Chapter 9 BDOL IC.ppt

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Unit 1: What is Biology? Unit 2: Ecology

Unit 3: The Life of a Cell

Unit 4: Genetics

Unit 5: Change Through Time

Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7: Plants

Unit 8: Invertebrates Unit 9: Vertebrates

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Unit 1: What is Biology?

Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life

Unit 2: Ecology

Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology

Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes Chapter 4: Population Biology

Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and Conservation

Unit 3: The Life of a Cell

Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life

Chapter 7: A View of the Cell

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Unit 4: Genetics

Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis

Chapter 11: DNA and Genes

Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics

Chapter 13: Genetic Technology

Unit 5: Change Through Time

Chapter 14: The History of Life

Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16: Primate Evolution

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Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria Chapter 19: Protists

Chapter 20: Fungi

Unit 7: Plants

Chapter 21: What Is a Plant?

Chapter 22: The Diversity of Plants

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Unit 8: Invertebrates

Chapter 25: What Is an Animal?

Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and

Roundworms

Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28: Arthropods

Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates

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Unit 9: Vertebrates

Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds

Chapter 32: Mammals

Chapter 33: Animal Behavior

Unit 10: The Human Body

Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter 36: The Nervous System

Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development

Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease

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The Life of a Cell

The Chemistry of Life

A View of the Cell

Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle

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Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell

9.1: The Need for Energy

9.1: Section Check

9.2: Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun’s Energy

9.3: Getting Energy to Make ATP

Chapter 9 Summary

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What You’ll Learn

You will recognize why organisms need a constant supply of energy and where that energy comes from.

You will identify how cells store and release energy as ATP.

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What You’ll Learn

You will compare ATP production in

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• Explain why organisms need a supply of energy.

Section Objectives:

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CELL ENERGY

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-fK

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• All living organisms must be able to obtain

energy from the environment in which they

live.

• Plants and other green organisms are able to

trap the light energy in sunlight and store it in the bonds of certain molecules for later use.

Cell Energy

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• Other organisms cannot use sunlight directly. • They eat green

plants. In that

way, they obtain the

energy stored in plants.

Cell Energy

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• Active transport, cell division, movement of flagella or cilia, and the production,

transport, and storage of proteins are some examples of cell processes that require

energy.

Work and the need for energy

• There is a molecule in your cells that is a

quick source of energy for any organelle in

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• The name of this energy molecule is

adenosine triphosphate or ATP for short.

• ATP is composed of an adenosine molecule with three phosphate groups attached.

Work and the need for energy

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• The charged phosphate groups act like the positive poles of two magnets.

• Bonding three phosphate groups to form

adenosine triphosphate requires considerable

energy.

Forming and Breaking Down ATP

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• When only one phosphate group bonds, a

small amount of energy is required and the

chemical bond does not store much energy. This molecule is called adenosine

monophosphate (AMP).

Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• When a second phosphate group is added, more energy is required to force the two groups together. This molecule is called

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• An even greater amount of energy is

required to force a third charged phosphate group close enough to the other two to form a bond. When this bond is broken, energy is released.

Forming and Breaking Down ATP

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• The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell when the molecule is broken down.

Adenosine

P P P

P

P P

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Forming and Breaking Down ATP

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• When ATP is broken down and the energy is released, the energy must be captured and

used efficiently by cells.

• Many proteins have a specific site where ATP can bind.

How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP

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• Then, when the phosphate bond is

broken and the energy

released, the cell can

use the energy for activities such as

making a protein or

transporting molecules through the plasma

membrane.

ATP

ADP

Protein _P _Energy

How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP

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• When ATP has been broken down to ADP,

the ADP is released from the binding site in the protein and the binding site may then be filled by another ATP molecule.

How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP

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Photosynthesis

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uixA

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Question 1

What is the primary difference in the ways that plants and animals obtain energy?

Answer

All living organisms need energy. Plants can trap light energy in sunlight and store it for later use. Animals cannot trap energy from sunlight and must eat plants that contain

stored energy.

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Question 2

Why does the formation of ATP require energy?

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One molecule of ATP contains three

phosphate groups, which are charged particles. Energy is required to bond the phosphate

groups onto the same molecule because they behave the same way that the poles of magnets do and repel groups with like charges. When the ATP molecule is broken down, the

chemical energy stored in it becomes available to the cell for life processes.

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Question 3

A molecule of adenosine that has one phosphate group bonded to it is ______. A. AMP

B. ADP C. ATP D. ACP

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The answer is A. AMP is adenosine monophosphate.

The addition and release of a phosphate group on adenosine diphosphate creates a cycle of ATP formation and

breakdown.

Adenosine

P P P

P

P P

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

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Question 4

What is the function of the protein molecule shown in this diagram?

ATP

ADP

Protein P Energy

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This protein molecule has a specific binding site for ATP. In order to access the energy stored

ATP, the protein molecule binds the ATP and uncouples one phosphate group. This action releases energy that is then available to the cell.

ATP

ADP

Protein _P _Energy

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• Relate the structure of chloroplasts to the events in photosynthesis.

Section Objectives:

• Describe light-dependent reactions.

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Trapping Energy from Sunlight

• The process that uses the sun’s energy to

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1. The light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy.

• Photosynthesis happens in two phases.

2. The molecules of ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions are then used to fuel the

light-independent reactions that produce simple sugars.

• The general equation for photosynthesis is written as 6CO₂+ 6H₂O→C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂

Trapping Energy from Sunlight

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Click image to view movie.

Trapping Energy from Sunlight

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The chloroplast and pigments

• To trap the energy in the sun’s light, the

thylakoid membranes contain pigments,

molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight.

• Although a photosystem contains several kinds of pigments, the most common is

chlorophyll.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

• As sunlight strikes the chlorophyll molecules in a photosystem of the thylakoid membrane,

the energy in the light is transferred to

electrons.

• These highly energized, or excited, electrons are passed from chlorophyll to an electron

transport chain, a series of proteins

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Light-Dependent

Reactions

Light-Dependent

Reactions

Sun

Chlorophyll passes energy down through the electron transport chain.

for the use in light-independent reactions

bondsP to ADP

forming ATP oxygen released splits H2O H+ NADP+ NADPH

Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.

Energized electrons provide energy that

• At each step along the transport

chain, the

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• This “lost” energy can be used to form ATP

from ADP, or to pump hydrogen ions into the center of the thylakoid disc.

• Electrons are re-energized in a second photosystem and passed down a second electron transport chain.

Light-Dependent Reactions

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• The electrons are transferred to the stroma of the chloroplast. To do this, an electron

carrier molecule called NADP is used. • NADP can combine with two excited

electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+) to become NADPH.

• NADPH will play an important role in the

light-independent reactions.

Light-Dependent Reactions

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CALVIN CYCLE

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Restoring electrons

• To replace the lost electrons, molecules of water are split in the first photosystem. This reaction is called photolysis.

Sun

Chlorophyll

2e

-H₂O

_1 O2 + 2H+ 2

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-• The oxygen produced by photolysis is

released into the air and supplies the oxygen

we breathe.

• The electrons are returned to chlorophyll.

• The hydrogen ions are pumped into the thylakoid, where they accumulate in high concentration.

Restoring electrons

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The Calvin Cycle

(CO2)

(Unstable intermediate)

ATP ADP + ADP +

(Sugars and other carbohydrates)

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• Carbon fixation The carbon atom from CO₂

bonds with a five-carbon sugar called ribulose

biphosphate (RuBP) to form an unstable

six-carbon sugar.

(CO2)

(RuBP)

• The stroma in chloroplasts

hosts the Calvin cycle.

The Calvin Cycle

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• Formation of 3-carbon molecules The six-carbon sugar formed in Step A

immediately

splits to form two

three-carbon

molecules.

(Unstable intermediate)

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• Use of ATP and NADPH A series of reactions

involving ATP and

NADPH from the light-dependent reactions

converts the three-carbon molecules into

phosphoglyceraldehyde

(PGAL), three-carbon

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• Sugar production One

out of every six

molecules of PGAL is transferred to the

cytoplasm and used in the synthesis of sugars

and other carbohydrates. After three rounds of the cycle, six molecules of PGAL are produced.

(PGAL)

(Sugars and other carbohydrates)

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• RuBP is replenished

Five molecules of PGAL, each with

three carbon atoms,

produce three

molecules of the five-carbon RuBP. This replenishes the RuBP that was used up, and the cycle can

continue.

P ADP+

ATP

(PGAL)

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The process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars is ________.

Question 1

D. photolysis

C. photosynthesis B. glycolysis

A. cellular respiration

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The answer is C. Photosynthesis happens in two phases to make simple sugars and convert the sugars into complex carbohydrates for

energy storage.

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The function accomplished by the light-dependent reactions is ________.

Question 2

D. conversion of sugar to PGAL C. carbon fixation

B. sugar production A. energy storage

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The answer is A. The light-dependent

reactions transfer

energy from the sun to chlorophyll, and pass energized electrons to proteins embedded in the thylakoid

membrane for storage in ATP and NADPH molecules.

Sun

Chlorophyll passes energy down through the electron transport chain.

for the use in light-independent reactions

bondsP to ADP

forming ATP oxygen released splits H2O H+ NADP+ NADPH

Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.

Energized electrons provide energy that

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The first step in the Calvin cycle is the ________.

Question 3

D. Bonding of carbon to ribulose biphosphate

C. Splitting of six-carbon sugar into two three-carbon molecules

B. production of phosphoglyceraldehyde A. replenishing of ribulose biphosphate

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The answer is D. The carbon atom from CO₂ bonds with a five-carbon sugar to form an

unstable six-carbon sugar. This molecule then splits to form two three-carbon molecules.

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How many rounds of the Calvin cycle must occur in order for one molecule of PGAL to be transferred to the cell’s cytoplasm?

Question 4

D. 4 C. 3 B. 2 A. 1

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The answer is C. Each round of the Calvin cycle produces two molecules of PGAL.

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• Compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation.

Section Objectives:

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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBl3

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Cellular Respiration

• The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called cellular respiration.

• There are three stages of cellular respiration:

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the

electron transport chain.

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Cellular Respiration

• The first stage, glycolysis, is anaerobic—no oxygen is required.

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Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound.

Glucose

2ATP 2ADP

2PGAL

4ADP + 4P

2NAD+

2NADH + 2H+

4ATP

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• Glycolysis is not very effective, producing only two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down.

Glucose

2ATP 2ADP

2PGAL

4ADP + 4P

2NAD+

2NADH + 2H+

4ATP

2 Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis

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• Before citric acid cycle and electron transport chain can

begin, pyruvic acid undergoes a series of reactions in

which it gives off a molecule of CO₂ and combines with

a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.

Pyruvic acid Outside the mitochondrion Mitochondrial membrane Inside the mitochondrion Pyruvic

acid Intermediate by-product NAD+

NADH + H+

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The citric acid cycle

• The citric acid cycle, also called the Krebs

cycle, is a series of chemical reactions similar to the Calvin cycle in that the

molecule used in the first reaction is also one of the end products.

• For every turn of the cycle, one molecule of

ATP and two molecules of carbon dioxide

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The Citric

Acid Cycle

The Citric

Acid Cycle

(Acetyl-CoA)

Citric acid NAD+

NADH + H+ O= =O

(CO2)

NAD+

O= =O (CO₂) ADP+ ATP FAD FADH2 Citric Acid Cycle NAD+

NADH + H+ Oxaloacetic acid

The

mitochondria

host the citric acid cycle.

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The citric acid cycle

• Citric acid The

two-carbon

compound acetyl-CoA reacts with a four-carbon

compound called

oxaloacetic acid to

form citric acid, a six-carbon

molecule.

Acetyl-CoA

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• Formation of CO₂ A molecule of CO₂ is formed,

reducing the

eventual product to a five-carbon compound. In the process, a

molecule of

NADH and H+ is

produced.

NAD+

NADH + H+

O= =O

(CO2)

The citric acid cycle

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• Formation of the second CO₂

Another molecule of CO₂ is released, forming a

four-carbon compound.

One molecule of ATP and a

molecule of

NADH are also

produced.

NAD+

NADH + H+

O= =O

(CO₂) ADP +

ATP

The citric acid cycle

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FADH2

NADH + H+

• Recycling of

oxaloacetic acid The four-carbon molecule goes through a series of reactions in which

FADH₂, NADH, and

H+ are formed. The

carbon chain is

rearranged, and

oxaloacetic acid is

again made available for the cycle.

NAD+

FAD

The citric acid cycle

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The electron transport chain

• In the electron transport chain, the carrier molecules NADH and FADH₂ gives up

electrons that pass through a series of reactions.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Enzyme Electron carrier

proteins

e

-NADH FADH₂ NAD+ FAD Electron pathway

4H+ + O 2

+ 4 electrons

H₂O H₂O

ADP + ATP

Inner membrane

Center of mitochondrion

Space between inner and outer

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• Overall, the electron transport chain adds 32 ATP molecules to the four already produced.

The electron transport chain

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Fermentation

• During heavy exercise, when your cells are without oxygen for a short period of time, an

anaerobic process called fermentation

follows glycolysis and provides a means to continue producing ATP until oxygen is

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Lactic acid fermentation

• Lactic acid fermentation is one of the

processes that supplies energy when oxygen

is scarce.

• In this process, the reactions that produced pyruvic acid are reversed.

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Lactic acid fermentation

• This releases NAD+ to be used in glycolysis,

allowing two ATP molecules to be formed for each glucose molecule.

• The lactic acid is transferred from muscle

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Alcoholic fermentation

• Another type of fermentation, alcoholic

fermentation, is used by yeast cells and some

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Comparing Photosynthesis and

Cellular Respiration

Comparing Photosynthesis and

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Food synthesized _{Food broken down}

Energy from sun stored in glucose Energy of glucose released Carbon dioxide taken in _{Carbon dioxide given off} Oxygen given off Oxygen taken in

Produces sugars from PGAL _{Produces CO2 and H}₂_O Requires light Does not require light

Occurs only in presence of

chlorophyll Occurs in all living cells

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What do the Calvin cycle and the Citric acid cycle have in common?

Question 1

D. From every turn of the cycle, two molecules of carbon dioxide are produced. C. Both generate ADP.

B. Both require input of ATP molecules.

A. The molecule used in the first reaction is also one of the end products.

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The answer is A. In the Calvin cycle, RuBP bonds to carbon in the first step and is

produced in the last step. In the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetic acid reacts in the first step and is recycled in the last step.

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The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP is called ________.

Question 2

D. the Calvin cycle

C. the light-independent reaction B. cellular respiration

A. photosynthesis

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The answer is B. Photosynthesis, light-independent reactions, and the Calvin cycle all occur in plants.

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The three stages of cellular respiration are ________.

Question 3

B. carbon fixation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

A. glycolysis, the Calvin cycle, and the electron transport chain

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The three stages of cellular respiration are ________.

Question 3

D. the light-dependent reactions, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain

C. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain

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The answer is C. The first stage is anaerobic, but the last two stages require oxygen to be completed.

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Which of the following yields the greatest net ATP?

Question 4

D. Cellular respiration C. Calvin cycle

B. Alcoholic fermentation A. Lactic acid fermentation

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The answer is D. Cellular respiration is far more efficient in ATP production than the fermentation reactions.

Comparison of Fermentation to Cellular Respiration

Lactic Acid Alcoholic Cellular respiration

glucose

glycolysis (pyruvic acid)

lactic acid

2 ATP

glucose glucose

glycolysis (pyruvic acid) glycolysis (pyruvic acid)

carbon dioxide

alcohol

2 ATP 38 ATP

water

carbon dioxide

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• ATP is the molecule that stores energy for easy use within the cell.

The Need for Energy

• ATP is formed when a phosphate group is added to ADP. When ATP is broken down, ADP and phosphate are formed and energy is released.

• Green organisms trap the energy in

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• Organisms that cannot use sunlight directly obtain energy by

consuming plants or other organisms that have consumed plants.

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• Photosynthesis is the process by which cells use light energy to make simple sugars.

• Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts of plant cells traps light energy needed for photosynthesis. • The light reactions of photosynthesis

produce ATP and result in the splitting of water molecules.

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Photosynthesis: Trapping the Sun’s Energy

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Getting Energy to Make ATP

• In cellular respiration, cells break down carbohydrates to release energy.

• The first stage of cellular respiration,

glycolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.

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Question 1

Name two differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

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Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Food synthesized _{Food broken down}

Energy from sun stored in glucose Energy of glucose released Carbon dioxide taken in _{Carbon dioxide given off} Oxygen given off Oxygen taken in

Produces sugars from PGAL _{Produces CO2 and H}₂_O Requires light Does not require light

Occurs only in presence of

chlorophyll Occurs in all living cells

Table 9.1 Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Although both processes use electron carriers and form ATP, they accomplish quite different tasks as shown in the table.

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Question 2

Choose the word from this list that does NOT belong with the others.

A. oxaloacetic acid B. FADH₂

C. Acetyl-CoA

D. ribulose biphosphate

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The answer is D. RuBP is utilized in the Calvin cycle; the others are part of the citric acid cycle.

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Question 3

Six molecules of glucose would give a net yield of _____ ATP following glycolysis.

A. 8 B. 16 C. 6 D. 12

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The answer is D. Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down.

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Question 4

In which of the following structures do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place?

A.

B.

C.

D.

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The answer is D. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

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Question 5

In which stage of photosynthesis is carbon

from CO₂ used to form a six-carbon sugar?

A. Calvin cycle B. glycolysis

C. citric acid cycle

D. electron transport chain

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(CO₂)

(Unstable intermediate)

ATP ADP + ADP +

(Sugars and other carbohydrates)

NADPH NADP+ (PGAL) (PGAL) ATP (PGAL) (RuPB) The answer is A.

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Question 6

What component of thylakoid membranes absorbs specific wavelengths of sunlight? A. electrons

B. pigments

C. chloroplasts D. mitochondria

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The answer is B. Pigments are arranged within the thylakoid membranes in photosystems; the most common pigment is chlorophyll.

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Question 7

Which of the following is a product of cellular respiration?

A. lactic acid B. alcohol

C. glucose

D. carbon dioxide

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The answer is D. Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are the products of cellular respiration.

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Question 8

Complete the concept map using the following terms: RuBP replenishing, formation of 3-carbon molecules, Calvin cycle, carbon fixation.

are steps in

which takes place in stroma

1 ₂ ₃

4

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Completed concept map should reflect carbon fixation, RuBP replenishing, and formation of 3-carbon molecules as steps in the Calvin cycle which takes place in stroma.

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