ol

l

e a

_g

u e s o

b

s e r v e

d

t

h

at

l

o n_ge r

a n

d w i d

e r

fi b

e r s c o

m

_po s e a _gr e ate r _pr o_po rt

i

o n o

f

t he

fi b

e r s

i

z e

d i

str

i b

ut

i

o n

i

n e a r

l

_y

o_pe r at

i

o n s t

h

a n

l

ate r o_pe r at

i

o n s o

f

a c

h

r_ys ot

i

le a s

b

e sto s te xt

i

le _{p l}a nt.

(

D

e

m

e nt a n

d

W

al l

i

n_{g f}o r

d

1 9 9 0 ; D e

m

e nt a n

d

othe r s 2 0

0

7

)

S

u

b

s e_qu e nt a n a

l

_ys

i

s

i

n

d i

c ate

d

t

h

at

w

o rke r s

i

n

pr e_pa r at

i

o n a n

d

c a r

d i

n_g

₍

e a r

l

_y o_pe r a_t

i

o n s

₎

w

e r e at lo

w

e r r

i

s

k

fo r

l

u n_g c a n c e r tha n t

h

o s e

i

n

C H A

P T E R I I

R E V I E

W

O F D E P

O

S I T I O

N A

N

D

F I B E R

D

E P

O SI T I

O N

M

O D

E L

S

T h

e c u r r e n t r e s e a r c

h

a

i

m

s to

f

o c u s a n al ys

is o n

fi b

e r

d

o s e.

A

t te

m

pts to a s s e s s

d

o s e

h

a v e _ge n e r a

l l

_y

b

e en

d i

r e cte

d

to

w

a r

d l

un_g

d

e_po s

it

i

o n .

T h

e r e ar e t

h

r e e

d

epo s

i

tio n z o n e s

—

n a s o_{p h}a r _yn_ge al

₍

N A S O

₎

, tr a che obr o n ch ial

(

T R

A

C

H

)

, an

d

pul

m

o n a ry

(

P

U

L

)

. T

h

e

m

o st

o

ft

en c

i

te

d l

un _g

m

o

d

el

m

at

h

e

m

atic a

l

_{l y}

d

e s c r

i b

e s t

h

e

d i

c

h

oto

m

o u s s_yste

m

o

f

a

ir

w

a_y s a n

d

c o n s

i

sts o

f

2 4 s u c c e s s

iv e

_ge n e r at

i

o n s

₍

0-2

3

)

o f

d

a u_{g h}te r _pa

ir s

b

e_g

in

n

in

_g at t

h

e tr a c

h

e a a n

d

e n

d in

_g at the a

l

v e o

l i

.

(W

e

i b

e

l

1

9 6 3

)

T

h

e n a s op

h

a rynge a

l d

epo s

it

i

o n z one

i

s

d

e

fi

n e

d

a s the

n o s e_,

m

o ut h, s

in u s e s

, a n

d

thr o at to t

h

e ep

i

g

lo

t t

is

, o r pr e

-ge n e r at

io n

0

.

G

e n e r at

i

o n s

0

t

hr o u

g h

16c o r r e s_po n

d

to the tr a c

h

e a thr o u_g

h

the te r

m in a

l

b

r o n c

h i

o

l

e s a n

d

a r e cla s s

i f

i e

d

a s t he

tr a c

h

e o

b

r o n c

h i

a

l d

e

_p

o s

i

t

i

o n z o n e. Pu

l m

o n a ry

d

epo s

i

t

io n

r e

f

e r s to ge n e r at

io n s

1 7 thr o u

g h

2 3

a n

d

s_pans t

h

e r e s_p

i

r ato r_y

b

r o n ch

i

o

l

e s to t

h

e alv e o

l

i.

(

Bate s a n

d

ot

h

e r s 1 9 6 6 ;

W

e

ib

el 1 9

6

3

)

T

h

e r e a r e t hr e e

d

e

_p

o s

i

tio n

m

e cha n

i

s

m

s that a

_{p p}

_{l y} to s_p

h

e r

i

c a

l

a n d

fi b

r o u s _pa rticle s

a

l i k

e

—

im

_p

a ct

i

o n , s e

d i m

e ntat

i

o n , an

d d i f f

u s

io n

. In a

dd i

t

i

o n _,

i

nte r c e

p

t

i

on

i

s a

f

o u rth

m

e c

h

a n

is

m

,

w h i

ch

is

m

e a n

i

ng

fi

il o nl y

f

o r

fi b

e r

d

epo s

it

io n

. I

m

pa ct

io n

r efe r s to

w h

e n the

i

n e rt

i

a o

f

a _pa rt

i

cle

i

n the a

ir

str e a

m

r e s u

lt

s

in

d

e_po s

it

i

o n, u s u a

l l

y at a

i

rway tu r n s a n

d

b i f

u r c atio n s. I

m

pa ct

i

o n

i

s r e spo n s

i b

le

f

o r the

d

epo s

i

tio n o f

m

o st la rge pa rt

i

c

l

e s that e nte r the

a

ir

w

a_y . It

i

s t

h

e pr

i

m

a ry

m

e c

h

a n

is

m

o

f d

epo s

i

t

io n

in

t

h

e na s op

h

a rjT ige a

l

z o n e a n

d

up pe r

Sed i

m

e ntatio n de s c ri be s the s et tl in_g of a _pa rticle in the air

w

a_ys

w

hen the _gr a vitat

io n a

l

f

o r c e o n the _pa rt

i

c

l

e

i

s _gr e ate r tha n r e s

i

sta n c e o f fe r e

d b

_y t

h

e a

ir

. T h

is

m

e c

h

a n

i

s

m

i

s t

h

e

m

o st

im

_po rta nt

in

t he

lo

w

e r tr a c

h

e o

b

r o n c

h i

al a n

d

_pul

m

o n a r_y z o n e s

w

he r e a

i

r

f

lo

w

s a r e

w

e ak

e n o u

_g

h to _pe r

m i

t

_g

r a v

it

at

io n a

l

s et t

l i

n_g.

D

i

f

f

u s

i

o n r e

f

e r s to a

i

r

m

o

l

e c u

l

e s

b

o

m

b

a r

d i

n_g a _pa rt

i

c

le r e s u

l

t

in

_g

in

s

m

a

l l m

o v e

m

e nts

that ul t

i

m

ate_{l y}

l

ea

d

to

d

e_po s

it

i

o n o n alv e o

l

a r

w

al

l

s. T

h i

s

m

e c

h

a n

is

m

i

s r e spo n s

i b l

e

f

o r

d

e

_p

o s

i

t

i

o n o

f

v e r_y s

m

al l pa rt

ic

l

e s

i

n v e r_y

l

o

w

-

f l

o

w

e n v

ir o n

m

e nts, t

h

u s,

i

t pr e

d

o

m i

n ate s

i

n t

h

e

alv e ola r r e_g

i

o n s o

f

the

l

u n _g.

D e_po s

it

io n _{b y i}nte r c e

_p

t

i

o n

i

s r el ia nt u_po n t

h

e

in

he r e nt d

i

m

e n s

i

o n s o

f fi b

e r s.

A

s

f

i

b

e r s

ar e c ar

ri

e

d b y

t

h

e a

ir

fl

o

w

_, the

i

r a n

_{g l}

e r elativ e to t

h

e

fl

o

w

m

a_y c

h

a n

_g

e.

A

t ti

m

es, the

fi b

e r

le n

_g

th is _pa r al lel to the

fl

o

w d ir e c

t

i

o n . T

h i

s c a n r e s u lt

i

n a

fi b

e r

m

u c

h

lo n ge r t

h

a n the

tr a n s

_p

o rt

in

_g

a

ir

w a_y '

s

d i

a

m

ete r

m

o v

i

n

_g

t hr o u_{g h} the r e s_p

ir a

to r_y s_y ste

m

. H o

w

e v e r

, s o

m

et

i m

es,

t

h

e s e

fi b

e r s

m

a_y r otate

w

he n

m

o v

in

_g

w i

t

h i

n the a

i

r

fl

o_w, s o that t

h

ey a r e to o

w i d

e

f

o r the

a

i

rwa_y, r e s ul ting

i

n

d

epo s

it

i

o n.

St

r a

i

g

h

t a n

d ri

g

i

d

fi b

e r s, s u c

h

a s g

l

a s s a nd, to a

l

e s s e r e x te n t,

a

m p h ib

o

le a s

b

e s_to s a r e

le s s

_p

r o n e to t

h i

s

in v e r s

i

o n.

T h

e s e r

p

ent

in e

a n

d fl

e x

i b l

e chr

y

s ot

i l

e

a s

b

e sto s

fi b

e r s a r e

m

o r e s u s c e_pt

i b l

e to th

i

s

in v e r s

i

o n a n

d

, the r e

f

o r e chrys ot

i le

'

s o

ri

e n tat

i

o n

i

n

the a

i

rwa_y

i

s c

l

a s s

i fi

e

d

a s r a n

d

o

m

.

(

T

i

m

b

r e

l l

196 5

)

T

h i

s

m

e c

h

a n

i

s

m

o c c u r s t

hr o u

g

h

o ut t

h

e

r e s_p

ir a

to r_y s_y ste

m b

ut

h

a s a n e s_pe c

i

a

l l

_y

la r

_ge e

f f

e ct o n

lo n

_g, th

i

n

fi b

e r s

i

n the

n a s o_{p h}a r_yn_ge al c o

m

_part

m

e nt.

F

i b

e r

d

e_po s

it

i

o n

m

o

d

e

ls

h

a v e

b

e e n

d

e v e

l

o_pe

d

,

w h i

c

h

c a

l

c u

l

ate

d

epo s

it

i

o n

fr

a ct

i

o n s

b

a s e

d

u_po n c ert a

in

_pa r a

m

ete r s. F

i b

e r c

h

a r a cte

ri

st

i

c s

,

w h i

c

h

a

f f

e ct

d

e

p

o s

it

i

o n,

in c

l

u

d

e

l

e n

g

t

h

,

d

ia

m

ete r, a n

d

de n sity and a r e oft e n u s ed to c alc ulate ae r od j ma

m ic

equ

i

v ale nt

d i

a

m

ete r s. T

h

e

fact or s o f r es_{p i}r at io n su ch a s tidal vo lu

m

e and r e s_{p i}r ato r_{y f}r e_qu enc_{y h}ave an ef fe ct o n fi b e r

d

e

_p

o s

i

t

i

o n.

G

en er a

l l

y, t

i d

a

l

v o

lu

m

e a

lo n e

h

a s

b

e e n u s e

d i

n

m

o

d

e

l

s

b

e c a u s e t

h

e hite

m

atio n a

l

C

o

m

m

i

s s

i

o n o n R a

d i

o

lo

_g

i

c al Pr ote ct

io n

₍

I C

R P

₎

c o n c

l

u

d

e

d

t

h

at t

h

e u s u a_{l p}

h

_ys

io

l

o _g

i

c a

l

ad

_j

u st

m

e nt to

d

e

m

a nds o f

i

n c r e a s e

d

v e nt

i la

t

io n

i

s to

in c r e a s e

the _t

i

dal v olu

m

e

m

o r e t

h

a n t

h

e

r e s_p

i

r ato r_{y f}r e_qu e n c _y, an

d

t

h

at c

h

a n ge s

i

n t

i d

al v o lu

m

e

w i

t

h

c onsta nt r e sp

ir a

to ry

fr

equ e n cy

sho ul

d

_pr o

d

u c e the _gr e ate st c

h

a n_ge s

i

n

d

e

_p

o s

i

t

io n

thr o u_g

h

o ut t

h

e r e s_p

ir a

to r_y s_y ste

m

.

(

Bate s

a n

d

ot

h

e r s 196 6

₎

E

l

e ctr o stat

i

c e

f f

e cts

w

e r e n ot

in c

l

u

d

e

d i

n t

h

e c a

l

c u

la

t

io n s o

f

a n_y

d

e

_p

o s

it

i

o n

m

o

d

els, hi a

d d i

t

i

o n

, t

h

e r e

is a

h

o st o

f i

n

d i

v

i d

u a

l

c

h

a r a cte r

i

s t

ic s

,

w h i

c

h w

o u

l d b

e e x pe cte

d

to

a

f f

e ct

d

e_po s

i

t

io n

, s u c

h

a s B

M

I, age, s e x , s

m

o

k i

ng statu s, etc. T

h

e s e pa r a

m

ete r s a r e n ot

i

n clude

d i

n a n_{y d}e_po s

i

tio n

m

odels r e v

ie

w

ed

fo r

th

is

te chn

i

c al r e_po rt.

(

A

sg ha r

i

a n a n

d Y

u

1 9 8 8 ; Be e c

k

m

a n s 1 9 7 2 ;

H

a r r

is a n

d

T

i m

br el l 1 9 7 5_;

H

a r r

i

s a n

d

Fr a s e r 1 9 7 6; Y u a n

d

othe r s

1 9 9 5

₎

T

h

e c u r r e nt r e s e a r c

h

a

_{i m}

s to a

_{p p ly}

a

l

i

m

_g

d

e_po s

i

t

i

o n

m

o

d

e

l

to s

iz e

-s

_p

e c

i fi

c T E

M

fi b

e r a e r o s o

l d

ata

i

n o r

d

e r to c r e ate a

f

r a

m

e

w

o r

k b

_y

w

h

i

c

h

n a s o_p

h

a r_yn

_g

e al, tr a che o

b

r o n c

h i

a

l

,

a n

d

_pu

l

m

o n a r_y

d

o s e

m

a_y

b

e e st

i m

a_te

d

.

T h

e u s e o

f

the s e

d

o s e e st

im

ate s

i

n e

p i d

e

m io

log

i

c

a n a

l

_ys e s

m

a_y

im

_pr o v e u

_p

o n the _pr e

d i

ct

i

v e c a

_p

a c

it

i

e s o

f

e x

i

st

i

n_g e x _po s u r e-_{r e s}

C H A

P T E R I I I

M

E T

H O

D

S

De

m

e nt a n

d

c ol le a_gu e s

(

2 0 0 7

₎

ha v e _pr e v

i

o u s_{l y d}e v elo_ped a

m

etho

d

to a

d

j

u st P C

M

f

i

b

e r c o n c e ntr at

i

o n s u s

i

n

_g

T E

M

an a

l

_ys e s o

f

a r ch

i

v e

d m

e

m

br a n e

f

ilte r s a

m

_p

l

e s c ol

l

e c te

d i

n a n

a s

b

e sto s te x t

i l

e _p

l

a nt

i

n

C h

a r

l

e sto n ,

S

o ut

h C

a r ol

i

n a,

U SA

.

C

o u nte

d f i b

e r s

w

e r e

m

e a s u r e

d

a n

d fi

t

i

n to

b i

v a r

i

ate

l

e n

_g

t

h/ d i

a

m

ete r c ate

_g

o r

i

e s. T

h

e pr o

p

o rt

i

o n o

f T

E

M

f

i

b

e r s

i

n a

g i

v e n

e x_po s u r e z o n e

(

w

h

i

c

h

c o r r e s_po n

d

e

d

c

l

o s e_{l y}

w i

t

h

te x t

i l

e

d

e_pa rt

m

e nts

)

,

w h i

c

h f

el l

i

n to a g

i

v e n

d i

a

m

ete r

/l

e n_{g t}

h

c ate_go r_y,

w

a s

d i

v

i d

e

d b

y t

h

e pr opo rt

i

o n o

f

a

l l

T

E

M

f

i

b

e r s

m

e a s u r e

d b

y P

C

M

to _pr o

d

u c e P

C

M

a

d

j

u st

m

ent

f

a cto r s.

(Q

u

i

nn an

d

ot

h

e r s 2 0 0 0

) W

h

e n t he P

C

M

f

a cto r s

w

e r e

m

u

l

t

i

_p

l i

e

d b

_{y t}

h

e

m

e a n

P C

M

e x _po s u r e s

₍

fi b

e r s > 5

_/

x

m /

c

m

^

)

f

o r _t

h

at e x_po s u r e z o n e, c o r r e cte

d

e st

i m

ate s o

f

e x _po s u r e

w

e r e _pr o

d

u ce

d

. Be c a u s e T

E

M

m

e a s u r e s t

h

e

fi b

e r s P

C

M

c an n ot

r el

i

ab

l

_y c o u nt, the

d i

str

i b

ut

i

o n

i

nclu

d

e

d fi

be r s sho rte r t

h

a n 5 fi

m

a n

d

t h

i

n n e r t

h

a n 0.2 5 [i

m

.

(

De

m

e nt a n

d

othe r s 2 0 0

7

)

T h

i

s

m

et hod w a s a_{p p l}

i

e

d

to the

fi

br o u s a e r o s ol c o

l l

e cte

d f

r o

m

t

h

r e e a s

b

e sto s te x t

i l

e

p

l

an ts

i

n

N

o rt

h C

a r o

l i

n a

fi

-o

m

1

9

6 4 to 1 9 7 1.

M

e

m b

r a n e

fi l

te r s

f

r o

m

e a c

h

p

l

a n t an

d

e xpo s u r e

z on e

w

e r e s

i

m

i l

a r

l y

a n a

l y

z e

d

u s

i

n

_g

T

E

M

. P

l

ants an

d

z one s a r e

l i

ste

d i

n

A p p

e n

d i

x

A

.

A m

o n_g the t

h

r e e _p

l

an ts, 2 2,7 8 4

f

i

b

e r s

w

e r e c o u nte

d

, c atego r

i

z e

d

, a n

d

u s e

d

to c a

l

c u late p

l

a n t,

z o n e,

d i

a

m

ete r c atego ry , an

d l

e n g t

h

c atego ry

-_s

8

A

l ite r atu r e r e vie

w w

a s c on du cted of a v ai lab le lun_g de_po si t io n

m

odels an d a

m

ode l

b

_{y R}o

b

e rt

H

a r r

i

s a n

d

c o

l l

e a

_g

u e s

w

a s s e

le c

te

d

.

(

Ha r r

i

s 1

9

7 2 ; H a r r

i

s an

d

T

im

b

re

l l

1 9 7 5;Ha r r

i

s

a n d Fr a s e r 1 9 7 6

)

In la r_ge _pa rt, t

h i

s

d

e c

i

s

i

o n

w

a s

m

ot

iv a

te

d b

y the a v a

i

la

b i l i

ty of

m

o

d

el

d

e_po sitio n e sti

m

ate s

i

n a n a c c e s s

i b

le

f

o r

m

. In a

d d it

i

o n, t h

i

s

m

o

d

el

i

s wel l kn o

w

n

in

the

s c eint

i f

i c c o

m

m

u n

i

t_y.

M

o

d

el

d

e

p

o s

i

t

io n

e sti mate s

f

o r

f

i

b

e r s o

f

a

l

l s

iz e s

w

e r e c o

l l

e cte

d

fr o

m

Ha r r

is

'

d i

s s e rtat

i

o n

₍

H

a r r

i

s 1

9

7 2

)

an

d

Har r

is a

n d T

i m b

r el

l

's _pu

b l i

c at

io n

(

H

a r r

i

s a n

d

T

i m b

r e

l l

1

9 7

5

₎

.

O

n

l

y

d

epo s

it

i

o n e st

i m

ate s u s

i

n

g

a t

i d

a

l

v o

l

u

m

e o

f

1,4 5 0 c

m

w

e r e s e

l

ec te

d

. T

h i

s

w

a s

cho s e n a s a r e_pr e s e ntat

i

o n o

f

the

m

o

d

e r ate _{p h y}s

ic a

l

e x e rt

io n

_ge n e r al l y r e_pr e s e ntat

i

v e o

f

t he

w

o r

k

.

(

A

n

d

e r s o n a n

d

ot

h

e r s 2

0 0 6

; B ate s a n

d

ot

h

e r s 1 9 6 6 ; D e

m

e nt 1 9 8

0

)

H

a r r

i

s

'

m

o

d

e

l

in c

lu

d

e

d

e st

im

ate s

f

o r o r

_d

e r e

d

a n

d

r a n

d

o

m

o r

i

e ntat

io n

b

ut o nl y

d

e_po s

i

t

i

o n e st

i

m

ate s

c o r r e s_po nd

i

n_g to the lat te r o r

i

e ntation

w

e r e u s e

d

a s the f i be r t_{y p}e in the s e _{p l}a nts

w

a s

c

h

r_ys ot

i l

e.

(

T

i m b

r e

l l

1 9

6 5

)

T

h

e

d

e_po s

it

i

o n e st

i m

ate s

fr

o

m

H

a r

ri

s

'

m

o

d

e

l

w e r e c o

l l

e cte

d i

nto t

h

r e e

S A S d

ata

fi le s

(

SA S

In st

i

tute In c.

2 0 0 8

)

in

w h i

c

h

t

h

e e st

i m

ate s

f

o r n a s op

h

a ryn ge a

l

, tr a c

h

e o

b

r on c

h i

a

l

, a n

d

pu

lm

o n a r _y

d

e_po s

i

t

io n

w

e r e o r

_g

a n

iz e

d

.

I

n o r

d

e r to c o n v e rt t he

d i

s c r ete e st

i m

ate s o

f

e a ch

f

i

l

e

in

to thr e e s

m

o oth

m

ode

ls

,

w

h

i

ch c o u

l d b

e ap p l

i

e

d

to o u r

fi b

e r

d

ata,

w

e u s e

d

t

h

e T P

S

P L I

N

E

p

r o c e

d

u re. T

h i

s

p

r o c e

d

u r e

fi

ts a n o npa r a

m

et

ri

c r e

g

r e s s

i

o n

m

o

d

e

l

an

d

c o

m

pute s s

m

o oth ing

s_p

l i

n e s to a

_p

_pr o x

i m

ate s

m

o ot

h m

u

l

t

iv a

ri

ate

fi m

c

ti

o n s.

(

SA S

In s

ti

tute In c. 1

99 9

)

T

h

e

e x_{p l}a n ato r_y v a

ri

a

b le s

w

e r e

fi b

e r

l

e n _gt

h

an

d

a e r o

d

_yn a

m i

c e_qu

iv a

l

e nt

d i

a

m

ete r

₍

De

₎

. T

h

e

r e s_po n s e v a

ri

a

b

le s

w

e r e n a s o_p

h

a r_yn_ge a

l

, tr a c

h

e o

b

r o n c

h i

a

l

, o r pu

l m

o n a ry

d

epo s

it

i

o n

9

S

i

n c e Ha rri s'

m

o

d

el u s ed

fi b

e r le n_gt

h

a n

d

a e r o

d

_yna

m i

c e_qu

i

v a

l

e nt

d i

a

m

ete r a s the

m

o

d

e_{l p}r e

d i

cto r s

f

o r de_po s

i

tio n,

w

e u s e

d H

a r

ri

s '

m

o

d

e

l

e x_pr e s s

i

o n

f

o r D e. T

h

e

f

o r

m

u

l

a

i

s

g

i

v e n

b

e

l

o

w

:

D

e =

(

2

>

d 1 2

)

^

_p

/

( [

0.

3

8 5

/

(

In 2

f

i

- ₀

.5

)]

+

[

1.2 3

/

(

hi 2

/

3

+ 0.5

) ] )

w

he r e :

d

=

_{d i}

_a

_m

_{ete r o}

_{f fi b}

_{e r}

p=

d

e n s

i

t_y of chr _ys oti le

f

ibe r= 2.7 g

/

c

m

^

(

K

u

m

z e r o v an

d

othe r s 2 0 0 4

₎

j

S

^ a s_pe ct r at

i

o=

l

e n_gth / d ia

m

ete r

T h

e T P

SP

L

I

N

E

d

e_po s

it

i

o n

m

o

d

e

l

s

w

e r e a_{p p}

l i

e

d

to e a c

h fi b

e r s

i

z e

b

_{y T E}

M

to _pr o

d

u c e

e sti

m

ate

d

n a s o_{p h}a r_yn_ge al, tr a che o

b

r o n ch

i

al, a n

d

pu

l

m

o n a ry

d

epo s

i

t

i

o n fi

-a ct

i

on s

(p

r o

b

a

b i l i

t

i

e s

)

. T

h

e

d

epo s

it

i

o n

f

r a ct

i

o n s

w

e r e a v e r age

d f

o r a

l l fi b

e r s

i

n a

l

e ng t

h/ d i

a

m

ete r

c ate_go r_{y t}o _pr o

d

u c e

m

e a n

d

e

_p

o s

i

tio n

f

r a ctio n s

in

2 4

d i

a

m

eter a n

d l

e n

_g

t

h

c ate_go

ri

e s

b

_y stu

d y

p lan t an

d

e x_po s u r e z o n e.

To

d

e

ri

v e r e_g

i

o n a

l

lu n_g

d

o s e e sti

m

ate s

f

r o

m

_{t h}e P

C

M

c o n c e ntr at

i

o n s t

h

e

m

e a n

f

r a ct

i

o n s

w

e r e the n

m

u

l

t

i

_p

l i

e

d b

_{y t}

h

e P

C

M

f

a cto r s to c r e ate

d

e_po s

i

t

i

o n

f

a cto r s.

T h

e

d

e_po s

i

t

i

o n

f

a cto r s

f

o r a

l l fi b

e r

-s

i

z e c ate_go

ri

e s

w i

t

h i

n e a c

h

_p

l

a nt a n

d

e x_po s u r e z o n e

w

e r e the n

s u

m

m

e

d

to _pr o v

i d

e a n o v e r a

l l d

e_po s

i

t

i

o n

f

a cto r

f

o r e a ch p la nt an

d

e x _po s u r e z o n e. T

h

e s e

f

a cto r s c an

b

e

m

u

_lt

_i

_{p l}

_i

e

d b

_y

d

a

i l

_y a v e r a_ge

P C

M

-

d

ete r

m i

n e

d fi b

e r c o n c e ntr atio n s a n

d

t

h

e

e st

i

m

ate

d i

n

h

a

l

e

d

a

i

r v o

l

u

m

e o v e r a

w

o r

k

s

h i ft

to _pr o

d

u c e e st

i m

ate s o

f d

o s e

(

f

i

b

e r s

d

e

_p

o s

i

te

d

i

n e a c

h l

u n _g r e_g

i

o n

)

f

o r

w

o r

k

e r s o

f

a _g

i

v e n ti

m

e a n

d

_j

o

b

c ate_go r_y.

T h

e u n

i

t

f

o r the s e

f

a cto r s

5 ; ' '

C

H A

P T E R I

V

y

' t

:

;

-s

r

^

_;

'

;

:^

-^/

;

: ,_^

;

>

-

_{: R E}

_SU

_{L T}

_S

'

,

"

' '

^ ^ : , ;

'

;

T he T P

SP L I

N

E

m

o

d

els fo r e a ch de_po s

i

t

i

o n z o n e a r e d

i

s

_{p l}

a_ye

d i

n F

i

_gu r e s 1, 2, a n

d 3

.

Pred i c t e d V a l u e of N a so

0 6 7

0 33

3 3 5

0 0 0 5 0 0

3 3 S

L eng t h

F i gu r e 1: Na s o_{p h}a r_yn_ge al

₍

N a s o

₎

D e_po sitio n b y Le n_gth a n d Ae r od yn amic E quiv ale nt D iamete r T he _{fi g}u r e r e_pr e s e nts the T P S P L IN E model, w h ich pr ed icts n a s op ha ryn ge al depo sitio n fr a ctio n s ba s edupo n the e x_{p l}a n ato r_yv a riab le s, fi be r le ngtha nd a e r od yn amic equiv ale nt d iamete r

s *

T

h

e n a s o_p

h

a r_yn _ge a

l m

o

d

e

l p

r e

d i

cte

d d

e

_p

o s

i

t

i

o n

i

n t

h

e

h

e a

d

, n o s e, a n

d

t

h

r o at to the

e

_{p i gl}

ot t

i

s.

A

s r o

d l

e n g t

h i

n c r e a s e

d

,

d

epo s

i

t

i

o n o

f fi b

e r s

i

n t

h i

s c o

m

p

a rt

m

e nt

b

e c a

m

e

pr o_gr e s s

i

v el y gr e ate r tha n

w h

at wo u

l d b

e e x _pe cte

d f

o r c o

m

_pa ct _pa rt

i

c

l

e s o

f

t

h

e s a

m

e

fT * ;_^^ - -**

^ : <rfi'

^

^_{t P}>_^^'

r.

-1 -1

#

b y inte r c e_ptio n o n n a s al hair s. Th is ef fe ct be c a

m

e n eg l i g i b le at h i g h equiv ale nt d ia

m

eters

be c a u s e a v e r

_{y l}

a r

_g

e

fr

a ct

io n

d

e_po s

i

te

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Len g t h

F igu r e 2: Tr a che obr o n ch ial

₍

Tr a ch

₎

De_po sitio n b y Le n_gtha nd Ae r od yn amic E quiv ale ntD iamete r T he fi gu r e r e_pr e s e nts the T P S P L I N E model,w h ich pr ed icts tr a che obr o n ch ial depo sitio n fr a ctio n s ba s ed upo n the

e x_{p l}a n ato r_y v a riab le s, fi be r le ngth a nd a e r od ynamic equiv ale nt d iamete r

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t

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P l

ant

2

,

Z

o n e

7

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