F O U RT H E D I T I O N
L I N D A H O L T Z SC H U E
HO L T ZS C HU EU N D E R ST A N D I N G
UNDER
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COL OR
AN INTRODUCTION FOR DESIGNERS
F O U R T H ED IT ION 4-COLOR GLOSSY
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
ENHANCE YOUR SKIL L S FOR WORKING WITH COL OR
Now in an updated Fourth Edition, Understanding Color helps you connect the dots between your emotional, intuitive responses to color and the theories that explain them. Through authoritative, easy-to-follow instruction, you’ll learn how to use color more comfortably, creatively, and effectively than ever before.
Take your work to the next level by exploring how different light sources affect color rendition, how placement changes color, how to avoid costly color mistakes, and how to resolve the color problems that frequently confront design professionals. This Fourth Edition is full of powerful new features that refl ect the latest issues in color and design, including:
■ Nearly 35 percent of content expanded and revised ■ Coverage of a broad range of design disciplines
■ Ideas from the major color theorists that reinforce one another, rather than an approach
emphasizing what is correct or incorrect
■ Discussion of color created by traditional media and digital design, and the issues that
arise when design moves from one medium to another
■ Innovative coverage of color marketing issues
■ Helpful tips for using color in the working environment
■ An online workbook contains valuable exercises to reinforce color concepts
Understanding Color, Fourth Edition is an unparalleled source of authoritative information and practical solutions
for students and professionals in all fi elds of design.
LINDA HOLTZSCHUE is Principal of Linda Holtzschue and Associates, an interior design fi rm based in
New York City. She has taught color theory and related courses at Parsons School of Design, where she also served as an assistant dean; the Fashion Institute of Technology; and the School of Visual Arts. Her work has appeared in the New York Times Magazine and Better Homes and Gardens.
Design/Graphic Arts/General
978-0470-38135-9
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UNDERSTANDING COLOR
An Introduction for Designers
Fourth Edition
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DEDICATION
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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PREFACE
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Dedication
Acknowledgments
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1
An Introduction to Color Study
The Experience of Color 2 Color Awareness 4 The Uses of Color 7 Color-Order Systems 8 Color Study 12
Chapter 2
A Little Light on the Subject
Light 18
Additive Color: Mixing Light 20 Lamps 22
Lighting Level 25
CONTENTS
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VIII
Vision 26
The Illuminant Mode of Vision 27 The Object Mode of Vision 27 Subtractive Color: Colorants 28 Lamps and Color Rendition 31 Metamerism and Matching 32 Modifying Light: Surface 33
Transparent, Opaque, and Translucent 36 Iridescence 36
Luminosity 37
Indirect Light, Indirect Color 37 Modifying Light: Filters 38
Chapter 3
!!The Human Element
The Sensation of Color 44 Threshold 46
Intervals 46
The Perception of Color 49
Physiology: Responding to Light 50 Healing and Color 53
Synaesthesia 54
Psychology: Responding to Light 54 Naming Colors 55
Color as Language: From Name to Meaning 57 Impressional Color 61
Color as Words Alone 61
Chapter 4
The Vocabulary of Color
Hue 69
The Artists’ Spectrum 71
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Contents IX
Primary, Secondary, and Intermediate Colors 72 Saturated Color 72
Other Spectrums, Other Primaries 73 Chromatic Scales 74
Cool and Warm Colors 74 Analogous Colors 75 Complementary Colors 76
Tertiary Colors: Chromatic Neutrals 77 Black, White, Gray 78
Value 79
Value and Image 79 Transposing Image 81 Pure Hues and Value 82 Tints and Shades 83
Monochromatic Value Scales 84 Comparing Value in Different Hues 86 Saturation 87
Saturation: Diluting Pure Hues with Gray 87
Saturation: Diluting Pure Hues with the Complement 88 Tone 90
Chapter 5
The Instability of Colors
The Instability of Colors 94 Color Composition 95
Ground and Carried Colors 96 Placement and Color Change 97 Equilibrium 98
Simultaneous Contrast 99
Afterimage and Contrast Reversal 101 Complementary Contrast 102
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X
Ground Subtraction 104
Color and Area: Small, Medium, Large 107
Chapter 6
Illusion and Impression
Optical Illusions 112 Color Illusions 113 The Illusion of Depth 113 Spatial Effects of Colors 116 Transparence Illusion 118 Fluting 121 Vibration 122 Vanishing Boundaries 123 Luminosity 124 Bezold Effect 125 Optical Mixes 126
Chapter 7
Color Theory: A Brief History
Setting the Stage 132
The Beginnings of Color Theory 133 Color and Controversy 136
The Scientifi c Model: Color Gets Organized 138 Color by Numbers 142
A New Perspective 145
! !
Chapter 8
Color Harmony
In Search of Beauty 150 Intervals and Harmony 152 Hue and Harmony 153
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Contents XI
Value and Harmony 154 Saturation and Harmony 156 Major and Minor Themes 158 Some Harmonious Conclusions 159 On Beyond Harmony: Dissonant Colors 160 High-Impact Color 161
The X-tra Factor: Surface and Harmony 162
Chapter 9
Tools of the Trade
It’s the Real Thing: Color in Product and Print 168 Design Media 171
Artists’ Media 172 Subtractive Mixing 174 Tinting Strength 176 Color Printing 177
Chapter 10
The Medium of Light
Then and Now 187 Images of Light 187 Lost in Translation 189 The Screen Display 192 Color Management 195 Color Display Modes 197
Presentation: Screen and Print 200 Color on the Web 202
Web Color Coding 204 Emerging Media 208
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XII
Chapter 11
The Business of Color
The Color Industries 213 Producing Color 213 Color Sampling 214 Color Forecasting 215
Color and Product Identity 217 Palettes, Color Cycles, and History 219 Traditional Colors 221
Infl uences on Palettes 223
Glossary 230
Bibliography 246
Index 252
Online Workbook (www.wiley.com/go/understandingcolor4e)
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Contents XIII
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Chapter 1 3
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N"'(% "9 % (:0% >"$<% "9 % (:0% 40'&-,% &,4*'($&0'% ("4+6% &'% 4",0% &,% &)+-0'% "9 % 4&$0/(% #&-:(.% ",% +% )",&("$.%9"$%2$"4*/('%(:+(%>&##%*#(&)+(0#6%50%2$"4*/04%+'%-""4'%"$%2$&,(04%2+-0'7%B$0%(:0% '/$00,%&)+-0%+,4%(:0%2$"4*/(%(:0%'+)0%/"#"$O%!+,%(:06%50%(:0%'+)0%/"#"$O%C:&/:%",0%&'% (:0%K($*0L%/"#"$%D%(:0%",0%",%(:0%'/$00,.%"$%(:0%",0%(:+(%&'%(:0%+/(*+#%"5;0/(O%8'%(:0$0%'*/:% +%(:&,-%+'%+%K($*0L%/"#"$%+(%+##O
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
An Introduction to Color Study 4
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
Color Awareness
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
!"#"$%"&'#()!%*+,--...0
Chapter 1 5 Figure 1-2. ;$83"6$/+$1#7&,676"(& ?:0%/"#"$'%"9 %(:0% ,+(*$+#%0,3&$",)0,(% +$0%/")2#01%+,4% 50+*(&9*#7%?*6164"#@*& ,6-"1+.:&60 &?*:773.&A6.+& ?*6164"#@*:B&C+5&D6"%& E&F+:&G+.1( Figure 1-1. ;$83"6$/+$1#7&H676"(& !"#"$%'*$$"*,4'%*'%+(% +##%(&)0'.%>:0(:0$%(:0% '0((&,-%&'%)+,=)+40% "$%,+(*$+#7%?*6164"#@*& ,6-"1+.:&60 &?*:773.&A6.+& ?*6164"#@*:B&C+5&D6"%& E&F+:&G+.1( !"#"$%"&'#()!%*+,--...& !"#"$%"&'#()!%*+,--...& %%/$/%!...012$.34%%/$/%!...012$.34
An Introduction to Color Study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igure 1-4. I"#@*3,&H676"(%!"#"$%+44'%)0+,&,-%("%(:0%>$&((0,%>"$47 Figure 1-3. J=>+,1&H676"(& Q,0120/(04%/"#"$%&,%,+(*$+#% 20+$#'%+44'%'*$2$&'0%+,4% &,4&3&4*+#&(6%("%+%/#+''&/% ;0>0#$6%9"$)7%K+5+7":&9+.34$& =:&L-M:&N""3$416$( !"#"$%"&'#()!%*+,--...5 !"#"$%"&'#()!%*+,--...5 %%/$/%!...012$.34%%/$/%!...012$.34
Chapter 1 7
The Uses of Color
!"#"$%&'%$0/"-,&R04%*,&30$'+##6%+'%+%,+(*$+#%/")2",0,(%"9 %50+*(67%?:0%F*''&+,%#+,-*+-0% >"$4%9"$%"+9%:+'%(:0%'+)0%$""(%&,%W#4%F*''&+,%+'%(:0%>"$4%9"$&=+#-130-77%T*(%/"#"$'%+$0%9+$% )"$0% (:+,% ;*'(% 50+*(&9*#S% (:06% +$0% -.+0-7(% !"#"$% /+,% 50% *'04% ("% /"))*,&/+(0% &40+'% +,4% 0)"(&",'.%("%)+,&2*#+(0%20$/02(&",.%("%/$0+(0%9"/*'.%("%)"(&3+(0%+,4%&,"%*0,/0%+/(&",'7
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!"#"$%/+,%)"4&96%(:0%20$/02(&",%"9 %'2+/0.%/$0+(&,-%&##*'&",'%"9 %'&R0.%,0+$,0''.%'02+$+(&",.%"$% 4&'(+,/07%!"#"$'%/+,%50%/:"'0,%("%)&,&)&R0%"$%"5'/*$0%"5;0/('%+,4%'2+/0'.%"$%("%40#&,0+(0% FIGURE 1-5. H676"&H6$8+:.&)669(&B,% "99=50+(%/")5&,+(&",% "9 %/"#"$'%20$90/(#6% 012$0''0'%(:0%04-6% )"40$,&(6%"9 %P3"$+<A'% Y&+,"%!",/0$("%&,%V% N&,"$7%%O/#4+&,6-"1+.:& 60 &H#"3$&I679=+"4&2+.34$( !"#"$%"&'#()!%*+,--...6 !"#"$%"&'#()!%*+,--...6 %%/$/%!...012$.34%%/$/%!...012$.34
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Color-Order Systems
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<+,*$3,#7P.,3+$13!&,&.:.1+/.%+$0%(:0%2$"3&,/0%"9 %'/&0,/0%+,4%&,4*'($67%?:06%)0+'*$0%/"#"$%*,40$% '20/&!%/%+,4%#&)&(04%/",4&(&",'7%N"'(%40+#%>&(:%(:0%/"#"$'%"9 %#&-:(.%,"(%(:0%/"#"$'%"9 %"5;0/('7% W,0% )0+,'% "9 % )0+'*$&,-% (:0% /"#"$% "9 % #&-:(% &'% 56% 40(0$)&,&,-% (:0% 01+/(% (0)20$+(*$0% &,% 40-$00'%b0#3&,%GbH%"9 %+%2&0/0%"9 %)0(+#.%/+##04%+%5#+/<5"46.%+'%&(%:0+('%*27%?:0%/"#"$%"9 %+% 5#+/<5"46%/:+,-0'%+(%'20/&!%/%(0)20$+(*$0'.%'"%(:+(%K/"#"$%(0)20$+(*$0L%&,%(:0%'/&0,(&!%/% '0,'0%$090$'%("%(:0%2"&,(%&,%40-$00'%b%+(%>:&/:%(:0%5#+/<5"46%/:+,-0'%/"#"$%+'%&(%:0+('.%9$")% 60##">.%("%$04.%("%5#*0.%("%>:&(07
?:0% 8,(0$,+(&",+#% !"))&''&",% ",% 8##*)&,+(&",.% <,">,% +'% (:0% !8I.% "$% !"))&''&",% 8,(0$,+(&",+#0%40%#AI/#+&$+-0.%:+'%4030#"204%+%/"#"$%($&+,-#0%(:+(%#"/+(0'%(:0%/"#"$%G&,%40-$00'% b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
An Introduction to Color Study 10
B,"(:0$%'6'(0).%(:0%!"#"$%F0,40$&,-%8,401%G!F8H.%03+#*+(0'%(:0%>+6%&,%>:&/:%+%-&30,%#&-:(% '"*$/0%$0,40$'%(:0%/"#"$'%"9 %"5;0/('%&,%/")2+$&'",%("%+%/:+$(%"9 %0&-:(%'(+,4+$4&R04%/"#"$'7% !"#"$'% +$0% ;*4-04% &,% $0#+(&",% ("% 4+6#&-:(.% +,4% &,/+,40'/0,(% #&-:(% &'% $+(04% +'% 50'(% 9"$% &##*)&,+(&,-%(:0%,+(*$+#%>"$#4%50/+*'0%"9 %&('%'&)&#+$&(6%("%4+6#&-:(7
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Chapter 1 11
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An Introduction to Color Study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!"#"$%&'%(%)&'*(#%+,-+$&+./+0%(%'+.'(1&".%"2 %#&341%14(1%/(.."1%5+%)+$&!%+6%57%"14+$%'+.'+'8%."1% 57%1"*/40%1('1+0%'9+##0%"$%4+($&.3:%;%/"#"$+6%!"#$%&%/(.%5+%1"*/4+60%5*1%&1%&'%14+%"5<+/1%&1'+#2 % 14(1%&'%1(.3&5#+0%."1%&1'%/"#"$:%!"#"$%4('%."%-47'&/(#%'*5'1(./+: !"#"$'% ($+% ."1% ".#7% &.1(.3&5#+0% 14+7% (#'"% /4(.3+% /".'1(.1#7:% =)+$7".+% 4('% +,-+$&+./+6% 5*7&.3%(.%($1&/#+%"2 %/#"14&.3%(.6%($$&)&.3%4"9+%1"%!%.6%14(1%&1%&'%(%6&22+$+.1%/"#"$%14(.%&1% '++9+6%1"%5+%&.%14+%'1"$+0%"$%'+#+/1&.3%(%-(&.1%/"#"$%(.6%5+&.3%('1".&'4+6%(1%14+%!%.(#%$+'*#1:% =)+.%14+%'($)%"2 %(%/"#"$%&'%*.'1(5#+:%;%.*95+$%"2 %-+"-#+%#"">&.3%(1%14+%'(9+%14&.3%"21+.% 6&'(3$++%(5"*1%+,(/1#7%?4(1%/"#"$%&1%&': @4+%&.'1(5&#&17%"2 %/"#"$%4('%(%.*95+$%"2 %/(*'+':%@4+%!%$'1%"2 %14+'+%&'%14+%?(7%&.%?4&/4%/"#"$'% ($+%3+.+$(1+6%57%#&3410%$+"%+/1+6%2$"9%'*$2(/+'0%(.6%'+.'+6%57%14+%4*9(.%+7+:%@4+%/"#"$%"2 % (.%"5<+/1%&'%."%9"$+%-+$9(.+.1%"$%(5'"#*1+%14(.%14+%#&341%*.6+$%?4&/4%&1%&'%'++.:
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Light / Additive Color: Mixing Light / Lamps /
Lighting Level / Vision / The Illuminant Mode of
Vision / The Object Mode of Vision / Subtractive Color:
Colorants / Lamps and Color Rendition / Metamerism
and Matching / Modifying Light: Surface / Transparent,
Opaque, and Translucent / Iridescence / Luminosity /
Indirect Light, Indirect Color / Modifying Light: Filters
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Chapter 2 19
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Chapter 2 21
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`% 1?"% -($1'% $+6% (.6% ".+% -($1% 3$++.% -$"6*/+%"$(.3+:%;##%4*+'0%&./#*6&.3% )&"#+1'% (.6% 5$"?.'% 14(1% ($+% ."1% 2"*.6%('%?()+#+.314'%&.%14+%)&'&5#+%'-+/1$*90%/(.%5+%-$"6*/+6%&.%#&341%57%9&,&.3%14+%#&341% -$&9($&+'%&.%6&22+$+.1%-$"-"$1&".':L
B4&1+%"$%/"#"$+6%#&341%'++.%('%(%$+'*#1%"2 %(%/"95&.(1&".%"2 %?()+#+.314'%&'%/(##+6%(.%)(('&'-$/ 8'G&31$%"$%)(('&'-$/%!*!19%G;66&1&)+K%&'%(%3""6%6+'/$&-1&".%"2 %14+%$+(#&170%5+/(*'+%.+?%/"#"$'%"2 % #&341%($+%/$+(1+6%('%?()+#+.314'%($+%(66+6%1"%+(/4%"14+$: BLUE BLUE RED GREEN RED GREEN CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW
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Figure 2-4.!H'G'0+/?'+,&9!@4+%#&341%-$&9($&+'0%$+60%3$++.0%(.6%5#*+%($+%9&,+6% 1"%2"$9%14+%'+/".6($&+'%/7(.%O5#*+[3$++.P0%9(3+.1(%O5#*+[$+6P0%(.6%7+##"?: !"#$%&$'(#)*!+,-.//000+&A Little Light On The Subject 22
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