Managing the sustainability of events
and festivals – Towards an
international classification system
ZEN Project
•
Transnationality (IT, UK, LT, LV, GR, RO, BG, SL,
NL, ESP) and practice-based research
•
European
innovation
in the development,
management and evaluation of
sustainable
cultural events in historic town centres
•
Can an event have
zero impact
on the
environment?
• 49.8% would pay higher ticket price to make
festival greener
• 43% had changed behaviour as a result of
festival’s green initiative(s)
• Waste, traffic and noise seen as key negative
impacts
• Responsibility for impact – festival organiser
(but also festival goers – 79%)
2012 pan-Euopean survey festival goers
(Moore, 2013)
Sample size: 2,281
•
City image (Richards and Wilson,
2004)
•
Justify public spending (Faulkner
et al, 2003)
•
Host communities getting best
possible benefits (Chalip, 2004;
O’Brien 2006)
•
Lasting legacy for communities
(Ritchie, 2000)
DCMS (2012; p. 22)
Example of legacy-focused
evaluation framework
Economic
Sport and physical
activity
Culture and
community
2012 Olympic and
Paralympic impacts
Environmental
Climate change
Noise and light
Ecosystems
Waste
Water
From monitoring to legacy and … beyond?
Outcom
e sub
area
Objective
Source
Output
indicators
Outcome
indicators
Noise
and light Deliver a sustainable Games and develop sustainable communities Mayor of London’s Five Legacy Commitment s
• Noise levels
• Light levels • Impact on residents, visitors and businesses measured through surveys Monitoring Legacy
Events research and practice
in the UK
Economic impact
Urban tourism
Community
interaction
Partnership management
1980s
Place experience marketing
Early 1990s
Mid
1990s
2000
2010 and beyond
Environmental impact
Holistic
understanding
of events
Urban renewal
Legacy
Rural festivals
Hallmark events
Resident attitudes
Culture
Destination image
Mega events
Social (local) impact
Segmentation-led promotion
1. Economic impact (26 articles)
2. Corporate sponsorship and marketing (14 articles)
3. Marketing and segmentation (11 articles)
4. Other management issues (9 articles)
5. Visitor and participant motives (7 articles)
6. Education, training, accreditation, research (7 articles)
7. Politics, policy and planning (4 articles)
8. Urban renewal (2 articles)
9. Law (1 article)
10. Arts and culture (1 article)
Review of event management academic papers
in “Festival Management and Event Tourism”
•
Event environmental stewardship as
promotion element (IT)
•
Transition from spontaneity to
visitor-focused event planning (BG)
•
Events closely linked to local and regional
•
Accreditation of good sustainability
practices (Green Key, NL)
•
Identity – heritage-led event transition from
Communism to market-led economy (LT,
LV)
•
Cost efficiencies and external funding
Towards an international typology of
sustainable cultural events
Mega event
Public
funding
Private
funding
Micro event
Coca-Stefaniak (2013), on-going research
Low ‘core’
carbon
footprint
•
Events as
test beds
for innovation in sustainable
solutions (e.g. EU-wide accreditation system?)
•
Events as more than standard bearers (
vis-a-vis
strategic place branding)
•
CSR research
v.
event environmental impact research
•
Marketing ‘authenticity’ or
commoditification
of visitor
experience?
•
Experiential marketing strategies?
•
Government policy impact (e.g. Welsh Assembly
Sustainable Development Bill)
- Coca-Stefaniak J.A., Rinaldi R., Parker C. and Quin S. (2009), “Evolution of town centre and place management models: a European perspective”, Cities, 26 (2), pp. 74-80.
- Coca-Stefaniak J.A. (2012), Evolution of international town centre management models, Doctoral thesis, Middlesex University.
- Chalip L (2004), Beyond impact: A general model for host community event leverage. In: Ritchie B and Adair D (eds.), Sport Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, Clevedon: Channel View Publications, pp. 226-252.
- DCMS (2012), London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Impacts and Legacy Evaluation Framework Final Report, Department for Culture, Media and Sport,
http://www.culture.gov.uk/images/publications/DCMS_2012_Games_Meta_evaluati on_Report_1.pdf
(accessed 24 August 2012)
- Faulkner B, Chalip L, Brown G, Jago L, March R and Woodside A (2003),
“Monitoring the tourism impacts of the Sydney 2000 Olympics”, Event Management, 6 (4), pp. 231-246.
- Getz D (2002), “Event studies and event management: On becoming and
academic discipline”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 9 (1), pp. 12-23.
- Innes J E and Boother D E (2000), “Indicators for sustainable communities: A
strategy building on complexity theory and distributed intelligence”, Planning Theory & Practice, 1 (2), pp. 173-186.
- Mega V and Pedersen J (1998), Urban sustainability indicators, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions,
http://eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/1998/07/en/1/ef9807en.pdf (accessed 22 August 2012)
- Moore T (2013), Audience attitudes on the environmental impact of events
CM&SS/AGF,
http://www.agreenerfestival.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/Bucks-AGF_AUDIENCE_ RESEARCH_2012.pdf
(accessed 10 May, 2013).
- O’Brien D (2006), Event business leveraging: The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games,
Annals of Tourism Research, 33 (1), pp. 240-261.
- Ritchie J R B (2000), “Turning 16 days into 16 years through Olympic Legacies”,
Event Management, 6, pp. 155-165.
- Richards G and Wilson J (2004), “The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001”, Urban Studies, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 1931-1951.
- Wood E. (2009), “An impact evaluation framework: local government community festivals”, Event Management, Vol. 12, No. 3/4, pp. 171-185.
