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o n e

ff i

c

i

e n c

_y

o

f

a n

i m p

a cto r

(

u n

i

t

l

e s s

)

p

r e

d i

c_{t e}

d

a n

d m

e a s u re

d

tr a n s

f

e r e

ff i

c

i

e n c

_y

_, r e s

_p

e ct

i

v e

l y

(

u n

i

t

l

e s s

)

a

i

r ve

l

o c

i

t

_y

o

f

t

h

e

w i

n

d

tu n n e

l

(

ft /

s

)

ve

l

oc

i

t

y

o

f

a

i

r

fr

o

m H V

L P s

_p

r_a

_{y g}

u n

(

m /

s e c

)

r e

l

at

i

v e v e

l

o c

i

t_y o

f

a

i

r to

l i

_qu

i d fr

o

m

s

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r a_y

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u n

(

ft /

s e c

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v e

l

oc

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t

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f

a

i

r at

_{hy p}

ot

h

et

i

c a

l

n o z z

l

e

(

m /

s

)

d i

sta n c e

d

o

w

n str e a

m f

ro

m

t

h

e

h yp

ot

h

et

i

c a

l

c

i

r c u

l

ar

j

et

₍

m

₎

re

d

uc e

d d i

a

m

eter,

d

s o

/

M

M

D

V l l l

L I

S

T

O

F

SY

M

B

O

L

S

₍

c o n t in u ed

₎

G

r e e

k L

et te r s

o s u r

f

a c e te n s

i

o n o

f l i

_qu

i d

(

d

_yn e s

/

c

m

)

O

v c u

m

u

l

at

i

v e v o

lu

m

e

fr

e

q

u e n c

y f

o r a

p

a rt

i

c

l

e s

i

z e

d is

tr

ib

ut

i

o n

(

u n

i

tle s s

)

Ht, ixi v

i

s c o s

it

i

e s o

f

a

i

r an

d l i q

u

i d

, re s

p

e ct

iv e

l y

(

c e

n_t

i p

o

i

s e

)

y

rat

io o

f

s

_p

e c

ifi

c

h

e ats : c on_stan_t at

1

.

4 fo

r a

ir

(

u n

i

t

l

e ss

)

P

a,

p

i

d

e n s

it

i

e s o

f

a

i

r a n

d l i q

u

i d

, res

p

e ct

iv e

ly

(

Ib /ft

^

)

P

air

p

a rt

ic

le

o

f

a

ir

fr

o

m

s

p

r a_y

g

u n

(

k g / m

^

)

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p

a rt

ic

le

d

e n s

i

_{t y}

(k g / m

^

)

P

o

d

e n s

i

t

y

o

f

a

ir

in

the r e s e r v o

i

r

(

Ib/ ft

^

I

.

I N

T

R O

D

U C T

I

O N

T

h

e

h i g h

v o

l

u

m

e

lo

w p

re s su re

(

H

V L P

₎

s

_p

ra

_{y g}

u n

is a

s

_p

ec

i

a

l i

ze

d p i

e c e o

f

s

_p

r a

_y

p

a

i

nt

i

n

_g

e

_q

u

ip m

e nt t

h

at o

_p

e r ate s at

l

o

w

e r

_g

u n

_p

r ess u r e s a n

d

_pr o

d

u c e s

_g

r e ate r a

i

r

f lo

w

rates t

h

a n c o n v ent

i

o n a

l

s

_p

r a_y

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u n s.

W

hi l

e c o n v e nt

i

o n a

l g

u n s o

p

e r ate at t y p

i

c a

l

ca

p

pr e s s u r e s

i

n t

h

e r a n_ge o

f

5 0 to 6 0 ps

i

_g, t

h

e

H

V L P spr ay gu n

i

s

l i m it

e

d

to a

m

a x

i m

u

m

o

f

1 0

p

s

i g

at t

h

e

_g

u n c a

_p

.

A i

r

fl

o

w

r ate s

f

o r t

h

e

H V L P

s

p

ra

y g

u n c a n ex c e e

d 2

0 s c

fm

at

10 p

s

i g

.

C

o n v e nt

i

o n a

l g

u n s o n

l

_y

_p

r o

d

u c e a r o u n

d

1 4 to 1 6 s c

fi

n at t

h

e

i

r

m

a x

i m

u

m p

r e ssu r e r a n

_g

e. ^'_^

H V

L P s

_p

r a_y

_g

u n s

h

a v e a

l

s o

b

e e n r e

_p

o r te

d

to

h

a ve

_{h i g h}

e r tr a n s

f

e r e

f fi

c

i

e n c

i

e s t

h

an

c o n v e nt

i

o n a

l

s

_p

r a_y

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u n s ^ *^

_{T h}

e tr a n s

f

e r e

ff i

c

i

e n c_y o

f

a s

_p

r a

_{y g}

u n r e

_p

r e s e nts t

h

e

f

r a ct

i

o n o

f

m

a s s s_pr a_ye

d fr

o

m

t

h

e _gu n t

h

at

d

e_po s

i

ts o nto t

h

e

w

o r

k p i

e c e.

D

r o

p l

ets n ot

d

e

p

o s

it

e

d

o nto

t

h

e

w

o r

k

_p

i

e c e a r e te r

m

e

d

o v e r s

_p

r a_y a n

d h

a v e t

h

e

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ote nt

i

a

l

t o

b

e tr a n s_po rte

d i

nto t

h

e

w

o r

k

e r

'

s

b

r e at

h i

n

_g

z o n e T

h

u s, s

p

r ay

g

u n s

w it

h hi g h

e r tran s

f

e r e

ff i

c

i

en cy, s u c

h

a s t

h

e

H V

L P

g

u n,

h

a v e

l

o

w

e r r ates o

f

o v e r s

_p

ra

_y

a n

d

a r e

d

u c e

d p

ote ntia

l f

o r

w

or

k

e r e x

_p

o s u r e to

m i

sts

R

ec ent

w

o r

k h

a s

d

o c u

m

e nte

d

t

h

e r e

l

at

i

o n s

hi p b

et

w

e e n tr a n s

f

e r e

fl H

c

i

e n c_y a n

d w

or

k

er

ex

_p

o su re. ^^ ^^

C

a r

l

to n a n

d

F

l

_yn n

(

1

9 9

6

)

ha

ve

d

e v e

lo

_p

e

d

a

m

o

d

e

l

t

h

at

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r e

di

cts t

h

e

c o n c e ntr at

io

n o

f p

a rt

i

c

le s

i

n a

w

o r

k

e r's

b

r eat

hi

n

_g

z o ne a s a

f

u nc t

i

on o

f

t

h

e o v e r s

_p

r a

_y

g

e n e r at

i

o n r ate

H

e

i

t

b

r

i

n

k

et a

l

(

19 9 6

)

h

a v e s

h

ow n e x

_p

er

i m

e nta

l l y

t

h

at t

h

e

h i gh

e r tr a n s

f

er

e

ffi

c

i

e n c

i

e s a ssoc

ia

te

d w i

t

h H

V L P

_g

u n s c o r r e s

_p

on

d

to

l

o

w

er

w

o r

k

e r ex

_p

osu r e to

_p

a

i

nt

m is

ts a s

co

m p

a r e

d

to t

h

e tr a nsfer e

ffi

c

i

e n c

i

e s o

f

a con v ent

i

o n a

l

s

_p

r a

_{y g}

u n

Fr o

m

a n e n v

i

ron

m

e nta

l p

e r s

_p

e ct

i

v e,

h ig h

e r tr a n s

f

e r e

ffi

c

i

e n c

i

e s c a n r e

d

u c e t

h

e a

m

o u nt

o

f p

a

i

nt c o nsu

m

e

d

a n

d

t

h

e a

m

o u nt o

f

v o

l

at

i l

e o r

_g

a n

i

c c o

m p

o u n

d

s

(

V O C

s

)

e

m i

t te

d fr

o

m

s

_p

r a

_y

p

a

i

nt o

_p

e r at

i

o n s ^ '^

F

or _t

h

es e r e a s o n s,

H V L P g

u n s c a n

b

e u s e

d

a s c o ntr o

l

te c

h

n o

l

o

g

y.

O

n e

s u c

h

c a s e

i

s

i

n t

h

e

S

tate o

f C

a

l if

o r n

i

a,

w h i

c

h

r e

q

u

i

r e s t

h

at

H V L P

s

p

r a

y g

u ns

(

o r ot

h

e r s

p

ra

y

e

_q

u

ip m

ent c a

_p

a

bl

e o

f

ac

h i

e v

i

n

_g

a

6 5

%

transfer e

ffi

c

i

_{e n c}

y)

b

e u s e

d i

n su r

f

a c e c o at

i

n

_g

a_{p p}

li

c at

i

o n s ^^' *^

B e c a u s e o

f

t

h

e

_p

ote nt

i

a

l b

e n e

fi

ts o

f

a c

hi

e v

i

n

_{g hi g h}

e r tr a nsfe r e

ffi

c

ie

nc

i

e s

i

n s

_p

ra

_y

p

a

i

ntin

_g

o_pe r at

i

o n s,

m

et

h

o

d

s

f

o r qu a nt

if

y

i

ng tr a n s

f

e r e

ffi

c

i

e n cy

m

ay

b

e

i m p

o rta nt to s

p

r ay

2

e x a

m i

n e t

h

e

f

a cto r s t

h

at a

ff

e ct tr a n s

f

e r e

ffi

c

i

e n c_y a n

d

to

d

e v e

l

o

_p

a t

h

eo ret

i

ca

l m

o

d

e

l

to

p

re

d i

ct tr a n s

f

e r e

ffi

c

i

e n c_y

b

a s e

d

o n t

h

e

i

n e rt

i

a

l i m p

a ct

i

o n o

f p

a rt

i

c

l

e s o nto a

w

o r

k p i

e c e

n

. T

H

E

O R

E T I

C A

L

C O N S

m

E

R A

T I

O N

T

h

e a_{p p}

l i

c at

i

o n o

f

_pa

i

nt

fr

o

m

a s

_p

r a_y

_g

u n to a s u r

f

a c e c a n

b

e

m

o

d

e

l

e

d

a s a n

i m p

a ct

i

o n

_p

ro c e s s. In

i

t

i

a

l l

y, a spr a

y g

u n a to

m i

z e s

l i q

u

i d i

nto

d

r o

p l

ets,

w hi

c

h

a r e t

h

e n trans

_p

orte

d

to a

w

o r

k p i

e c e v

i

a

m

o

m

entu

m

o

f

t

h

e a

i

r

j

et

P

a

i

nt

d

ro

_{p l}

ets

w i

t

h

su

ffi

c

i

ent

i

nert

i

a

i m p

act u

_p

o n an

d

c o at t

h

e

w

or

k p i

e c e,

w h i l

e

p

art

i

c

l

e s

w i

t

h l

es s

i

n e rt

i

a

f

o

l l

o

w

t

h

e

a

i

r str e a

m

a n

d b

e c o

m

e

_p

art o

f

t

h

e o v e r s

_p

r a_y Fr o

m

t

h i

s s

i m p l i fi

e

d

o v e r v

i

e

w

o

f

t

h

e c o at

i

n

_g

p

r o c e s s_, a

m

o

d

e

l w

a s

d

e v e

l

o

_p

e

d

to

_p

r e

d i

ct t

h

e tr a n s

f

e r e

ffi

c

i

e n c

_y

o

f

t

h

e

H V

L P s

_p

r a

_{y g}

u n T

h

e v a r

i

o u s ste

_p

s o

f

t

h

e

i m p

a ct

i

o n

m

o

d

e

l

-ato

m i

z at

i

o n, tr a n s

p

o rt v

i

a

m

o

m

e ntu

m

,

i m p

a ct

i

o n_, a n

d

o v e r s

_p

r a

_y

- _{a r e}

d i

_{s c u s s e}

d i

_n

d

_eta

il i

_n t

hi

_{s s e ct}

i

_{o n}

.

2

. 1

A

to

m

iza tio n

T h

e

_p

e r

f

o r

m

a n c e o

f

a n ato

m i

z e r, s u c

h

a s t

h

e

H V L P

s

p

r ay

g

u n,

d

e

p

e n

d

s on

i

ts s

i

z e,

t

h

e

_g

eo

m

etr

_y

o

f

t

h

e n o z z

l

e, t

h

e

p h

ys

i

c a

l p

ro

p

e rt

i

e s o

f

t

h

e

l i q

u

i d b

e

i

n

g

ato

m i

z e

d

, a n

d

t

h

e

m

e

d i

u

m

e n v e

l

o

_{p i}

n

_g

t

h

e ato

m i

z e

d l i q

u

i d

^ '^

B

e c au s e o

f

t

h

e

l

o

w p

re s su re s as s o c

i

ate

d w i

t

h

a

H V L P

s

_p

r a

_{y g}

u n,

i

ts

g

e o

m

etr

y m

a

y

b

e

m

o r e c r

i

t

i

c a

l i

n ato

m i

zat

i

on t

h

an t

h

at o

f

a c on vent

i

ona

l

s

_p

r a

_{y g}

u n ^ '

' *^

F i g

u re

1

s

h

o

w

s a

s c

h

e

m

at

i

c o

f

t

h

e

H V

L P s

_p

r a

_{y g}

u n noz z

l

e

A

s s e e n

i

n t

h

e

fi g

u r e_, a

i

r

i

s

d i

sc

h

a r

_g

e

d

t

h

r o u

_{g h}

an an n u

l

u s s u r r o u n

d i

n

_g

t

h

e

l i q

u

i d

noz z

l

e.

A

to

m i

zat

i

o n o

f l i q

u

i d fr

o

m

t

h

e

H V L P

s

p

ra

y g

u n

oc c u r s a s t

h

e str e a

m

o

f l i q

u

i d i

s

d i

s c

h

a r_ge

d i

nto t

h

e s u r r o u n

d i

n

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c o

l

u

m

n o

f

r e

l

at

i

v e

l

_y

f

a st

m

o v

i

n

_g

a

i

r.

B

e c a u s e t

w

o

fl

u

i d

s a r e

i

n v o

l

v e

d

, t

h i

s t

y p

e o

f

ato

m i

z at

i

o n

i

s te r

m

e

d

t

w i

n -

fl

_u

i d

ato

m i

z at

i

o n

T h

e

H V L

P

_g

u n

i

s r e

f

e r r e

d

to a s a n e xte r n a

l

-

m i

_x

i

_n

g

ato

m i

z e r,

m

e a n

i

n

g

t

h

at t

h

e

h i g h

v e

l

o c

i

t_y a

i

r stre a

m i m p i

n

_g

e s on _t

h

e

l iq

u

i d

outs

i d

e t

h

e

l i q

u

i d d i

s c

h

a r

_g

e noz z

l

e ^

'_^

l i q

u

i d i

nto s

m

a

l l

e r

d

r o

_{p l}

ets.

V i

s c o s

i

t y a

f f

e cts

b

ot

h

t

h

e

d

r o

p

s

i

z e

d i

str

i b

ut

io

n an

d

t

h

e

fl

o

w

rate o

f l i q

u

i d

.

A

n

i

n c r eas e

i

n v

i

s c o s

i

t

y w i l l d

e c re ase t

h

e

R

e

y

n o

l d

s n u

m b

e r

(

R

e

)

a n

d

p

r e v e nt

i

ns ta

b i li

t

i

e s

i

n t

h

e

l i q

u

i d

j

et

D i

s

i

nte

_g

r at

io

n o

f

the

l i

_qu

i d

o c c u r s

w h

e n a e r o

d

_yn a

m i

c

f

orc es ex ce e

d

t

h

e s e c o n s o

l i da

t

i

n

_{g f}

o r c e s. ^^_^

T h

e

_p

a rt

i

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