DRTC Seminar ( 1 1 ) ( 1 9 7 4 ) . P a p e r E.
STANDARDS FOR USE IN THE PLANNING OF LIBRARY AND DOCU-MENTATION SYSTEMS : COMPARATIVE DATA PROM INDIA, UK,
USA, and CANADA.
M A GOPINATH, Documentation Research,.and T r a i n i n g C e n t r e I n d i a n S t a t i s t i c a l I n s t i t u t e , B a n g a l o r e 5 6 0 0 3 .
S t a n d a r d s f o r l i b r a r y work and s e r v i c e form a n e s s e n t i a l b a s e f o r p l a n n i n g o f l i b r a r y and documentation s y s t e m s . Areas amenable f o r s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n a r e m e n t i o n e d . Forms of s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n , methods o f s e t t i n g u p s t a n -d a r -d s , impe-diments f o r performance s t a n -d a r -d s a r e p r e s e n t e d . Some i m p o r t a n t s t a n d a r d s f o r
t h e p r o v i s i o n o f l i b r a r y s t a f f o n t h e b a s i s o f l i b r a r y s t o c k , c u r r e n t a c q u i s i t i o n r a t e , number o f r e a d e r s t o b e served and f i n a n c i a l
p r o v i s i o n i n d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s , a r e g i v e n . S u g g e s t s a c o n s c i o u s u t i l i s a t i o n o f t e c h n i q u e s
i n work s t u d y , t i m e study and t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f ergnomics f o r t h e development o f p e r f o r -mance s t a n d a r d s . P l a n n i n g o f l i b r a r y and d o c u m e n t a t i o n systems can be made more r e l i a -b l e i f w e have a w e l l t e s t e d performance s t a n d a r d s .
1 LIBRARY STANDARDS
S c i e n t i f i c management o f l i b r a r y work and s e r v i c e have l e d t o t h e f o r m u l a t i o n and e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f s t a n -d a r -d s f o r l i b r a r y work an-d s e r v i c e . For b r e v i t y , w e s h a l l b e u s i n g t h e term ' L i b r a r y s t a n d a r d ' t o d e n o t e s t a n d a r d s f o r l i b r a r y work and s e r v i c e . T h i s a l s o i n c l u d e s s t a n d a r d s needed f o r documentation work and s e r -v i c e . L i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s a r e h e l p f u l i n p l a n n i n g ,
Library Standards for Planning E2
Introduction, to,Standard for South African .Public
L i b r a r i e s ( 35 )» which s a y s , L i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s may be defined a s the c r i t e r i a b y which . . . l i b r a r y s e r v i c e s may be measured and a s s e s s e d . They are determined by p r o f e s s i o n a l l i b r a r i a n s i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n and maintain t h e o b j e c t i v e s they have s e t themselves. S t a n d a r d s cay be i n t e r p r e t e d v a r i o u s l y as t h e p a t t e r n of an i d e a l , a model p r o c e d u r e , a measure f o r a p p r a i s a l , a s t i m u l u s f o r t h e f u t u r e development and improvement, and as an instrument t o a s s i s t d e c i s i o n and a c t i o n not only t o l i b r a r i a n s themselves, but by laymen concerned i n d i r e c t l y with the i n s t i t u t i o n ' s planning and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of l i b r a r y s e r v i c e s . The adoption of it does n o t imply a l o s s of i n d i v i d u a l i t y , a curb to i n i t i a t i v e or a p a t
-t e r n -t o • which a l l . . . l i b r a r y developmen-t mus-t con-form . . . " L i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s evolved in a s y s t e m a t i c manner only a f t e r the second world war. And p r o f e s s i o n a l
l i b r a r y a s s o c i a t i o n s , g o v e r n m e n t departments and
s t a n d a r d o i n s t i t u t i o n s are promoting the formulation of l i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s .
2 STANDARDS FOR PLANNING OF LIBRARY SYSTEMS
L i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s provide an e s s e n t i a l base f o r planning of l i b r a r y s e r v i c e s . They provide a u n i t of measurement f o r a p a r t i c u l a r work or s e r v i c e . T h e r e f o r e ,
e s t a b l i s h i n g l i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s has become an important p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r t h e planning p r o c e s s . Performance s t a n d a r d s u s u a l l y (1) provide on o b j e c t i v e b a s i s f o r d e c i s i o n making; (2) aid t h e e q u i t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n of work while d e l e g a t i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ; (3) provide an o b j e c t i v e t e s t for t h e measurement of e f f e c t i v e n e s s of d i f f e r e n t methods of doing a work, or of s o l v i n g a problem; (4) provide a b a s i c g u i d e l i n e f o r manpower
E2 Gopinath p l a n n i n g ; ' (5) provide a u n i t of measurement f o r c o s t and time a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e ; (6) provide a means f o r work s i m p l i f i c a t i o n and thereby i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i v i t y ; and (7) promote f a s t e r and p r e c i s e communication of i d e a s among l i b r a r i a n s and l i b r a r y p l a n n e r s .
3 AREAS FOR LIBRARY STANDARDS
Most of t h e l i b r a r y work is of a r e p e t i t i v e and • r o u t i n e t y p e . I t has been e s t i m a t e d t h a t 6 0 p e r c e n t o f a l l l i b r a r y work i s q u a n t i f i a b l e . However, c e r t a i n p r o f e s s i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s such as book s e l e c t i o n and r e f e r e n c e s e r v i c e w i l l c o n t i n u e t o defy p r e c i s e measure-ment and q u a n t i f i c a t i o n , and t h e r e f o r e ore out of bounds f o r s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n . The d i f f e r e n t a r e a s amenable f o r s t a n d a r d i s a t i o n a r e a s f o l l o w s ;
1 Document s t o c k ;
2 Technical p r o c e s s i n g ;
3 L i b r a r y manpower recquirement; 4 Financial provision
5 L i b r a r y housing ( i n c l u d i n g such i t e m s a s l o c a t i o n , l a y o u t , windows, end p h y s i c a l a m e n i t i e s s a r v i c e i n r e s -pect o f l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g such a s u n i t r a c k s , b a y - g u i d e s , books t r o l l e y , e t c ) ;
6 L i b r a r y form d e s i g n ; end 7 L i b r a r y c a t a l o g u e d s s i r n .
However, t h e v a r i o u s s t a n d a r d s r e l a t i n g t o l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g and f u r n i t n r e , l i b r a r y f o r m d e s i g n , l i b r a r y c a t a l o g u e d e s i g n , have been l e f t out o f d i s c u s s i o n i n t h i s p a p e r .
4 FORMS OF STANDARDISATION
library Standards for Planning E6
p r i n c i p l e . S p e c i f i c a t i o n s t i p u l a t e s dimensions and o t h e r q u a l i t i e s of a product or a commodity, such as a book, a catalogue c a r d , e t c . Majority of l i b r a r y
standards are in the form of g u i d e l i n e s , which give a s e t of models or p a t t e r n s as norms f o r l i b r a r y work and s e r v i c e . They a r e u s u a l l y f l e x i b l e and a r e adaptable to d i f f e r e n t c o n t e x t s and n a t i o n a l and r e g i o n a l environments.
5 METHODS OF SETTING STANDARDS
There a r e s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t ways of e s t a b l i s h i n g s t a n d a r d s . They may be based on the production
s t a t i s t i c s of p a s t performance, work sampling d a t a , time study d a t a , standard time d a t a , or by s u b j e c t i v e measures. However, d i f f e r e n t methods of s e t t i n g s t a n
-dards may have d i f f e r e n t margins of t o l e r a n c e . Judgment w i l l have to be exercised in choosing the a p p r o p r i a t e method for s e t t i n g up s t a n d a r d s for d i f f e r e n t areas of l i b r a r y work and. s e r v i c e . Before s o t t i n g up s t e w a r d s , the u n i t s of work measurement must be i d e n t i f i e d , de-fined and s t a n d a r d i s e d . Some of t h e f a m i l i a r work u n i t s
in l i b r a r y work and servic« are: Document, Reader, Cata-logue Card, Reference Questions asked, and items of b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l d e t a i l s , e t c . The s t a n d a r d s for tech-n i c a l s e r v i c e s catech-n be expressed as tech-norms itech-n t e r e s of time and u n i t s of work accepted by g e n e r a l consent as a reasonable performance by an experienced l i b r a r i e s / documentalist. A majority of l i b r a r y standards preva-l e n t now a r e a r r i v e d at by consensus of opinions and e s t i m a t i o n s .
6 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS AND FORKING CONDITIONS
Performance s t a n d a r d s vary with d i f f e r e n t working c o n d i t i o n s , environments, and other f a c i l i c i e s . The
E6 Gopinata
types of c o n s t r a i n t s t h a t can a f f e c t performance can be seen from a case s t u d y done by C B Clapp (6)
in r e s p e c t of c a t a l o g u i n g . According to him, the f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s could c o n t r i b u t e to the poor p e r -formance of a c a t a l o g u e r :
1 Poor equipment;
2 Great d i s t a n c e between p o i n t s w i t h i n t h e scope o f every-day a c t i v i t i e s ;
3 Lack of a c c e s s to r e f e r e n c e t o o l s ; 4 T o l e r a t i o n of d i s o r d e r l i n e s s ; 5 Use of c a u s t i c c r i t i c i s m ;
6 Inadequate c o o p e r a t i o n by s u p e r i o r s and c o o r d i -n a t i -n g departme-nts i -n f u r -n i s h i -n g i-nformatio-n o r making d e c i s i o n s ;
7 Improper assignment of d u t i e s ;
8 Neglect of p o s s i b i l i t i e s of U3ing low-priced people on some work;
9 Want of a simple system of dealing with p o r t i o n s of the m a t e r i a l coming for c a t a l o g u i n g ;
10 Too much a p p l i c a t i o n of maximum, i n s t e a d of minimum, s t a n d a r d s of treatment in c l a s s i f y i n g , c a t a -l o g u i n g , s h e -l f -l i s t i n g end marking:
11 F a i l u r e to d i s c r i m i n a t e between the permanent and the temporary, and between the p r i s t i n e and the already indexed and described,
12 Over-meticulousness in unimportant m a t t e r s ; 13 I n a b i l i t y to p l a c e r e l i a n c e on o t h e r s ;
14 UnadEptiveness to new work or methods; and 15 Slowing down in boring a s s i g n m e n t s .
T h e r e f o r e , the performance s t a n d a r d s should be formulated f o r each s i t u a t i o n , b e a r i n g in mind t h e v a r i o u s f a c i l i t i e s p r o v i d e d . The p r o f e s s i o n a l bodies
l i b r a r y Standards for Planning E711
guidelines in r e s p e c t of the performance for profes-s i o n a l work. Even when profes-standardprofes-s are developed within an o r g a n i s a t i o n , they should n o t be expressed in fixed q u a n t i t i e s , but should be in the form of minimal and maximum ranges, Weightage should a l s o be given to f l e x i b i l i t y in the a p p l i c a t i o n of standards of perfor-mance.
7 SOME PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Since manpower planning and manpower r a i s i n g have become very important in the context of l i b r a r y and documentation s e r v i c e s , several attempts have been made in developing standards for performance. In the
succeeding s e c t i o n s , some of the performance standards generally prevalent in the c o u n t r i e s such as I n d i a , UK, USAi and Canada, a r e p r e s e n t e d . These standards are expressed in terms of document stock and a c q u i s i t i o n r o t e , number of readers to be served, and finance.
71 I n d i a
Ranganathars was a pioneer in t h e f i e l d of Perfor-mance Standards in I n d i a . As e a r l y as 1938, he made a systematic one exhaustive study of l i b r a r y work and l i b r a r y s e r v i c e . His book l i b r a r y Adminisration (1938; Ed 2, 1957) contains systematic work, job a n a l y s i s , and r o u t i n e . On the b a s i s of t h i s a n a l y s i s , he formu-lated h i s famous s t a f f formula. This has been used both in s p e c i a l i s t l i b r a r y as well as in a u n i v e r s i t y or a college l i b r a r y .
711 S p e c i a l i s t Library
The s t a f f formula which was e x p l i c i t l y formulated by Ranganathan in 1943, has been tested in s e v e r a l
E711 Gopinath
l i b r a r i e s in I n d i a . The f o m u l a is based on t h e follow-ing u n i t s of measurement:
1 The number of documents taken in per annum; 2 The t o t a l number of documents stocked in the l i b r a r y ; and
3 The number of readers to be served.
The following t a b l e gives a s t a f f formula for profes-sionals besed on the recommendations by t h e University Grants Commission, with necessary modifications
SN fork
Section Annual Quantum for One Person 1 Book Section .. .. 6,000 volumes annually added 2 Periodicals Section 1,500 p e r i o d i c a l s received 3 Technical Section
( C l s s i f i c a t i o n ,
Cataloguing, etc) .. 2,000 volumes annually added 4 Reference Section .. 50 readers in a day
5 Documentation Section Each of the services offered r e q u i r e s 1.5 man-years on an average
6 Circulation Section 1,500 hours; c i r c u l a t i o n counter is kept open
7 Supervisory s t a f f 1 Chief L i b r a r i a n , and 2 Head of Unit
This standard formula provides a general guide-l i n e . This fornuguide-la is used in a guide-l guide-l the pguide-lans drafted by the Documentation Research and Training Centre.
712 University and College_Libraries
L i b r a r y S t a n d a r d s f o r P l a n n i n g E712
1 Document S t o c k . - D e s i r a b l e c e i l i n g : 400,000. Number of Volumes:
College 5,000 to 50,000 U n i v e r s i t y . . . . 100,00 t o 300,000
Current P e r i o d i c a l s :
College 20 to 100 U n i v e r s i t y . . . . 500 t o 2,000
(Recommended by Goel. For a c o l l e g e l i b r a r y , at l e a s t a dozen p e r i o d i c a l s f o r each of the s u b j e c t s t a u g h t . P r o v i s i o n o f t e x t b o o k s f o r each paper i s 10:1 (1 copy of textbook f o r e v e r y 10 s t u d e n t s ) .
2 Technical P r o c e s s i n g . - (Recommended by Deshpande)
Number of book recommendation s l i p s
p e r day . . . . . . . . 85-100 Number of book recommendation s l i p s
t h a t can b e checked . . . . . 7 5 Number of books t h a t can be c o l l a t e d p e r day 80
Number of books t h a t can be a c c e s s i o n e d per
day . . . . . . . . • . 00 Number of books chat can be f u l l y c a t a l o g u e d 25 Number of books t h a t c a n be c l a s s i f i e d .. 25
Number of curds t h a t can be f i l e d :
1 Author c a r d s . . . . . . 250 2 C l a s s i f i e d .. .. 300 300 books can be c a l l numbered on t h e spine per day 250-300 book c a r d s can be p r e p a r e d p e r day.
One can check 25 books w i t h o r d e r s p l a c e d and a c c e s s i o n them.
Number of books t h a t can be shelved in a day: 300 Number of books t h a t can be r e c e i v e d in a day 250 Number of books t h a t can be issued in a d a y . 300 Number of reminders t h a t can be i s s u e d
i n a day . . . . . . 150
E712 Gopinath
3 Finance.- Radhakriehnan Commission (1S48)
Optimum: 6 or te 40 f o r a student
Rangsnathan Committee (UGC)(1957) t
Rs 15 per student, Rs 200 per teacher and research fellow.
Kothari Commission (1966)
6.5% or Rs 25-per r e g i s t e r e d student and Rs 300 per teacher
Expenditure on Reading M a t e r i a l s ,
Staff and other items . . . 4:5:1
Staffi Books . . . . . . 40:60 ( I t should
be revised
at a l a t e r
stage)
Provision equal to 10% on Furniture and equipment; 5%
of the bock budget for binding and 8% for miscellaneous
items.
(Remocrnaided by Deshpande)
10% of the t o t a l budget of a University or College
10% of the book budget for f u r n i t u r e and equipment
5% of the book budget for binding
8% of the book budget for miscellaneous expenses.
72 United Kingdom
721 Specialist Libraries
In the United Kingdom, ASLIB has taken the i n i t i a
-t i v e in developing manpower s-tandard. In 1958-1959,
D J Campbell ( 3 ) conducted a survey of f i f t y - t w o
i n d u s t r i a l l i b r a r i e s . This indicated an average r a t i o
of one documentalist to f i f t y four persons who
l i b r a r y Standards f o r Planning E721
recommended the following s t a f f standards for an i n -d u s t r i a l l i b r a r y . This stan-dar-d is base-d on the number of u s e r s of s e r v i c e s .
Number of g r a
-duate t e c h n i c a l Suggested information and l i b r a r y s t a f f served s t a f f
1-5 In a l l f i e l d s of i n t e r e s t one of t h e t e c h n i c a l s t a f f w i l l need t o spend from one t e n t h r i s i n g to one q u a r t e r at the upper l i m i t of the r a n g e , of h i s time in l i a i s o n with research
a s s o c i a t i o n s , and o t h e r o u t s i d e sources of information.
5-10 A small l i b r a r y w i l l be kent and cared for by p a r t of t h e time {up to one h a l f ) of a c l e r i c a l a s s i s t a n t but
one member of the t e c h n i c a l s t a f f w i l l , s t i l l perform l i a i s c n d u t i e s . 10-20 One l i b r a r i a n most probably a woman, who w i l l c a r r y out h e r own c l e r i c a l
d u t i e s {except correspondence). L i t t l e information s e r v i c e can be o f f e r e d . 20-30 General engineering, chemical technology,
b a s i c a l l y r e p e t i t i o n p r o c e s s e s . Two. Aeronautics, i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , organic chemistry, p l a s t i c s . Three p e r s o n s . 30-50 Three persons
50-100 Pour persons g e n e r a l l y , but f i v e in high s c i e n t i f i c - c o n t e n t i n d u s t r i e s . 100-150 Pive persons g e n e r a l l y , but s i x in high
s c i e n t i f i c content i n d u s t r i e s . 200-300 At the r a t e of one in t h i r t y persons
g e n e r a l l y , but one in twenty-five
for high s c i e n t i f i c content i n d u s t r i e s . 300-500 At the r a t e of one in f o r t y persons
g e n e r a l l y , but one in t h i r t y - f i v e for high s c i e n t i f i c content in-d u s t r i e s .
E722 Gopinath
722 University Libraries
I n r e s p e c t o f u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s , t h e recommenda-t i o n s of P a r r y Commirecommenda-trecommenda-tee r e p o r recommenda-t ( 3 8 ) , f o r a
model u n i v e r s i t y e x p e n d i t u r e f o r a L i b r a r y are 500,000 v o l in a u n i v e r s i t y , 3»000 u n d e r g r a d u a t e s , 1,000research
s t u d e n t s , and 500 teaching s t a f f . I n t h i s model, i t was assumed t h a t 25 p e r c e n t of the sum spent on book and p e r i o d i c a l s would be spent on binding and 10 p e r c e n t on ' ' s u n d r i e s " . I t . was recommended t h a t 5 0 J 5 0 i s t h e r e a s o n a b l e d i v i s i o n between book funds and s t a f f s a l a r y . This amounts to n e a r l y 6% of t h e t o t a l u n i v e r s i t y
expen-d i t u r e .
723 College L i b r a r i e s
I n r e s p e c t o f c o l l e g e L i b r a r i e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s t a n d a r d s have been proposed.
7231 P o l y t e c h n i c
The Library Association's s t a n d a r d s a r e as follows (1968):
1 Document s t o c k 150,000 volumes
3,000 p e r i o d i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n 2 Users 2,000 undergraduates
3 Budget per annum
Books end p e r i o d i c a l s f 60,000 Other l i b r a r y m a t e r i e l s £ 10,000
4 S t a f f i n g requirements a r e given in proportion t o t h e s i z e o f t h e s t o c k .
7232 Colleges of Technology
L i b r a r y S t a n d a r d s f o r P l a n n i n g E73
Document s t o c k :
C o l l e g e w i t h o u t Degree : minimum 10,000 books C o l l e g e w i t h Degree : minimum 2 5 , 0 0 0 books
7233 C o l l e g e of E d u c a t i o n
l i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n ' s recommended s t a n d a r d s a r e a s i o l l o w s i
Document s t o c k
E f f e c t i v e s t o c k i n t h e M a i n L i b r a r y 20,000 volumes School s e r v i c e s e c t i o n 7,500 volumes
A c q u i s i t i o n r a t e
60 books p e r s t u d e n t in a c o l l e g e of 500 s t u d e n t s 7 5 books p e r s t u d e n t i n a c o l l e g e o f l e s s t h a n
500 s t u d e n t s
Budget
Minimum e x p e n d i t u r e up to f i r s t 500 s t u d e n t s P e r s t u d e n t £ 6
P e r Teacher £ . 1 5 f o r more than 500 s t u d e n t s P e r S t u d e n t £ 3.12 P e r Teachcr / 9
F o r b i n d i n g 10% ; f o r o t h e r e x p e n d i t u r e 5% of t h e b u d g e t .
73 United S t a t e s of America
T h i s S t a n d a r d f o r S p e c i a l L i b r a r i e s ( 3 3 ) f o v u l a t e d b y the S p e c i a l L i b r a r i e s A s s o c i a t i o n c o n c e r n s o b
-j e c t i v e s and f u n c t i o n s o f s p e c i a l i s t l i b r a r i e s . S p e c i f i c s t a n d a r d s f o r s t a f f s i z e i s r a r e l y g i v e n . F o r example, P a u l i n e Lybeck ( 24 ) s u g g e s t e d minimum s t a n d a r d s f o r
E73
Gopinathlibrary staff requirements by size of agency billings for an advertising agency in USA. This standard is as follows*
Agency Size in b i l l i n g s Staff Size
S 5 to $ 10 B i l l i o n 2
$ 10 to $ 25 million 4
$ 25 to $ 50 million 5
$ 50 to $ 100 million 6
$ 100 to $ 200 million 8
$ over 200 m i l l i o n 10 +
These are given as broad f u i d e l i n e s . Similar
standards f o r s t a f f s i z e w i l l have to be developed f o r
d i f f e r e n t types o f s p e c i a l i s t l i b r a r i e s .
For a u n i v e r s i t y , the Association of Research
Libra-r i e s and the Association of College and ReseaLibra-rch
l i b r a r i e s appointed a j o i n t committee in 1968 with
Robert B Downs as Chainaan. This committee surveyed
f i f t y l e a d i n g u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s , and drafted a s e t
of norms in r e s p e c t of f i n a n c i a l support, resources of
various t y p e s , personnel, e t c . The standards a r e
as followsJ
Finances %
Total l i b r a r y budget — $ 3,000,000
L i b r a r y ' s percentage of u n i v e r s i t y expenditure 5
Percentage of l i b r a r y expenditures for s a l a r i e s 60
Percentage of l i b r a r y books 34
Percentage of l i b r a r y expenditures f o r
general expenses 6
E741 Gopinath
13,000 s t u d e n t s : 7,250 t i t l e s Upto 600 s t u d e n t s : 50,000 volumes
For each a d d i t i o n a l 200 s t u d e n t s : 10,000 volumes. 2 Technical P r o c e s s i n g
C a t a l o g u i n g ( i n c l u d i n g C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ) 250 t i t l e s / m o n t h / p r o f e s s i o n a l
Typing of added e n t r i e s , stamping, e t c : 100 c a r d s p e r hour
Typing r e v i s e d at 180 c a r d s p e r hour and 25 c a s t e r c a r d s p e r hour
O v e r a l l w o r k : One volume p e r hour per member of s t a f f , i n c l u d i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l and n o n p r o f e s -s i o n a l .
3 S t a f f
Ono p r o f e s s i o n a l to 300 s t u d e n t s . P r o f e s s i o n a l s e r e to be at l e a s t 31% of t h e whole s t a f f .
P u b l i c s e r v i c e s : 1 f o r 200 u s e r s
Book O r d e r i n g : 2,500 t i t l e s p e r s t a f f member One L i b r a r i a n : 10,000 t i t l e s ordered
R a t i o o f c l e r i c a l t o p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f : 3:1 C a t a l o g u i n g : Annual o u t p u t p e r c a t a l o g u e r : 3,00
t i t l e s . R a t i o o f c l e r i c a l t o p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f : 2:1
4 Finance
6% of t h e t o t a l b u d g e t .
S t a f f : 56% Books and p e r i o d i c a l s : 34% B i n d i n g : 3%. O t h e r s : 7%
P e r - c a p i t a s t u d e n t e x p e n d i t u r e : $154 or an
a p p r o x i m a t e l y , $ 50 f o r books and p e r i o d i c a l s . 3 CONCLUSION
Library Standards f o r Planning
E3is s t i l l in the stage of infancy. This is l a r g e l y due
to research in the work study, time study, and c o s t
-analysis of l i b r a r y operations and services having not
been promoted consciously. Barring some pioneering
e f f o r t s , l i t t l e enthusiasm has been shown towards such
studies in many l i b r a r y end documentation c e n t r e s .
However, in recent years these studies are picking
up momentum. This is largely due to the need for
developing n a t i o n a l , r e g i o n a l , and local plans f o r
l i b r a r y and documentation systems. This, in turn,
has been promoted due to the conscious recognition of the
r o l e of l i b r a r y end documentation systems in overall
socio-economic development of nation; However, if
l i b r a r y planning has to be effective and r e a l i s t i c it
is e s s e n t i a l that r e l i a b l e performance standards are
e s t a b l i s h e d . Such standards cannot come i n t o existence
overnight. They have to be consciously nurtured and
developed through co-ordinated efforts of several
s p e c i a l i s t s — such as l i b r a r i a n s , work study s p e c i a l i s t s ,
ergonomists, s t a t i s t i c i a n s , standards engineers and
E8 Gopinath
u s i n g t h e s t a n d a r d s i n a c t u a l p r a c t i c e . They must
a l s o b e made f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s t h a t a r e taken i n t o a c c o u n t w h i l e f o r m u l a t i n g t h e s t a n d a r d s . This w i l l n o t only g i v e scope f o r improving t h e e x i s t -i n g l -i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s , b u t a l s o e n a b l e one t o -i d e n t -i f y t h e a r e a s f o r n e v e r l i b r a r y s t a n d a r d s . T h i s i n t u r n w i l l h e l p d r a f t i n g p l a n s f o r l i b r a r y and documentation systems w i t h g r e a t e r a s s u r a n c e and r e a l i s m .
91 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
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Library Standards for Planning E91
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LOHMANN ( O t t o ) . E f f o r t s for i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d i -zation in l i b r a r i e s , (Lib t r e n d s . 2 1 ; 1972, 330-53). LYBECK ( P a u l i n e ) . Guidelines f o r standards f o r
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37 UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMlSSlON ( I n d i a ) , LIBRARY (—Committee) . (1951). (Chairman S R Ranga-n a t h a Ranga-n ) . U Ranga-n i v e r s i t y aRanga-nd c o l l e g e l i b r a r i e s .
Report. 1965 •
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