Science Module Form 3 Chapter 4

(1)

Chapter 4: Sexual and asexual reproduction Learning Outcomes:

 State the importance of reproduction.  State the types of reproduction.  State what fertilisation is.

 Describe internal and external fertilisation.

1. Underline the correct answers to state the importance of reproduction.

Reproduction is the process in which living things produce new individuals or (spring / offspring) and ensures the (continuity / extinction) of the species.

2. Underline the correct answers to state the types of reproduction.

The two types of reproduction are Sexual reproduction and (Asexual / Bisexual) reproduction and involves only (one / two) organism or parent.

3. Complete the statements below to state what fertilization is.

Fertilisation is the process in which a sperm or male gamete fuses with an _____________ or female gamete to form a zygote.

4. Underline the correct answer to describe internal and external fertilisation.

a. External fertilisation takes place (inside / outside) the body of a female. b. Internal fertilisation takes place (inside / outside) the body of a female.

(2)

Chapter 4: Sexual and asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

Similarities

Produces new organisms for continuity of species

Individuals Gametes Fertilization Number of Offspring Organisms Learning Outcome:

 Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction.

1. Underline the correct answers below to compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction Differences (One individual / Two individuals)

(Male & Female / No gametes needed)

(Needed / Not needed)

(Limited / Not limited)

(One individual / Two individuals)

(Male & Female / No gametes needed)

(Needed / Not needed)

(3)

Ginger Starfish Mucor Amoeba Hydra

Yeast Ferns Paramecium Grass

Learning Outcome:

 Classify animals and plants according to their ways of reproduction. 1. The diagram below shows examples of living organisms.

Classify these animals and plants asexually.

Spore Formation Rejuvenation Binary fission 1. Amoeba 2._____________ 1. Mucor 2.________________ 1.Starfish Budding 1.Hydra 2._______________ Vegetative reproduction 1.________________ 2.________________ _ Asexual reproduction

(4)

To carry sperms from the testes.

To produce male gametes Penis

To produce a milky fluid that protects the sperm Testes

Sperm duct

Prostate Gland _{To transfer sperms into female reproductive} organ Scrotum a) b) c) Learning Outcomes:

 Identify the parts of the male reproductive system.

 Describe the functions of the different parts of the male reproductive system.  State the role of sperm in reproduction.

 Describe the changes in male during puberty.

1. The diagram shows the male reproductive system. Label the following parts using words below.

2. Draw lines to match the following parts of the male reproductive with the correct functions.

3. Underline the correct words the statement below to show role of sperm in reproduction.

Sperms produced in the testes can swim about in the female sex organ to (ovulate / fertilise) the egg cell or ovum.

4. Complete the following statements to describe the change in male during puberty using the word below.

Testes Penis Sperm duct

(5)

Chapter 4: Sexual and asexual reproduction After puberty between the age of 12 and 14, the body of a boy ______________

and grows _______________ on the face, armpits and around the pubic region. The reproductive system matures and begins to produce ______________

(6)

 Relate the importance of taking nutritious food to the health of both mother and foetus during pregnancy.

 Explain the importance of avoiding the intake of substances that are harmful to the foetus

1. Draw lines to match the type of food with its function to relate the importance of taking nutritious food to the health of both mother and foetus during pregnancy.

Food Function

Vitamins a) Prevention of constipation in

mother

Fibre b) For formation of haemoglobin in

the

red blood cells.

Protein c) To build body tissues and growth.

Calcium and Phosphorus

d) To strengthen bones and teeth of foetus and prevent tooth decay in the

mother

Iron e) To strengthen the immune system

2. Complete the table below to explain the importance of avoiding the intake of substances that are harmful to the foetus using the words given.

small baby mental retardation heart damage abnormal baby

(7)

 State the meaning of sterility.  Describe ways to overcome sterility.

1. Underline the correct answer in the statement below to describe the meaning of sterility.

Sterility is the (inability / ability) to reproduce.

2. Complete the table below to match sterility with the correct ways to overcome sterility using the information given.

Ways to overcome sterility Sterility

Taking nutritious food Surgery

Hormone treatment In vitro fertilization

a. To increase sperm or egg production. b. Help to prevent sterility.

c. Correct the problems such as blocked Fallopian tubes or blocked sperm ducts. d. Help infertile couples conceive which fertilization occurs in the culture dishes.

(8)

Chapter 4: Sexual and asexual reproduction Learning Outcome:

 Describe the methods of birth control

1. Draw lines to match the following methods of birth control with the correct description.

Method Examples Description

Chemicals

Birth control pills a. Involves refraining from copulation during the fertile phase.

Spermicides b. Made of artificial hormones

to prevent ovulation and the release of ovum.

Surgical

Vasectomy c. A device inserted into the

uterus to prevent implantation

Ligation

d. Contain chemicals to kill sperm.

Barrier / Mechanical

Condom

e. Prevent ovulation and the release of ovum.

IUCD

f. Sperm ducts are cut and legated.

Diaphragm

g. Fallopian tubes are cut and ligated.

Rhythm method

h. Thin rubber cap fitted at the cervix

(9)

 Present argument against the abuse of birth control and its effects on the community.

 Explain the importance of research on human reproduction

1. Complete the chart below using the list given.

2. Write True (T) or False (F) the importance of research on human reproduction.

a) Can control an ever increasing world population. ( )

b) Married couples cannot plan their number of children. ( )

c) To find new and better methods of birth control. ( )

d) Solve the problems of couples who do not have children. ( )

Effect of birth

control on the

community

Good effect

-

Bad effect

-

a) encourage free sex

b) prevent unwanted pregnancies

c) helps a family to limit the number of children d) can lead to a grey population

(10)

Learning Outcomes:



Identify the different parts of a flower.



Identify the male and female reproductive parts of a flower.



Identify the male and female gametes



Describe the functions of the male and female reproductive parts of a flower in

sexual reproduction.

1. Label the different parts of a flower using the words given.

2. The diagram below shows the male and the female reproductive parts of a flower.

Underline the correct answer for the following statements.

a. The (stamen / pistil) is the male reproductive part of a flower.

b. The (stamen / pistil) is the female reproductive part of a flower.

3. Draw lines to match the reproductive parts of a flower with the correct statement

below.

petal

ovary

anther

stigma

b)

a)

c)

d)

anther

filamen

t

stamen

stigma

style

ovary

ovule

pistil

Stamen

Pistil

Produces pollen grains which contain the

male gametes.

Produces ovules which contain the egg cells

or the female gametes.

(11)

Insect-pollinated flowers

and

Bird-pollinated flowers

Flowers are small, dull coloured without

any smell or nectar. Pollen grains are

smooth with long filaments and hang out of

the flower.

Wind-pollinated flowers

Flowers are large and brightly coloured.

Produces a lot of sweet scented nectar.

Pollen grains are large and sticky or spiky

Water-pollinated

flowers

Flowers are found in plants that gorw near

water with pollen grains that can float on

the surface of water.

4. Underline the correct answer for the following statements.

a. The male reproductive parts of a flower consist of the (anther / ovary) which

produces pollen grains containing the male gametes.

b. The female reproductive parts of a flower consist of the (anther / ovary) which

produces the ovule containing the female gametes.

Learning Outcomes:



Describe what pollination is.



Relate the characteristics of flower to their agents of pollination.



State the types of pollination.

1. The diagram below shows the process of pollination.

Complete the sentence below to describe what pollination is.

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from _____________ to

_____________.

(12)

3. Label the diagram below with the correct type of pollination using the words

(13)

Similarities Learning Outcomes:

 Compare and contrast self-pollination and cross-pollination.  Explain the advantages of cross-pollination.

1. a. Complete the table below to compare and contrast self-pollination and cross-pollination.

b. Underline the correct answers below.

2. The following shows the advantages of cross-pollination. Underline the correct answer for some of these advantages. a. Has the characteristics of both the parent plants.

b. Produces (better / bad) fruits and seeds. c. Produces (higher / lower) yield.

d. (Less / more) resistant to diseases. e. More adaptable to the environment.

Self-pollination Cross-pollination

Both processes involves the transfer of the pollen grains from an _______________ to a ______________

Differences

a. (Same / Different) plants

b. (One / Many )

c. (Needed / Not needed)

a. (Same / Different) plants

b. (One / Many)

c. (Needed / Not needed) Flowers from…….

Number of plants involved Agents of pollination

(14)

Chapter 4: Sexual and asexual reproduction Learning Outcome:

 Explain with examples the advantages of cross-pollination in agriculture.

1. Complete the table below to explain the advantages of cross-pollination in agriculture using the information below.

Uses Advantages

a) For examples paddy plants that have

shorter stalks and upright leaves are easier to harvest.

b) Produces variety of paddy that takes

shorter time to mature such as Mahsuri and Malinja.

c) To increase yield of crops New varieties of paddy such as Kadaria, Sekembang and Setanjung can increase the

yield of paddy in Malaysia from 1 ton/hectare to 4 tons/hectare.

d) MARDI has produced a variety of paddy that

is resistant to red disease caused by a virus carried by insects.

 To obtain crops with better characteristics  To obtain crops that mature earlier

(15)

Seed Fruit Embryo

Learning Outcomes:

 Identify the location where fertilization occur in flower  Describe fertilization in plants.

 Describe the formation of fruit and seeds.

1. The diagram below shows what happened after pollination.

At which location X, Y or Z does fertilization occur / take place in flower? Location of fertilisation: __________________

2. Complete the sequence below to describe the process fertilisation in plants

using the information below.

3. State the changes to the following parts of flower after fertilisation using the words below.

Parts of flower Changes

Ovary Zygote

Ovule

A. Pollen grain germinates.

B. Pollen tube grows down the style.

C. A male gamete fuses with the female gamete and a zygote is formed.

D. Pollen tube grows out from the pollen grains.

E. Pollen tube reaches the ovary and a male gamete enters the

ovule.

F. As pollen tube grows, male gametes are developed.

(16)

Chapter 4: Sexual and asexual reproduction Petals / sepals / stigma / stamen Drop off

Learning Outcomes:



Identify the structure of a seed.



Explain the functions of the different parts of a seed.

1. Label the diagram below to identify the structure of a seed using the words given.

2. Draw lines to match the different parts of a seed with the correct function.

plumule

radicle

testa

Embryo

Radicle

Cotyledon

Micropyle

Hilum

Testa

Stores and provides food for the embryo.

Develops into a new shoot.

Develops into a root.

Attaches the seed to the fruit.

Allows air and water to enter.

Protects the seed.

a)

b)

(17)

Learning Outcome:



Describe the physical changes of seedling during germination

1. The following information shows the physical changes of seedling during

germination.

.

Complete the sequence below using the above information to describe the

physical changes of seedling during germination in the correct order.



Testa breaks.



Plumule emerges from the cotyledons and grows upwards to form two

leaves.



Radicle emerges from the testa and grows downwards into the soil and

lateral roots grow from it.



Cotyledons shrink and drop off.

Testa breaks

a.

b.

(18)

Ginger Grass Banana Learning Outcomes:

 Classify flowering plants according to the parts that can reproduce vegetatively.  Describe the application of research carried out on vegetative reproduction in

agriculture.

1. Draw lines to match the following plants with the correct modified stems that reproduce vegetatively.

Examples of plant Modified stems

Rhizomes

Bulbs

Tubers

Suckers

Runners

2. Draw lines to match the application of plant tissue culture in agriculture with the correct description.

Applications Description

Cloning Useful in the cultivation of plants

like orchids.

Propagation of plant Used to produce plants that are tolerant to pests and disease

Production of pest and disease resistant plants.

An unlimited number of plants that are genetically similar can be produced within a short period of

time Potato

(19)

Chapter 4: Sexual and asexual reproduction Bryophyllum Sweet potato Tapioca Yam Ginger Grass Banana

Vegetative parts of the plant

Group 1

Name of the plants

Group 2

Name of the plants

Group 3

Name of the plants Learning Outcomes:

 Explain with examples the meaning of vegetative reproduction.  State the parts of the plants that can reproduce vegetatively.

 Classify flowering plants according to the parts that can reproduce vegetatively.  Describe the application of research carried out on vegetative reproduction in

agriculture.

1. Complete the statement below to explain the meaning of vegetative reproduction.

The ability of some plants to produce new plants without producing fruits and _________________ is known as vegetative reproduction.

2. Complete the statement below to state the parts of the plants that can reproduce vegetatively

New plants grow from the vegetative parts of the parent plants such as the roots, _________________ or ___________________.

3. Classify the following plants into three groups based on the vegetative parts of each plant.

(20)

Ovary Cervix Uterus Learning Outcomes:

 Identify the parts of the female reproductive system.

 Describe the functions of the different parts of the female reproductive system.

 State the role of an ovum in reproduction.

1. The diagram shows the female reproductive system. Label the following parts using the words given.

2. Draw lines to match the parts of the female reproductive with the correct functions.

3. Complete the statement below state the role of an ovum.

The role of the ovum is to be __________________ by a sperm to form a zygote. To allow the baby to go out during birth.

To keep and protect the developing embryo.

To produce egg cells (ova) Ovary

To direct an ovum from an ovary to the uterus Uterus Cervix Fallopian tube b. c. a.

(21)

 Describe the changes in female during puberty.

 Compare and contrast male and female gametes in term of size, numbers and mobility.

1. Complete the following statements to describe the changes in female during puberty using the word given.

After puberty between the age of 10 and 12, the body of a girl ______________ and grows _______________ on the face, armpits and around the pubic region. Her _________________ begins to develop and becomes bigger. The ovary begins to release a mature egg or ______________ every 28 days. She will have her

_____________________ at a regular interval about 28 days.

2. Underline the correct answers below to compare and contrast a male gamete and a female gamete.

breasts increases hair ovum menstruation

Differences

(Testes / Ovary) (Smallest cell / Largest cell)

(One / Millions) (Can swim / Cannot move)

Sperm cell Ovum cell

(Testes / Ovary) (Smallest cell / Largest cell)

(One / Millions) (Can swim / Cannot move) Organ

Size Number Mobility

(22)

 Describe the meaning of menstruation.  Describe the menstrual cycle.

 Describe the changes in the uterus wall during menstrual cycle.  Relate the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle to fertilization.

1. Complete the statement below to describe the meaning of menstruation using the words given.

Menstruation is the ________________ through the cervix and ______________of the female and the menstrual discharge contains______________, dead ovum and layer of tissue from the _________________________.

2. The diagram below shows the menstrual cycle.

Complete the following statement to describe the menstrual cycle based on the diagram above.

a. Menstruation starts on the ____________ day.

b. The menstrual cycle consist of _______________days.

c. A mature egg or ovum will be released on the _____________ day.

Complete the following statement in questions 3 and 4 using the words given.

3. During menstruation, the walls of the uterus will ____________________. If fertilisation takes place, the wall of the uterus will continue to ___________________.

4. _____________________ will occur if a single sperm is able to swim into the uterus during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle and fuses with a mature ovum.

vagina blood discharge blood uterus wall

Uterus wall breaks down

Uterus wall begins to thicken

A mature ovum is released If fertilisation takes

place, the uterus wall will continue to thicken

(23)

 Describe fertilisation in human

 Identify the location of implantation of embryo

 Describe the development of a zygote into an embryo and subsequently into a foetus until birth.

1. Complete the statement below to describe fertilisation in human using the words given.

Fertilisation is the fusion between the ____________ and the _____________ which takes place in the ______________________ to produce a zygote.

2. Mark with X the location of implantation of the embryo in the figure below.

3. Complete the chart below on the sequence of development until a baby is born using the words given.

sperm fusion Fallopian tube ovum