MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL
STRENGTH CONCRETE CONTAINING OIL
PALM SHELL AS PARTIAL AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT
SITI NUR AISHAH IZZATI BINTI
KHAMARRUZAMAN
B. ENG(HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the Bachelor Degree of Civil Engineering
_______________________________ (Supervisor’s Signature)
Full Name : ROSLINA BINTI OMAR Position :
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia Pahang or any other institutions.
_______________________________ (Student’s Signature)
Full Name : SITI NUR AISHAH IZZATI BINTI KHAMARRUZAMAN ID Number : AA14182
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NORMAL STRENGTH CONCRETE CONTAINING OIL PALM SHELL AS PARTIAL AGGREGATE
REPLACEMENT
SITI NUR AISHAH IZZATI BINTI KHAMARRUZAMAN
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, thanks to God and His willingness, I have accomplished my final year project as a requirement to graduate and acquire a Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering with Honors from University Malaysia Pahang (UMP). Without that number of person who really help to achieve, I might not have done yet, to whom I am greatly indebted.
I would like to express my gratitude to my research supervisor, Puan Roslina binti Omar for her valuable advices, guidance and enormous patience throughout the development of the research.
I also would like to express my deepest thanks and sincere appreciation to Puan Suryati binti Sulaiman for her encouragement and advice until this work come to existence. Besides, I would like to thank all the staff at the several laboratories of UMP who permitted all the required equipment and assistance received from them.
In addition, very special thanks to both of my parents and friends who helped and given me encouragement along the way to finish my final year project. Lastly, I would like to thank everyone who had contributed to the successful completion of this project and for the people who giving me such a hardship suffering in the particular embarrassed situation.
ABSTRAK
Tempurung kelapa sawit (TKS) merupakan salah satu daripada sisa besar yang terhasil daripada proses pengekstrakkan kelapa sawit. Tempurung kelapa sawit yang bersaiz semulajadi didapati sesuai untuk menggantikan batu dalam pembinaan konkrit memandangkan terdapat kajian terdahulu yang mendapati bahawa tempurung kelapa sawit adalah agregat organik yang mempunyai rintangan kesan yang lebih baik berbanding dengan agregat biasa. Tujuan penyelidikan ini dijalankan adalah untuk mengkaji peratusan optimum tempurung kelapa sawit sebagai pengganti agregat kasar dan untuk menentukan sifat mekanik konkrit tempurung kelapa sawit (TKS) dari segi kekuatan mampatan, pemisahan tegangan, lenturan dan modulus keanjalan. Satu set ujian makmal dilakukan pada konkrit biasa yang dibuat oleh agregat kasar sebagai sampel kawalan dan konkrit TKS dengan 50% dan 100% peratusan tempurung kelapa sawit sebagai pengganti agregat kasar separa. Keputusan ujian menunjukkan bahawa konkrit TKS dengan kekuatan mampatan dalam julat 16.56 - 60.1 MPa mempunyai julat kekuatan tegangan sebanyak 1.05 - 3.31 MPa, julat kekuatan lenturan 3.61 - 8.95 MPa dan julat keanjalan modulus 5.32 - 39.35 GPa. Kesemua kekuatan mampatan, kekuatan lenturan, kekuatan tegangan dan modulus keanjalan, menunjukkan trend menurun secara dramatik apabila pengganti TKS meningkat. Ini menunjukkan bahawa apabila TKS berkuantiti tinggi digunakan dalam reka bentuk campuran konkrit, ia mempunyai kesan ke atas sifat basah iaitu kebolehkerjaan dan ia berpotensi dapat mengurangkan semua sifat kekuatan konkrit. Walauabagaimanpun, konkrit TKS berkekuatan normal G30 boleh dihasilkan sekiranya 50% daripada kuantiti aggregate kasar digantikan dengan TKS.
ABSTRACT
Palm oil shell is a one of the huge waste producing from oil palm extraction process. The oil palm shell (OPS) which have natural sized seems to be ideal for substituting aggregates in concrete construction because previous study found that oil palm shells was the organic aggregate which is better impact resistance compared to normal weight aggregate. The purpose of this research is to investigate the optimum percentage of oil palm shell as a partially coarse aggregate replacement and to determine the mechanical properties of oil palm shell concrete such as compressive strength, splitting tensile, flexural and modulus of elasticity. A set of laboratory tests were conducted on normal weight concrete made by coarse aggregate as control sample and OPS concrete with 50% and 100% percentage of OPS as a partial coarse aggregate replacement. The test results showed that OPS concrete with a compressive strength in the range of 16.56 - 60.1 MPa has a splitting tensile strength range of 1.05 – 3.31 MPa, flexural strength range of 3.61 – 8.95 MPa and modulus of elasticity range of 5.32 – 39.35 GPa. Similarly, for compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, the trends of those tests decreases dramatically as the OPS replacement were increased. This indicated that when the high quantity of OPS is used in concrete mix design, it has an impact on wet properties which is workability and it can potentially reduce all the strength properties of concrete. However, the normal strength G30 OPS concrete can be produced with the 50% of partially coarse aggregate replacement in concrete.
TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION TITLE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRAK iii ABSTRACT iv TABLE OF CONTENT v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study 3
1.4 Scope of Study 3
1.5 Significance of the Study 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Concrete 5
2.2 Waste Materials 6
2.3 Production of Oil Palm Shell 8
2.5 Mechanical Properties 12
2.5.1 Compressive Strength 13
2.5.2 Splitting Tensile Strength 14
2.5.3 Flexural Strength 15
2.5.4 Modulus of Elasticity 16
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 17
3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Methodology Flow 18
3.3 Materials for Concrete 19
3.3.1 Cement 19
3.3.2 Course Aggregate 21
3.3.3 Fine Aggregate 22
3.3.4 Oil Palm Shell 23
3.3.5 Water 23 3.3.6 Fly Ash 23 3.3.7 Superplasticizer 24 3.4 Mix Proportion 25 3.5 Preparation of Materials 26 3.5.1 Sieve Analysis 26 3.5.2 Slump Test 32
3.5.3 Compressive Strength Test 34
3.5.4 Splitting Tensile Test 36
3.5.5 Flexural Test 38
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42
4.1 Introduction 42
4.2 Slump Test 42
4.3 Effect of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) Towards Compressive Strength of Concrete 45
4.3.1 Comparison of 100mm3 and 150mm3 Cubes Strength 47
4.4 Effect of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) Towards Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete 48
4.5 Effect of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) Towards Flexural Strength of Concrete 52
4.6 Effect of Oil Palm Shell (OPS) Towards Modulus of Elasticity Test of Concrete 55
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 59
REFERENCES 61
APPENDIX A SAMPLE APPENDIX 1 64
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Physical of constituents of OPS concrete 9 Table 3.2 The type of testing and sizes of specimen 25 Table 3.3 Proportions of plain and oil palm shell concrete mixes 25
Table 3.4 Sieve Analysis of Sand 28
Table 3.5 Sieve Analysis of Oil Palm Shell 29 Table 3.6 Sieve Analysis of Aggregate 30 Table 3.7 Category of workability 32
Table 4.1 Slump test result 43
Table 4.2 Compressive Strength at the age of 7 days 45 Table 4.3 Compressive Strength at the age of 28 days 45 Table 4.4 Compressive Strength for 150mm3 at the age of 7 and 28 days 47 Table 4.5 Compressive Strength for 100mm3 at the age of 7 and 28 days 47 Table 4.6 Splitting Tensile Strength at the age of 7 days 49 Table 4.7 Splitting Tensile Strength at the age of 28 days 49 Table 4.8 Compressive and Splitting Tensile Strength at the age of 7 days 50 Table 4.9 Compressive and Splitting Tensile Strength at the age of 28 days 50 Table 4.10 Flexural Strength at the age of 7 days 53 Table 4.11 Flexural Strength at the age of 28 days 53 Table 4.12 Modulus of Elasticity at the age of 7 and 28 days 57
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Simplified process flow diagram of an oil palm mill 8 Figure 2.2 OPS sized 4.75 - 6.30 (mm) 10 Figure 2.3 OPS sized 6.30 - 9.50 (mm) 10 Figure 3.1 Flow chart reserch methodology 18
Figure 3.2 OPC Orang Kuat 19
Figure 3.3 Chemical properties of orang kuat cement 20
Figure 3.4 Coarse aggregate 21
Figure 3.5 Fine aggregate 22
Figure 3.6 Uncrushed oil palm shell 23
Figure 3.7 Fly ash 24
Figure 3.8 Sika Viscocrete 2199 24
Figure 3.9 Sieve Analysis of Sand 29 Figure 3.10 Sieve Analysis of OPS 30 Figure 3.11 Sieve Analysis of Course Aggregate 31 Figure 3.12 Sieve Analysis of Course Aggregate and OPS 31 Figure 3.13 The set-up of modulus of elastic test 41 Figure 4.1 The effect of OPS content on workability of concrete 43 Figure 4.2 Slump test at 0% of OPS replacement 44 Figure 4.3 Slump test at 50% of OPS replacement 44 Figure 4.4 Comparison of compressive strength of OPS at 7 and 28 days of
curing 46
Figure 4.5 Compressive strength cube before being tested 46 Figure 4.6 Compressive strength cube after being tested 46 Figure 4.7 Comparison of splitting tensile strength of OPS at 7 and 28 days of
curing 49
Figure 4.7 Comparison of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of OPS at 7 and 28 days of curing 50 Figure 4.8 Splitting tensile strength cylinder before the load was applied 51 Figure 4.9 Splitting tensile strength cylinder after the load was applied 51 Figure 4.10 Comparison of flexural strength of OPS at 7 and 28 days of curing 53 Figure 4.11 Flexural strength prism before load was applied 54 Figure 4.12 Flexural strength prism after load was applied 54 Figure 4.13 Modulus of elasticity for 0% of OPS at 7 and 28 days of curing 56 Figure 4.14 Modulus of elasticity for 50% of OPS at 7 and 28 days of curing 56
Figure 4.14 Modulus of elasticity for 100% of OPS at 7 and 28 days of curing 57 Figure 4.15 The modulus of elasticity cylinder before the load was applied 58 Figure 4.16 The modulus of elasticity cylinder after the load was applied 58
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Wbelow The total mass of the aggregate within the sieves below the current sieve,
not including the current Sieve’s aggregate Wtotal P A fcf F L d1 x d2 λ
The total mass of all of the aggregate in the sample Ultimate load
Surface area of a cube Flexural strength Maximum load
Distance between supporting rollers The lateral dimensions of the specimens Stress/strain
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
OPS Oil palm shell
GGBFS Granulated blast furnace slag OPSC
OPS LWAC OPKS
Oil palm shell concrete
Oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete Oil palm kernel shell
CS Cockleshell
LWAC OPSLWC
Lightweight aggregate concrete Oil palm shell lightweight concrete POFA Palm oil fuel ash
HPOCP High strength palm oil clinker powder HPOC POCP MOE PKSC LWA OPC SSD
High strength palm oil cylinder Palm oil clinker powder Modulus of elasticity Palm kernel shell concrete Lightweight aggregate Ordinary Portland cement Surface dry condition
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste materials can be a breakthrough to make the industry more environmentally-friendly and sustainable. It has led to green and sustainable construction to improve the environmental friendliness of concrete by reducing the cost of construction materials and waste management. The utilization of waste materials, such as natural pumice, vermiculite, shale, slate, oil palm shell (OPS), fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), silica fume, recycled concrete, recycled tyres, and recycled plastics, have been successfully used in concrete (Yew et al., 2015).
Khankhaje et al. (2017) stated that the effective management of by-product waste materials plays an important role in increasing environmental sustainability. One of the strategies in waste management is the utilisation of byproduct waste materials in the construction industry to reduce the landfill of waste materials. Moreover, with the application of waste materials, more sustainable, clean and green construction could be achieved due to the decrease of cost.
In a past studies, the enhancement of mechanical properties of OPSC is dependent on the density, aggregate content, crushed or uncrushed particle size of OPS and heat treatment on OPS aggregate. Other factors include water-cement ratio and incorporation of cementitious materials (silica fume, fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag). The influence of density on the compressive strength of OPSC can be observed from previous studies (Yew et al., 2015).
1.2 Problem Statement
Palm oil industry is recognized as one of the major agriculture contributions to the abundant production of oil palm solid wastes. These include empty fruit bunches, palm kernel shell, mesocarp fiber, oil palm frond, and oil palm trunk, which were obtained from plantation and milling activities. In terms of increasing the economic value and solving environmental problems, the use of these wastes as an alternative fuel is very important.
Waste materials are a major environmental problem, which is a threat to the environment. It is important to reuse these materials and dispose of them. Waste can be used in the construction industry in two ways: by reusing (reuse components) and recycling (processing waste into raw materials used in the production of building materials).
Waste materials are usually discarded on-site after the palm oil extraction process and this resulted in unnecessary piling of wastes in the vicinity of factories and posed serious land pollution. As such, there is a great prospect to utilize waste materials from the palm oil industry such as oil palm shell (OPS) as replacement for conventional materials in the production of concrete.
So, the innovative use of OPS in concrete could improve the sustainability of the environment since it reduces the dependency of non-renewable gravel and at the same time encourages the re- use of waste OPS. This is motivated not only by the environmental protection, but also by the conservation of natural aggregate resources, the shortage of waste disposal land, and the increasing cost of waste treatment prior to disposal.
The outcome of this research is to achieve the most optimum performance in terms of the sustainability of the oil palm shell concrete and improve the compressive strength of oil palm shell concrete.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The most important properties that need to be considered when designing a concrete structure are the strength of the concrete. The objectives of this project are as below;
i) To investigate the optimum percentage of oil palm shell as a partially coarse aggregate replacement.
ii) To investigate the fresh and harden mechanical properties of oil palm shell concrete such as compressive strength, splitting tensile, flexural and shrinkage tests.
1.4 Scope of Study
The experimental work includes the common preferred test for concrete and few other tests will be conducted in conjunction with the original aim of the study.
To test the material of the oil palm shell, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, the sieve analysis test must be conducted. Also, slump test is important to get the workability of a fresh concrete.
For mechanical properties, the tests that need to be conducted are compressive strength test, splitting tensile test, flexural test and modulus of elasticity test as accordance to BS 1881: part 116: 1983, ASTM Designation C490, ASTM C78 and ASTM C469 respectively. The targeted for compressive strength is 30 N/mm2.
The percentage of course aggregate replacement to be used for normal strength concrete in this project are 0%, 50% and 100% of oil palm shell.
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