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A B

ST R A

CT

A L Y

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N

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a t e r c o n d i t i o n a t e a c h d i s i n f e c t a n t d o s e

2 4

T

a b l e

1 3

.

P

e r c e n t v a l u e r e p r e s e n t i n g g o o d n e s s -o f-f i t

a n d c h o s e n d i s i n f e c t i o n k i n e t i c m o d e l f o r e a c h

D A T A S E T

2 4

T

a b l e

1 4

C

h i c k-

W

a t s o n m o d e l

p a r a m et e r s a n d r e s u l t s f o r s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e f r o m z e r o o f t h e

S L O P E O F t h e l o g-l i n e a r R E G R E S S I O N L I N E

(7)

1

I

N

T R

O

D U

CT I

O

N

E

nte r

i

c

d i

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p

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l

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w

ate r

i

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r e a

d i ly

a v a

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e

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st

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f

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e

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e a

l

t

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r

g

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f

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e a

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w

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w i

t

h 1 5 m i U i

o n c

h il d d

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p

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(W

H O 2 0 0 9

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v e n

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m

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i

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y

1

.

1 O B JE

C

T

I VE

S

T h

e

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o a

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w i

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i

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t

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m i

c r o o r

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s,

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s c

h

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c

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B

a c

i l l

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d

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S

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a cte r

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g

e

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e r to

q

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R

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i

n c

i

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(

H i

s e r

2 0 0 9

,

K

o

m

a n

d

u r

2 0 11

)

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l w

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m

1

.

2

A P P R O A CH

1

.

2

.

1 E

x

p

e

r

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m

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n

t

a

l D

e s

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ll y d

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K

o

m

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(

2 0 1 1

)

a n

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r

m

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(

2 0 1 1

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i

n

w h i

c

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c o

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s c

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d

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w

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i m

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f

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p

to

6 h

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0 2 m g/ L

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a n

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m g / L

)

m

eta

l d

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a n

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p

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a s

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t

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m

p l

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k

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f 0

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d 3 6 0 m i

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S

a

m

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l w

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m

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ly

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d i l

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(8)

s a

m

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w

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d

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p

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.

1

.

2

.

2

M

e

t

a

l I

o n

D

o

sa

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e

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e

d

o s e o

f

c o

p p

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w

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i

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a s e

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e a

l

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r

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te

d

S

tate s

E

n v

i

r o n

m

e nta

l P

r ote ct

i

o n

A g

e n c

y

(

U S

E P A

)

p

u

b l i

s

h

e

d g

u

i d

e

l i

n e s

f

o r

d

r

i

n

k i

n

g w

ate r

q

u a

li

t

y

A d

a

il y d

r

i

n

k i

n

g w

ate r c o

p p

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i

nta

k

e v a

l

u e o

f 2

a n

d 1 3 m g/ L w

a s e sta

b li

s

h

e

d by

t

h

e

W

H O

a n

d

t

h

e

U S

E P A

, r e s

p

e ct

i

v e

l y

,

w h i

c

h m

a

k

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l l

o

w

a n c e

f

o r t

h

e a

d d i

t

i

o n a

l p

ote nt

i

a

l i

nta

k

e o

f

c o

p p

e r

f

r o

m

ot

h

e r s o u r c e s s u c

h

a s

f

o o

d

o r n utr

it

i

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l

s u

pp l

e

m

e nt

(W

H O 2 0 0 8

,

U S E P A

2 0 0 8

)

T h

e

d

r

i

n

k i

n

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nta

k

e

g

u

i d

e

l i

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f

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p p

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t h

at the

m

a x

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mu

m

d

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nta

k

e

f

r o

m

a

l l

c o

pp

e r s o u rce s o

f 10

m

i ll i g

r a

m

s

p

e r

d

a

y i

s n ot e x c e e

d

e

d

a n

d w il l

n ot

l

e a

d

to a

d

v e r s e

h

e a

lt

h

e

f f

e cts

(W

H O 2 0 0 4

)

T h

e

W

H O

a n

d U S

E P A

g

u

i d

e

l i

n e s

f

o r

d

a

il y i

nta

k

e o

f

z

i

n c

i

s

h i gh

e r t

h

a n c o

p p

e r, at

15

-

2 2

a n

d 7 4

-2 6 m g / L

, r e s

p

e ct

i

v e

ly

( W

H O

2 0 0 8

,

U S E P A 2 0 0 8

)

A lt

h

o u

g h

t

h i

s

m

a x

i

m

u

m d

a

i l y d

r

i

n

k i

n

g w

ate r

i

nta

k

e

f

o r z

i

n c

i

s

m

u c

h h ig h

e r tha n

f

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p p

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i

n c c o n c e ntr at

i

o n s e x c e e

d i

n

g 3 m g / L p

r o

d

u c e u n

p

a

l

ata

b l

e

d

r

i

n

k i

n

g w

ate r

( W

H O 2 00 3

)

F

o r t

h

e a

f

o r e

m

e nt

i

o n e

d

r e a s o n s, t

h

e c o

p p

e r a n

d

z

i

n c

i

o n

d

o s e c o n c e n tr at

i

o n s u s e

d h

e r e

w

e r e

0 2m g / L d

e s

i g

n ate

d

a s

t

h

e

10

%

d

o s e, a n

d 2 m g/ L d

e s

i g

n ate

d

a sthe

10 0

%

d

o s e

f

o r e a c

h

m

eta

l

.

1

.

2

.

3 T

e s

t

W

a

t

e r s

T h

e t

w

o

b

u

f f

e r e

d

te st

w

ate r s

w

e r e

d

e s

i g

n ate

d

a s "s

y

n thet

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c" a n

d

"o r

g

a n

i

c. "

T h

e s

y

nthet

i

c

w

ate r

w

a s

d

e

i

o n

i

z e

d

, a uto c

l

a v e

d w

ate r atr o o

m

te

m p

e r atu r e

(

2 5

°

C

)

c o nta

i

n

i

n

g 10 g / L

(

0

.

04 2

M

)

H E P E S b

u

f f

e r at

p H

7 2

±

0 3 p H

u n

i

ts

T h

e o r

g

a n

i

c

w

ate r

w

a s

p

r e

p

a r e

d i

n the s a

m

e

w

a

y

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h

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y

nt

h

et

i

c

b

ut

i

n c

l

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d

e

d

t

h

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d d it

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o n o

f 10 m i l l ig

r a

m

s o

f

s o

l id d

e

h y d

r ate c o

m b i

n e

d w it

h 10 m i ll i l it

e r s o

f

sto c

k

n atu r a

l l

a

k

e

w

ate r

p

e r

l it

e r o

f

te st s o

l

ut

i

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h i

e v e a

m

e a s u r e

d T

ota

l O

r

g

a n

i

c

C

a r

b

o n

(

T O C

)

c o n c e ntr at

i

o n o

f 11 8

m

g/ L i

n t

h

e o r

g

a n

i

c te st

w

ate r

T h

e n atu r a

l l

a

k

e

w

ate r

h

a

d

a

m

e a s u r e

d E l

e ctr

i

c a

l C

o n

d

u ct

i

v

i

t

y

(

E C

)

o

f 6 4 0 |

i

S /

c

m

(

c o r r e s

p

o n

d i

n

g

to a

T

ota

l D i

s s o

l

v e

d S

o

li d

s

(

T D S

)

c o n c e ntr at

i

o n o

f 3 2 p p m

)

S

e v e r a

l

stu

d i

e s r e

p

o rt t

h

at

p H

i

s a n

i

m

p

o rta nt

f

a cto r

i

n e

f fi

c a c

y

o

f

c o

p p

e r a n

d

s

i l

v e r

i

n c o ntr o

l l i

n

g L

e

g i

o n e

l l

a

b

a cte r

i

a

i

n

w

ate r

T h

at

i

s, at

p H

a

b

o v e

8

, t

h

e e

f f

e ct

i

v e n e s s o

f

c o

p p

e r

i

o n s

d

e c r e a s e s

(

L i

n

19 9 6

,

K im

2 0 0 3

,

B l

a n c

2 0 0 5

)

T h

e r e

f

o r e,

m

a

i

nta

i

n

i

n

g

a

p H

o

f 7 2

±

0 3 p H

u n

i

ts

i

n the e x

p

e r

i m

e nta

l d

e s

i g

n

w

a s e s s e nt

i

a

l

to

p

o s s

i b l y m

a x

i m i

z e a nt

i b

a cte r

i

a

l

a ct

i

v

i

t

y

.

1

.

2

.

4 P l

a

t i

n

g A

s s a

y

s

A

sta n

d

a r

d

s

p

r e a

d p l

ate c u

l

tu r e a s s a

y

u s

i

n

g

a n o v e

l

c u

lt

u r e

m

e

d i

u

m

,

d

e s c r

i b

e

d b

e

l

o

w

,

w

a s

d

e v e

l

o

p

e

d f

o r the

p l

atin

g

a n

d

c o u nt

i

n

g

o

f E

c o

l i

a n

d B

c ere u s c o

l

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y

-

f

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m i

n

g

u n

it

s

(

C P U

)

M

S

-

2 b

a cte r

i

o

p h

a

g

e

w

a s a s s a

y

e

d f

o r

i

n

f

e ct

i

v

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t

y

u s

i

n

g m

ate r

i

a

l

s a n

d

te c

h

n

i q

u e s

b

a s e

d

o n t

h

e sta n

d

a r

d E P A

-

d

e v e

l

o

p

e

d S i

n

g l

e

A g

a r

L

a

y

e r

(

S A L

)

p

r oto c o

l

(

U S E P A

2 0 0 1

)

B

a cte r

i

a s

p

r e a

d p l

ate s

w

e r e

i

n c u

b

ate

d f

o r

24 h

o u r s a n

d

c o

l

o n

y

-f

o r

m

i

n

g

u n

it

s

w

e r e c o u nte

d

a n

d

r e c o r

d

e

d

a s

C P U p

e r

m L

o

f

s a

m p l

e

L i k

e

w i

s e,

S A L p l

ate s

f

o r

M

S

-

2

a s s a

y

w

e r e

i

n c u

b

ate

d f

o r

2 4 h

o u r s a n

d p l

a

q

u e-

f

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m

i

n

g

u n

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ts

w

e r e c o u nte

d

a n

d

r e c o r

d

e

d

a s

P F U p

e r

m L

o

f

s a

m

p l

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2

L I

T E R

A

T

U R E R

E

V I

E

W

2

.

1

WA

T E R T

R EA T

M

E N T

I N D E V EL O

P

IN G C O U N

T

R IES

M

a n

y

o

p

t

i

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f

o r

w

ate r tr e at

m

e nt

i

n

d

e v e

l

o

p i

n

g

c o u ntr

i

e s

h

a v e

b

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d

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p

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d

a n

d i

m

p l

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d

at

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