ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
*
First Part
Sentence
Page No.2
Page No. 3
Subject/Predicate Phrase/Clause
Page No. 4
Noun and Its kinds
Page No. 7
Pronoun and Its kinds
Page No. 10
Adjective and its kinds
Najm-ul-Huda School System
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
First Part
Sentence
Sentence:
A group of words in a certain arrangement which gives complete sense is called sentence. e.g.
Ali is working hard. He has bought a pen.
Kinds of sentences:
The kinds of sentences are given below. Assertive sentence Interrogative sentence Imperative sentence Exclamatory sentence Optative Sentence
Assertive Sentence:
A sentence that makes a statement is called an Assertive sentence. e.g. We are friends.
They work for the country.
The statement can be positive or negative. Positive Sentence:
A sentence that give positive statement. e.g. She worked hard. Negative Sentence:
A sentence that make negative statement. e.g. I shall not waste time.
Interrogative Sentence:
A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence. e.g. Where do you live?
Are you going there?
Imperative Sentence:
A sentence that expresses a command, order, request or advice is called an Imperative sentence. e.g. Be quiet.
Exclamatory Sentence:
Sentences which express some strong feelings or emotions such as joy, sorrow, regret, surprise, wonder etc., are called exclamatory sentences.
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
What a marvelous sight! How beautiful the flower is! Hurrah! We have won. Alas! She is no more.
Optative Sentence:
Sentences which express a keen wish, prayer, curse etc., are called Optative sentences.
May you live long! May God help you!
Subject & Predicate
The part of the sentence which name the person or thing we are speaking about is called the SUBJECT of the sentence. e.g.
He has a good memory.
In this sentence “He” is the subject of the sentence. &
The part which tells something about the Subject is called the PREDICATE of the sentence. e.g.
The earth revolves round the sun.
In this sentence “revolve round the sun” is the Predicate of the Subject “The earth.
Phrase
A group of words which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. e.g.
The sun rises in the east. It was a sunset of great beauty.
in the east (Phrase) of great beauty (Phrase)
Clause
A group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contain a Subject and a Predicate, is called a clause. e.g.
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
Parts of Speech
Words are divided into different kinds or classes according to their use are called Parts Of Speech.
1) Noun 2) Pronoun 3) Adjective 4) Verb 5) Adverb 6) Preposition 7) Conjunction 8) Interjection
Noun
Name of person, place or thing is called noun. Aslam , Pakistan , Cat
Noun Phrases
A Noun Phrase is a group of words that does the work of a Noun is called a Noun Phrase. e.g.
To win a prize is my ambition. We enjoy playing cricket.
(To win a prize) Noun Phrase (playing cricket) Noun Phrase
Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a group of words which contains a Subjects and a Predicate of its own, and does the work of a noun.
I expect that I shall get a prize. I do not know what he will do.
That I shall get a prize. What he will do.
Categories of Noun
Countable Noun
Countable nouns refer to people or things that can be counted. For example, a book, a table, a chair.
Uncountable Nouns:
Uncountable noun refer to people or things that cannot be counted. For example, tea , cream , milk , wind.
Kinds of Noun:
Common Noun:
The name of a common place, person or a thing is called as common noun. e.g. girl, book, pen, etc.
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
Proper Noun:
The name of a specific place, person or a thing is called proper noun. e.g. Lahore , The Holy Quran , etc.
Collective Noun:
The words that refer to a group of people or things are called collective noun. e.g. Police, team, flock, jury, herd, etc.
Material Noun:
It is the name of a matter or a substance of which anything is made. e.g. iron, cotton, milk.
Abstract Noun:
An abstract noun is the name of some quality, state or action considered apart from the object to which it belongs; as
Quality:--honesty, truth, kindness, wisdom. State:--Childhood , death , birth , poverty Action:--Love, theft, laughter.
Formation of Abstract noun:
Adjective Abstract Noun Verb Abstract Noun
Long Length Believe Belief
Strong Strength Laugh Laughter
Wide Width Serve Service
Young Youth Hate Hatred
True Truth Advise Advice
Proud Pride Die Death
Common noun Abstract Noun
King Kinghood Mother Motherhood Friend Friendship Author Authorship Thief Theft Pilgrim Pilgrimage The Noun: Gender
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
We know that living things are of either the male or the female sex.
Masculine Gender
A noun that denotes a male animal is said to be of the Masculine Gender. e.g. boy, lion, hero, king, man, brother, etc.
Feminine Gender
A noun that denotes a female animal is said to be of the Feminine Gender. e.g. girl, lioness, heroine, queen, woman, sister, etc.
Common Gender
A noun that either a male or a female is said to be of the Common Gender. e.g. parents, child, friend, thief, cousin, person, student, baby.
Neuter Gender
A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e., thing without life) is said to be of the Neuter Gender. e.g. book, pen, room.
The Noun: Number
Singular Number
A noun that denotes one person or thing, is said to be in the Singular Number; as, boy, girl, cow, bird, book, pen.
Plural Number
A noun that denotes more than one person or thing, is said to be in the Plural Number; as, boys, girls, cows, birds, books, pens.
The Noun: Case
Subjective/Nominative Case
When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the subject of the verb, it is said to be in the Subjective (or Nominative) Case. e.g. Ali threw a stone.
Objective/Accusative Case
When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the object of the verb, it is said to be in the Objective (or Accusative) Case. e.g. Ali threw a stone.
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
Pronoun is a word which is used in place of noun. For example, Quaid-e-Azam is our national hero. He was born is Karachi.
Kinds of Pronoun
Personal Pronoun
I, we, you, he, she, it, they are called personal pronoun because they stand for three persons.
Table Of Personal Pronouns
Nominative case Possessive case Objective case
First person I My/mine Me
we Our/ours Us
Second person You Your/yours You
Third person
He His Him
She Her/hers Her
It Its It
They Their/theirs Them
Possessive Adjectives from Pronoun
It will be seen that the Possessive Cases of most of the Personal Pronouns have two forms. Of these the forms my, our, your, her, their are called Possessive Adjectives because they are used with nouns and do the work of adjectives; as
This is my book. Those are your books. That is her book.
Reflexive Pronoun
We use Reflexive pronoun when the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject. e.g. He injured himself.
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
We make reflexive pronoun by adding “self/selves” to my, our, your, him, her, their, it.
My+self = Myself Our+selves = Ourselves Your+self = Yourself Her+self = Herself Him+self = Himself Them+selves = Themselves It+self = itself
Empathic Pronoun
If a Reflexive pronoun is used to emphasize upon something, it is called an emphatic pronoun. e.g. I myself saw a snake in the room.
Demonstrative Pronouns
The pronouns that are used to point out the object to which they refer are called demonstrative pronoun. e.g.
This book is mine. What was that noise?
All such people ought to be avoided.
Indefinite Pronouns
The pronouns which refer to persons or things in general way, but do not refer to any person or thing in particular way are called Indefinite Pronouns. e.g.
I will take you there one day. He is a man of few words. Some milk was spilt.
Interrogative Pronoun
Interrogative pronouns are used for asking questions. Like the words when, where, which, who, how, whom, why are Interrogative Pronoun. e.g.
Who is there? What is the matter?
I asked who was speaking.
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
The pronouns which refer to persons or things one at a time are called Distributive Pronoun. Each, either, neither, one. e.g.
Each of the men received a reward. Each took it in turn.
Either of you can go.
Relative Pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. e.g.
The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. In the above example, "who":
• relates to "person", which it modifies
• introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night" There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. In non-defining relative clauses, that is used for things. In defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information) that can be used for things and people.
Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:
example sentences
S=subject, O=object, P=possessive notes
d ef in in g r el a tiv e cl a u se s S
- The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
- The person that phoned me last night is my teacher.
That is preferable
- The car which hit me was yellow.
- The car that hit me was yellow. That is preferable
O
- The person whom I phoned last night is my teacher.
- The people who I phoned last night are my teachers.
- The person that I phoned last night is my teacher.
- The person I phoned last night is my teacher.
Whom is correct
but formal. The relative pronoun is optional.
- The car which I drive is old. - The car that I drive is old. - The car I drive is old.
That is preferable
to which. The relative pronoun is
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
optional.
P
- The student whose phone just rang should stand up.
- Students whose parents are wealthy pay extra.
- The police are looking for the car
whose driver was masked.
- The police are looking for the car
of which the driver was masked.
Whose can be used
with things. Of which is also possible. n o n -d ef in in g r el a tiv e cl a u se s S
- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.
- The car, which was a taxi, exploded.
- The cars, which were taxis, exploded.
O
- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very much, is my teacher.
- Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.
Whom is correct but
formal. Who is common in spoken English and informal written English. - The car, which I was driving at
the time, suddenly caught fire.
P
- My brother, whose phone you just heard, is a doctor.
- The car, whose driver jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.
- The car, the driver of which jumped out just before the accident, was completely destroyed.
Whose can be used
with things. Of
which is also
possible.
Adjective
The word that explains a noun or adds meaning to a noun is called an adjective. For example, soft grass.
Adjective Phrases
An Adjective Phrase is a group of words that does the work of an Adjective is called an Adjective Phrase. e.g.
The president was a wealthy man.
The president was a man of great wealth.
(wealthy) Adjective
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
The chief lived in a stone house.
The chief lived in a house build of stone.
(stone) Adjective
(build of stone) Adj Phrase
Adjectives Adjective Phrases
A golden crown A white elephant A jungle track A blank page A heavy load The Pakistani flag
A crown made of gold
An elephant with a white skin A track through the jungle A page with no writing on it A load of great weight The flag of Pakistan
Adjective Clauses
An Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subjects and a Predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective.
The umbrella with a broken handle is mine. (Adj Phrase) The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine.(Adj Clause)
Three Degrees of Adjective
Positive Degree
It shows the simple quality of an object. e.g. He is a wise boy.
Comparative Degree
It shows a higher degree of the quality and is used when two objects of the same kind or class are compared. e.g. I am taller than you.
Superlative Degree
It shows the highest degree of the quality and is used when one object is compared with all other objects of the same class. e.g.
He is the tallest boy in the class.
Formation of the Degrees
! " #$%&
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
Dark darker darkest
Strong stronger Strongest
Clever cleverer cleverest
'( ) *(+, - " ! " #$%&
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Able Abler Ablest
Brave braver bravest
Kinds of Adjectives
Adjective may be divided into following classes.Adjective of Quality
An adjective that tells us about the quality of the noun, known as Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of Quality, it tells us about the colour, shape, size or condition of a noun. e.g.
Karachi is a large city. He is an honest man. It is a heavy box.
Adjective of Quantity
An adjective that tells us about the quantity of the noun is called an Adjective of Quantity. An adjective of quantity tells us the quantity or amount, and that is 'how many' or 'how much'.; as
I ate some rice.
He showed much patience. You have no sense.
He did not eat any rice.
Adjective of Number/Numeral Adjectives
It shows how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a person or thing stands; as
The hand has five fingers. Few cats like cold water
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
Most boys like cricket.
Adjective of Number are of three kinds:
(i) Definite Numeral Adjectives, which denote an exact number; as,
One , two , three ,etc. These are called cardinals. First ,second ,third etc These are called ordinals.
A cardinal denotes how many and an ordinal denotes the order of things in a series.
(ii) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives, which do not denote an exact
number ;as
All , no, many ,few , some ,any , certain , several , sundry.
(iii) Distributive Numeral Adjectives, which refer to each one of a
number ;as ,
Each boy must take his turn. Every word of it is false. Neither accusation is true.
Possessive Adjectives
An adjective that tells us about the ownership of the noun is called a Possessive Adjective. It tells us that something belongs to a person or thing. as
This is my book. Those are your books. That is her book.
Demonstrative Adjectives
An adjective which specifies a noun called a Demonstrative Adjective; it is one that points out a fact about a person or thing. as
This boy is stranger than Adnan. I hate such things.
These mangoes are sour.
Interrogative Adjectives
An adjective which poses questions in an 'interrogative' manner is called an Interrogative Adjective. Like most adjectives, an interrogative adjective comes before a noun. As,
What manner of man is he? Which way shall we go? Whose book is this?
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
The word ‘a or an’ and ‘the’ are called Articles. They come before nouns. There are two Articles –a(or an) and the.
Indefinite Article
A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves indefinite( او ) the person or thing spoken of; as,
A doctor ; that is, any doctor.
The indefinite article is used before singular countable nouns, e.g, A book ,an orange , a girl
The verb
A verb is a word used to tell something about a person or thing .as, The girls were singing.
The watch has been found.
Transitive verb: A verb which denotes an action which passes
over from the subject to an object. The ants fought the wasps.
The horse kicked the man.
Intransitive verb: A verb that denotes an action which does not
pass over an object or expresses a state, as He ran a long distance.
The baby sleeps.
There is a flaw in this diamond.
Infinitive : The infinitive is the base of a verb, often preceded by to.
To err is human.
He refused to obey the orders. Birds love to sing.
Auxiliaries Verbs: The verbs which used with ordinary verbs to
make tenses are called auxiliary verbs ;as Be (am , is , was) , have , do , etc.
Modal Varbs: They are used before ordinary verbs and express
meanings such as permission , possibility , certainly and necessity. Can , could , may , might , will , would , shall , should ,must and ought.
Be : It is used in the formation of continuous tenses; as
He is working , I was writing.
Have : Have is used in the formation of perfect tenses; as
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
He has to move the furniture hiself.
Do: It is used to form the negative and interrogative of the simple
and past tenses; as He doesn’t work. Did he work?
Can: usually expresses ability or capacity ;as
I can swim across the river. Can you lift this box?
May: is used to express a wish; as
May you live long. May you secceed.
The Participle
Participle: A participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly
an Adjective.
Present Participle: which ends in – ing and represents an action as
going on or incomplete.
We met a girl carrying a basket of flowers.
Loudly knocking at the door , he demanded admission.
Past Participle: which represents a complete action or state of the
thing spoken of.
Deceived by his friend, he lost all hops. We saw a few trees laden with fruit.
The Gerund
A Gerund is that form verb which ends in –ing and has the force of a Noun and a verb.
Teach me swimming.
Giving is better than receiving.
Adverb:
An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an Adjective or another Adverb.
Kinds of Adverb:
Adverbs of frequency: adverb of frequency tell us how many times the work is done.
ی ٰد ا م
د ٓا ب م لو
Adverbs of manner: (Which shows how or in what manner)
For example, She writes neatly.
Adverbs of place: (Which shows where)
For example, The train will stop here.
Adverbs of time: (Which shows when)
For example, I am working now.
Adverb Phrases
An Adverb Phrase is a group of words that does the work of an Adverb is called an Adverb Phrase. e.g.
Ali ran quickly. (How?)
Ali ran with great speed. (How?)
(quickly) Adverb
(with great speed) Adv Ph He is coming now. (When?)
He is coming at this very moment.(When?)
(now) Adverb
(at this very moment) Adv Ph He fell down. (Where?)
He fell to the ground. (Where?)
(down) Adverb
(to the ground) Adverb Ph
Adverb Adverb Phrases
Bravely Beautifully Soon Swiftly In a brave manner In a beautiful style Before very long In a swift manner
-Preposition :
A preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else;as,
There is a cow in the garden. The girl is fond of music. A fair little girl sat under a tree.
Conjunction:
It is a word used to join words or sentences; as Arshad and Aleem are cousins.
I ran fast ,but missed the train.
Interjection :
It is a word which expresses some sudden feelings; as Hurrah!We have won the game.
