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(2) © Science Press 2007 First published 2007 Reprinted 2007 (twice), 2008, 2009 Science Press Private Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 Australia Tel: (02) 9516 1122 Fax: (02) 9550 1915 [email protected] www.sciencepress.com.au. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861.
(3) Contents Introduction. v. Verbs to Watch. vi. Dot Points Production of Materials. vii. The Acidic Environment. ix. Chemical Monitoring and Management. xi. Industrial Chemistry. xiii. Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation. xv. Questions Production of Materials. 1. The Acidic Environment. 45. Chemical Monitoring and Management. 101. Industrial Chemistry. 157. Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation. 207. Answers Production of Materials. 251. The Acidic Environment. 273. Chemical Monitoring and Management. 299. Industrial Chemistry. 325. Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation. 345. Appendix Data Sheet. 361. Periodic Table. 362. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry. iii. Contents.
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Science Press. Contents. iv. Dot Point HSC Chemistry.
(5) Introduction What the book includes ,QWKLVERRN\RXZLOO¿QGW\SLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQTXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVIRUHDFKGRWSRLQWLQWKH%RDUGRI6WXGLHV syllabus for the following topics in the Year 12 Chemistry course: . 3URGXFWLRQRI0DWHULDOV. . 7KH$FLGLF(QYLURQPHQW. . &KHPLFDO0RQLWRULQJDQG0DQDJHPHQW. . ,QGXVWULDO&KHPLVWU\. . 6KLSZUHFNV&RUURVLRQDQG&RQVHUYDWLRQ. Also included are typical experimental results for students to analyse if the third column of the syllabus indicates WKDWVWXGHQWVVKRXOGFDUU\RXWµ¿UVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQV¶ Format of the book The book has been formatted in the following way: 1. Main topic statement (column 1 of syllabus) 1.1etc Syllabus requirement from columns 2 and 3. 1RWHWKDWWKHQXPEHULQJRIWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVLVWKHDXWKRU¶VFKRLFHDQGKDVEHHQXVHGWRPDNHUHIHUHQFLQJ TXHVWLRQVDQGDQVZHUVFOHDUHU7KHLQGLYLGXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVDUHQRWQXPEHUHGLQWKHV\OODEXVWKH\DUHVLPSO\ EXOOHWHG±KHQFHRXUXVHRIµGRWSRLQWV¶ZKHQZHUHIHUWRWKHP 1.1.1 )LUVWW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV UHTXLUHPHQW 1.1.2 6HFRQGW\SLFDOTXHVWLRQZKLFKFRXOGEHDVNHGLQDQH[DPLQDWLRQIRUWKLVV\OODEXV UHTXLUHPHQWHWF 7KHQXPEHURIOLQHVSURYLGHGIRUHDFKDQVZHUJLYHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIKRZPDQ\PDUNVWKHTXHVWLRQPLJKWEH worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth one mark. Note that in PDQ\DQVZHUVWKUHHOLQHVKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRIZULWLQJUHTXLUHGH[FHHGVWZROLQHVEXWWKH chemistry involved is worth only one mark. How to use the book &RPSOHWLQJDOOTXHVWLRQVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDVXPPDU\RIDOOWKHZRUN\RXQHHGWRNQRZIURPWKHV\OODEXV You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams. :KHQZRUNLQJWKURXJKWKHTXHVWLRQVZULWHWKHDQVZHUV\RXKDYHWRORRNXSLQDGLIIHUHQWFRORXUWRWKRVH\RX NQRZZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRUHVHDUFKWKHZRUN7KLVZLOOSURYLGH\RXZLWKDTXLFNUHIHUHQFHWRZRUN\RXVKRXOG spend more time revising later, and allow you to spend your study time more productively.. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry. v. Introduction.
(6) Verbs to Watch account/account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions.. distinguish Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from, note difference between things.. analyse Identify components and the relationships among them, draw out and relate implications.. evaluate Make a judgement based on criteria. examine ,QTXLUHLQWR. apply Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation.. explain Relate cause and effect, make the relationship between things evident, provide why and/or how.. appreciate Make a judgement about the value of something.. extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.. assess 0DNHDMXGJHPHQWRIYDOXHTXDOLW\RXWFRPHV results or size.. extrapolate Infer from what is known.. calculate 'HWHUPLQHIURPJLYHQIDFWV¿JXUHVRULQIRUPDWLRQ. identify Recognise and name.. clarify Make clear or plain.. interpret Draw meaning from.. classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories.. investigate 3ODQLQTXLUHLQWRDQGGUDZFRQFOXVLRQVDERXW. compare Show how things are similar and different.. justify Support an argument or conclusion.. construct Make, build, put together items or arguments.. outline Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features.. contrast Show how things are different or opposite.. predict Suggest what may happen based on available data.. critically (analyse/evaluate) Add a degree or level of accuracy, depth, knowledge DQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJORJLFTXHVWLRQLQJUHÀHFWLRQDQG TXDOLW\WRDQDQDO\VLVRUHYDOXDWLRQ. propose Put forward (a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc) for consideration or action.. deduce Draw conclusions.. recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.. GH¿QH 6WDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIDQGLGHQWLI\HVVHQWLDOTXDOLWLHV. recommend Provide reasons in favour.. demonstrate Show by example.. recount Retell a series of events.. describe Provide characteristics and features.. summarise Express concisely the relevant details.. discuss Identify issues and provide points for and against.. synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole. Science Press. Verbs to Watch. vi. Dot Point HSC Chemistry.
(7) Production of Materials Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. 1.. Energy and raw materials from fossil fuels. 2. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Molar heats of combustion of alkanols. . 1.1. Ethylene (ethene) from petroleum. 2. 3.9. Calculating molar heat of combustion. 23. . 5HDFWLYLW\RIHWK\OHQH¶VGRXEOHERQG. . 3.10 Ethanol as a car fuel. 24. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Alkanes and alkenes with bromine water. . 3.11 Ethanol as an alternative fuel. 25 . 1.4. Ethylene as a monomer. 5. ) LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ Fermentation of glucose. 1.5. Polymers, e.g. polyethylene. 6. 3.13 Conditions for fermentation. 26. 1.6. Industrial production of polyethylene. 6. 3.14 Chemistry of fermentation. 26. 1.7. Modelling polymerisation. 8. (TXDWLRQIRUIHUPHQWDWLRQ. . 1.8. Vinyl chloride and styrene as monomers. 8. 4.. Energy from redox reactions. 27. 1.9. Properties and uses of polystyrene and PVC. 9. . )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ *DOYDQLFFHOOV. . . Materials from biomass. 11. LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 3RWHQWLDO ) difference of metals in an electrolyte. . 2. 2.1. Products of the petrochemical industry. 11. 4.3. Displacement of metals from solution. 28. 2.2. Development and use of a biopolymer. 11. 4.4. Activity of metals and displacement. 28. 2.3. Condensation polymers. 13. 4.5. Oxidation states. 29. 2.4. Formation of condensation polymers. 13. 4.6. Redox reactions in galvanic cells. 30. 2.5. Cellulose – a condensation polymer in biomass. 14. 4.7. Construction of galvanic cells. 31. 4.8. Components of galvanic cells. 32. 2.6. Cellulose – a source of commercial polymers. 15. 4.9. Calculations using the redox table. 33. . $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ. . 3.. Ethanol – use and manufacture. 17. 3.1. Dehydration of ethanol. 17. 3.2. Hydrolysis of ethylene. 18. 3.3. Modelling the dehydration and hydrolysis of ethylene. 18. 3.4. Industrial production of ethanol from sugar cane. 19. 3.5. Ethanol as a solvent. 3.6 3.7. 4.10 Chemistry and uses of batteries compared 35 $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ. . 5.. Nuclear chemistry. 39. 5.1. Stable and radioactive isotopes. 39. 5.2. Recent discoveries of elements. 40. 5.3. Production of transuranic elements. 41. 5.4. Production of commercial radioisotopes. 41. 5.5. Detection of radiation. 42. 20. 5.6. Radioisotopes in industry and medicine. 42. Ethanol as a fuel – a renewable resource. 20. 5.7. Radioisotopes – uses and properties. 42. . 5DGLRLVRWRSHV±EHQH¿WVDQGSUREOHPV. . Naming alkanols. 21. Answers to Production of Materials. 251. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry. vii. Production of Materials.
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Science Press. Production of Materials. viii. Dot Point HSC Chemistry.
(9) The Acidic Environment Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. 1.. Indicators. 46. 3.10 Calculation of pH. 68. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Natural indicators. . 3.11 Strong and weak acids – ionisation. 70. 6WURQJDQGZHDNDFLGV±HTXLOLEULXP. . 1.2. Indicators – colour changes. 47. 3.13 Strong and weak acids – calculating pH. 71. 1.3. Prepared indicators. 47. 3.14 Acids as food additives. 72. 1.4. Acidic, basic or neutral. 49. 4.. Acid/base theories. 73. 1.5. Acidity/basicity of household substances. 50. 4.1. Using secondary sources. 73. 1.6. Uses of indicators. 51. 4.2. Acidic oxides and the atmosphere. 53. Development of ideas about acids and bases – Lavoisier, Davy and Arrhenius. 73. 2. . 2[LGHVRIQRQPHWDOVDVDFLGV. . . %U|QVWHG/RZU\DFLGEDVHWKHRU\. . 2.2. Periodic Table and acidity of oxides. 53. 4.4. Conjugate acids and bases. 76. . /H&KkWHOLHU¶VSULQFLSOH. . 4.5. Conjugate acid/base pairs. 76. . )DFWRUVDIIHFWLQJHTXLOLEULXP. . . . 2.5. Solubility of carbon dioxide. 55. LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) pH of salt solutions. 2.6. Calculating gas volumes. 56. 4.7. Explaining pH of salts. 78. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Decarbonation of a soft drink. . 4.8. Amphiprotic substances. 79. 4.9. 79. Natural and industrial sources of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. 59. Neutralisation as a proton transfer reaction. Chemical reactions that release SO2 and NOX. 2.8. 7LWUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHV. . 60. )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7LWUDWLRQV. . 2.10 Formation and effects of acid rain. 60. 2.11 Evidence for changes in atmospheric oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. 61. ) LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7LWUDWLRQ of a domestic substance using FRPSXWHUEDVHGWHFKQRORJ\ 4.13 Neutralisation in accidents. 89. 2.12 Industrial origins of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. 62. 4.14 Buffers. 90. 3.. Acids and pH. . 2.9. 5.. (VWHUL¿FDWLRQ. 93. 63. 5.1. Alkanols and alkanoic acids. 93. LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Using pH meters or probes. . 5.2. Melting and boiling points of alkanols and alkanoic acids. 95. 3.2. Acids as proton donors. 63. . (VWHUL¿FDWLRQ. . 3.3. Common acids. 64. 5.4. Naming esters. 96. 3.4. Naturally occurring acids and bases. 64. . 8VHRIDFLGLQHVWHUL¿FDWLRQ. . 3.5. The pH scale. 65. . 5HÀX[LQJLQHVWHUL¿FDWLRQ. . 3.6. Concentrated and dilute acids. 66. . . 3.7. Strong and weak acids. 67. LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) 3UHSDUDWLRQRIDQHVWHUE\UHÀX[. . ,RQLFHTXDWLRQVIRUDFLGLRQLVDWLRQ. . 5.8. Esters – occurrence, production and uses. 99. 3.9. Modelling acids – molecular nature and ionisation. 68. 5.9. Esters – uses in foods and cosmetics. 99. Answers to The Acidic Environment. 273. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry. ix. The Acidic Environment.
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Science Press. The Acidic Environment. x. Dot Point HSC Chemistry.
(11) Chemical Monitoring and Management Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. 1.. The work of chemists. 102. 4.. Atmospheric chemistry and ozone. 129. 1.1. The work of chemists. 102. 4.1. 129. 1.2. Chemists – roles and chemical principles used. 103. Composition and layered structure of the atmosphere. 4.2. Atmospheric pollutants. 129. 1.3. Collaboration between chemists. 104. 4.3. Ozone in the atmosphere. 130. 1.4. Monitoring a chemical reaction. 104. 4.4. Formation of coordinate covalent bonds. 131. 2.. Monitoring in industry – the Haber process. 107. 4.5. Coordinate covalent bonds and Lewis structures. 132. 2.1. Industrial uses of ammonia. 107. 4.6. Allotropes of oxygen. 132. 2.2. Synthesis of ammonia. 107. 4.7. Oxygen allotropes – properties. 134. 2.3. Synthesis of ammonia – DQHTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQ. 107. 4.8. Isomers of haloalkanes. 134. 4.9. Modelling haloalkanes. 136. 2.4. Synthesis of ammonia – an exothermic reaction. 108. 4.10 CFCs and halons in the atmosphere. 137. Reaction rate and temperature. 109. 4.11 Changes in atmospheric ozone concentrations. 139. 2.5 . KH+DEHUSURFHVVDQG/H&KkWHOLHU¶V 7 principle. . 4.12 Destruction of atmospheric ozone. 141. 4.13 Problems associated with use of CFCs. 142. 2.7. The Haber process and pressure. 110. 4.14 Replacements for CFCs. 143. 2.8. The Haber process – a balancing act. 110. $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ. . 2.9. Development of the Haber process DQGLWVVLJQL¿FDQFH. 111. 5.. Monitoring the water supply. 145. 5.1. Ions in water. 145. . 'HWHUPLQLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\. . . )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ :DWHUWHVWLQJ. . 5.4. Monitoring water for heavy metals and eutrophication. 150. 5.5. The local water supply. 152. 5.6. Effectiveness of water management. 154. . 0LFURVFRSLFPHPEUDQH¿OWHUV. . 2.10 The Haber process and catalysts. 112. 2.11 Monitoring the Haber process. 113. $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ. . 3.. Chemical analysis. 115. . )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ )ODPHWHVWV. . 3.2. Monitoring ions in substances we use. 118. 3.3. Deducing ions present from test results. 119. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 6XOIDWH ) content of lawn fertiliser. . 3.5. Analysing reliability of results. 122. 3.6. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. 124. 3.7. Interpreting data from AAS analysis. 126. Answers to Chemical Monitoring and Management. 299. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry. xi. Chemical Monitoring and Management.
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Science Press. Chemical Monitoring and Management. xii. Dot Point HSC Chemistry.
(13) Industrial Chemistry Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. . OHFWURO\VLVRIPROWHQDQGDTXHRXV ( sodium chloride. . 4.4. Industrial production of sodium hydroxide by electrolysis. 183. 4.5. The mercury, diaphragm and membrane processes. 184. . 5.. 6DSRQL¿FDWLRQ. 189. . )LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 6DSRQL¿FDWLRQ . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ $QDO\VLQJDQ ) HTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQ. . . 6DSRQL¿FDWLRQ. . 5.3. Fats and oils to make soap. 190. 2.3. Effects of changes on HTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQV. 163. . /DERUDWRU\DQGLQGXVWULDOVDSRQL¿FDWLRQ . . 7KHHTXLOLEULXPFRQVWDQW. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) An emulsion, properties and uses. . . &DOFXODWLQJWKHHTXLOLEULXPFRQVWDQW .
(14) . . . . 2QO\WHPSHUDWXUHFDQFKDQJH.. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Soap as an emulsion. . $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ. . 5.7. Soap – structure and cleaning action. 193. 3.. Sulfuric acid. 171. 5.8. Soap as an emulsion. 194. 3.1. Industrial uses of sulfuric acid. 171. 5.9. 194. 3.2. Sulfuric acid ionisation. 171. Anionic, cationic and QRQLRQLFGHWHUJHQWV. 3.3. Safety using sulfuric acid. 171. 3.4. Transport and storage of sulfuric acid. 172. 3.5. Extraction of sulfur. 172. 3.6. Indusrial production of sulfuric acid. 174. 3.7. Reaction conditions – production of SO2 and SO3. 174. . DWHVRIUHDFWLRQDQGHTXLOLEULXP± 5 production of SO2 and SO3. . 3.9. Industrial production of H2SO4 – chemistry and output. 176. 1.. Resources and replacements. 158. 1.1. A natural resource (not a fossil fuel). 158. 1.2. Shrinking world resources. 159. . $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ. . 2.. Equilibrium and the equilibrium constant. 161. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 0RGHOOLQJDQ ) HTXLOLEULXPUHDFWLRQ. . ) LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ Reactions of H2SO4. . 3.11 Reactions of H2SO4 – an oxidising and dehydrating agent. 178. 4.. Sodium hydroxide. 179. . *DOYDQLFDQGHOHFWURO\WLFFHOOV. . . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Electrolysis of sodium chloride. . 5.10 Soaps and synthetic detergents. 195. 5.11 Environmental impacts of soaps and detergents. 196. 6.. The Solvay process. 199. 6.1. The Solvay process – raw materials. 199. 6.2. Uses of sodium carbonate. 199. 6.3. The Solvay process – steps and chemistry. 199. 6.4. The Solvay process – environmental issues. 201. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) The Solvay process. . 6.6. Calculations involving the Solvay process. 202. 6.7. Location of a chemical plant using the Solvay process. 204. . $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQV. . Answers to Industrial Chemistry. 325. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry. xiii. Industrial Chemistry.
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Science Press. Industrial Chemistry. xiv. Dot Point HSC Chemistry.
(16) Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation Dot Point. Page. Dot Point. Page. 1.. The ocean as an electrolyte. 208. 4.6. Cathodic protection. 232. 1.1. Minerals in oceans. 208. 4.7. 233. 1.2. Electron transfer in redox reactions. 208. Cathodic protection – chemistry and uses. 1.3. Redox reactions occur when ions are free to move. 209. 4.8. Applications of cathodic protection. 234. 5.. Corrosion in a sunken ship. 235. , PSDFWRI*DOYDQL'DY\)DUDGD\ and electron transfer reactions. . 5.1. Solubility of gases. 235. . *DVHVGLVVROYHGLQRFHDQV. . . :RUNRI*DOYDQL'DY\DQG)DUDGD\. . 5.3. Solubility of gases and depth of oceans. 237. . $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ. . 5.4. Temperature and corrosion rates. 237. 2.. Ships of metal. 213. . Rusting of iron. 213. LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Rate of corrosion. . 2.1 2.2. Conditions for rusting. 214. 5.6. Predicting corrosion rates at depth. 239. . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Corrosion of iron and steel. . . $SSOLHGTXHVWLRQ. . 6.. Corrosion at depth. 241. 2.4. Composition and properties of steel. 218. . Composition, properties and uses of a range of steels. 219. LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 5DWHRI ) corrosion and acidity. . 2.5. 6.2. Acidity and corrosion rates. 242. 2.6. Iron and steel in ships. 219. 6.3. Corrosion at depth. 243. 2.7. Corrosion of active and passivating metals. 220. . 6XOIDWHUHGXFLQJEDFWHULDDQGFRUURVLRQ. . 7.. Electrolytic cells. 221. Salvage, conservation and restoration of artefacts. 245. 3. 3.1. Electrolysis – anode and cathode reactions. 221. 7.1. Artefacts from shipwrecks are saturated. 245. 7.2. Factors affecting electrolysis. 224. Evaporation of a saturated solution from artefacts. 245. 3.2 . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Rate of electcrolysis. . 7.3. Electrolysis to remove salts from artefacts. 246. 4.. Corrosion in a marine environment. 227. 7.4. History of ship construction – materials used. 227. Electrolysis to clean and stabilise metal artefacts. 247. 4.1. 7.5. LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Corrosion rate of metals and alloys. . Chemical procedures to clean, preserve and stabilise artefacts. 247. . 7.6. Protection of metal hulls. 228. RHVWRUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVXVHG in Australian projects. . 4.3 . LUVWKDQGLQYHVWLJDWLRQ ) Prevention of corrosion. . Answers to Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation. 345. 4.5. Using the redox table to predict corrosion. 231. . Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry. xv. Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation.
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Science Press. Shipwrecks, Corrosion and Conservation. xvi. Dot Point HSC Chemistry.
(18) DOT POINT Production of Materials. Science Press. Dot Point HSC Chemistry. 1. Production of Materials.
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