STRUDS
STRUDS
TUTORIALS
TUTORIALS
The information in this tutorial Guide is subject to change without notice because of the continuos process of software enhancement / improvement. SOFTTECH is in no way responsible for any errors that may appear in this Tutorial Guide or due to its usage.
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INDEX
1. PREFACE
2. GETTING STARTED
3. ANALYSIS
{I.} ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
{I-1}PREPROCESSOR
{I-1.1} Creating Beam Element
{I-1.2} Creating and Attaching Section To Beam Element {I-1.3} Creating and Attaching Loads To Beam Element {I-1.4} Attaching Material To The Beam Element {I-1.5} Defining Support Conditions
{I-1.6} PreAnanlysis Enquiry. {I-1.7} Saving The Building File. {I-2} ANALYSIS
{I-2.1} Analysing The Beam.
{I-3} POSTPROCESSOR
{I-3.1} Selecting The Structure Type. {I-3.2} Vector Diagram Display.
{I-3.3} Creating New Load Combination. {I-3.4} Displaying Shear Force Diagram. {I-3.5} Using The Control Option
{I-3.6} Displaying Bending Moment Diagram. {I-3.7} Displaying Deflection Diagram.
{I-3.8} Free Body Diagram of the beam element. {I-3.9} Displaying Reactions
{II} - ANALYSIS OF A FIXED BEAM
{II-1} PREPROCESSOR{III} ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAM WITH OVERHANG
{III-1} PREPROCESSOR
{III-1.1} Creating Beam Element {III-1.2} Defining Support Conditions
{III-1.3} Creating and Attaching Loads To The Beam Element
{IV} ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE PORTAL FRAME
{IV-1} PREPROCESSOR
{IV-1.1} Creation Of The Portal Frame
{IV-1.2} Defining The Support Conditions {IV-1.3} Creating and Attaching The Section {IV-1.4} Creating And Attaching The Loads
{V} ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAME
{V-1} PREPROCESSOR{V-1.1} Creating Beam Element
{V-1.2} Defining Support Condition
{V-1.3} Creating and Attaching Section To the Elements. {V-1.4} Creating and Attaching Loads To The Beam Element
{VI} DESIGN OF ONE – WAY SLAB
{VI-1.1} Creating Slab
{VI-1.2} Designing The Slab
{VI-1.3} Displaying Design Results
{VII} DESIGN OF BEAM
{VII-1.1} Inputing Beam Geometry {VII-1.2} Defining The Beam Supports {VII-1.3} Creating And Attaching Load
{VII-1.4} Creating And Attaching Beam Section {VII-1.5} Attaching Material To The Beam {VII-1.6} Analysing The Beam
{VII-1.7} Designing The Beam {VII-1.8} Display of Results
{VII-1.9} Display of Design Results
{VIII} COLUMN DESIGN
{VIII-1.1} Creating Column Geometry
{VIII-1.2} Creating A New Load Combination {VIII-1.3} Designing of Column
{VIII-1.4} Display of Design
{IX} FOOTING DESIGN
{IX-1.1} Selecting The Type Of Footing
{IX-1.2} Inputting Column Details
{IX-1.3} Designing of Footing
5. BUILDING DESIGN
{X} SAMPLE BUILDING DESIGN
{X-1} PREPROCESSOR
{X-1.1a} Defining Floors {X-1.1b} Creating Slabs Panels {X-1.1c} Drawing Curved Element {X-1.2} Locating Column Positions {X-1.3} Specifying Boundary Conditions
{X-1.4} Creating And Attaching Sections to Beams {X-1.5} Creating and Attaching Walls
{X-1.6} Creating and Attaching External Loads {X-1.7} Saving Floor Plan
{X-1.8} Copying the Floor Plans {X-1.9} Editing The Floor Plans
{X-3.1} SLAB DESIGN
{X-3.1.1} Defining Properties
{X-3.1.2} Displaying Slab Design Results
{X-3.2} BEAM DESIGN
{X-3.2.1} Defining Beam Properties {X-3.2.2} Displaying Beam Schedule
{X-3.2.3} Display of The Bar Bending Schedule {X-3.2.4} Display of Beam Quantity Report. {X-3.2.5} Display The Double Line Diagram {X-3.2.6} Displaying The Analysis Results. {X-3.2.7} Display of Design Results.
{X-3.3} COLUMN DESIGN
{X-3.3.1} Defining Properties
{X-3.3.2} Displaying Column Design {X-3.3.3} Displaying Cumulative Loads {X-3.3.4} Displaying The Centerline Plan {X-3.3.5} Displaying Column Design Results {X-3.3.6} Displaying The Quantity Summary {X-3.3.7} Displaying The Column Load Report
{X-3.4} FOOTING DESIGN
{X-3.4.1} Defining Design Parameters {X-3.4.2} Displaying Footing Design Results {X-3.4.3} Displaying Footing Plan + Elevation {X-3.4.4} Displaying Footing Schedule
{X-3.4.5} Displaying Footing Quantity Report {X-3.4.6} Displaying Cenerline-Plan For Footings
{X-A} PLANE FRAME METHOD
{X-A 1} PREPROCESSOR
{X-A 1.1} Generating Plane Frames
{X-A 1.2} Generating Seismic and Wind Loads {X-A 1.3} Viewing EQ and Wind Load Report {X-A 1.4} Viewing of Frames and Horizontal Loads
{X-A 2} ANALYSIS
{X-A 3} DESIGN
BEAM DESIGN
{X-A 3.1} Creating New Load Combinations {X-A 3.2} Beam Design
{X-A 3.3} Displaying Beam Schedule
{X-A 3.4} Displaying Bar Bending Schedule. {X-A 3.5} Displaying Beam Quantity Report. {X-A 3.6} Displaying Analysis Results.
{X-A 3.7} Displaying Beam Design Results.
COLUMN DESIGN
{X-A 3.8} Column Design {X-A 3.9} Column Numbering
{X-A 3.15} Displaying Column Cross Section {X-A 3.16} Displaying Column Schedule
{X-A 3.17} Displaying Column Quantity Report {X-A 3.18} Displaying Column Load Report.
{X-A 3.19} Displaying Detail Column Design Report. {X-A 3.20} Displaying Column Schedule Report.
FOOTING DESIGN
{X-A 3.21} Footing Design
{X-A 3.22} Defining Design Parameters {X-A 3.23} Displaying Design
{X-A 3.24} Displaying Plan + Elevation. {X-A 3.25} Displaying Footing Schedule {X-A 3.26} Displaying Quantity Report
{X-A 3.27} Displaying Footing Center-Line Plan
{X-B} SPACE FRAME METHOD
{X-B1} PREPROCESSOR
{X-B 1.1} Generating Space Frame {X-B 1.2} Displaying Space Frame
{X-B 1.3} Generating Seismic and Wind Loads {X-B 1.4} Defining Load Cases
{X-B 2} ANALYSIS
{X-B 3} DESIGN
BEAM DESIGN
{X-B 3.1} Creating New Load Combinations For Beam Design {X-B 3.2} Beam Design By Space Frame Method
{X-B 3.3} Saving Design {X-B 3.4} Grouping Of Beams {X-B 3.5} Displaying Beam Schedule {X-B 3.6} Display of Reports
{X-B 3.7} Displaying Analysis Results {X-B 3.8} Displaying Design Results.
COLUMN DESIGN
{X-B 3.9} Column Design {X-B 3.10} Column Numbering {X-B 3.11} Defining Design Properties {X-B 3.12} Saving Column Design {X-B 3.13} Displaying Design {X-B 3.14} Displaying Loads
{X-B 3.15} Displaying Center Line Plan
{X-B 3.16} Displaying Column Schedule Report {X-B 3.17} Displaying Column Quantity Report.
{X-B 3.21} Displaying Footing Design {X-B 3.22} Displaying Footing Design {X-B 3.23} Displaying Plan + Elevation {X-B 3.24} Displaying Footing Schedule
{X-B 3.25} Displaying Footing Quantity Report. {X-B 3.26} Displaying Footing Centerline Plan.
With the positive response of the users to the STRUDS TUTORIAL GUIDE published
earlier we have decided to update the tutorial guide. This STRUDS TUTORIALS
includes the new features of STRUDS version 6.5.
The purpose of this Tutorials is to explain in brief the main features of STRUDS by working on analysis of beams, portal frames, rigid frames and design of individual slab, beam, column, footings. The part of analysis of beams, portal frames, rigid frames is included newly so that the young engineers can get familiar with the use of the elementary commands. The Individual Design part is to explain the new features added in the STRUDS. Also a sample Building design is explained as a Project. Though all the commands of STRUDS are not covered in this, most of the commands required for model generation, analysis and design are made use of.
In order to get conversant with the STRUDS, the user can go on exploring the various commands the details of which are already explained in the STRUDS MANNUAL.
Getting Started
Once you have installed STRUDS on your computer, you can now run STRUDS by using following menu options.
Click the ‘START’ button of windows95 menu bar. Click ‘Program’ option from the pull – up menu.
Click ‘STRUDS ON WINDOWS’ option from the menu.
The main menu of the STRUDS (also called as control menu) is displayed on the screen.
{I.} ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
{I-1} PREPROCESSOR
This module is the first module that you will be operating while using STRUDS. It accepts all the input data provided by you in graphical form and proceeds to create a 2D or 3D model of the structure. This is the core module of STRUDS program and is co-related with all other modules for their working. It should be noted that unless you pre-process a structure geometry, the analysis, post-processing or design of the same could not be done. The Pre Processor creates a file having any name up to 8 characters as provided by you having extension.BLD in which all the data of the building project is stored.
{I - 1.1} Creating Beam Element
Click the ‘PreProcessor’ option from menu bar at the top of main menu. STRUDS displays the menu of Preprocessor.
Click the ‘Building’ option from the menu. Click the ‘New’ option.
STRUDS displays the project information dialog box and ask you to enter such as name, location
etc.
You can fill up the relevant information in the fields available. If you do not want to write any information, just click the ‘OK’ button from the dialog box.
Select ‘PlaneFrame’ option from the main menu of ‘PreProcessor’
In Planeframe method, STRUDS generates the elements/structure in planeframe in X and Z directions.
DRAWING BEAM ELEMENT
Click ‘Create’ option so as to create a beam of 3M length. Note that this is the center to center distance between the supports.
STRUDS now displays a dialog box ‘CREATE NEW PLANEFRAME’.
Click ‘Create’ from the menu. Select ‘Beam’ option.
Click 'Two point method’
STRUDS displays command in the status bar,
‘Enter first point of element’: 6 4
Press ‘Enter’ key.
[To create a horizontal beam of 3 m. length, ‘Y’ ordinate will remain same, i.e. 4 and ‘X’ co-ordinate will be 6+3=9].
‘Enter second point of element’: 9 4
Press ‘Enter’ key.
It displays a two-point element.
{I-1.2} Creating and Attaching Section To Beam Element
Select ‘Create’ option. Click ‘Section’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Section Define’ dialog box.
Click drop down arrow of ‘Section Type’. Select ‘Rectangular’ section.
Click ‘Save’.
The created beam section is listed as ‘Sec1’. Click ‘Close’.
Click ‘Property’ menu. Select ‘Attach’ option. Click ‘Section’ suboption.
STRUDS displays ‘Attach section’ dialog box. Select beam section, Sec1.
Click ‘Locate’ button.
Click on the element with the box cursor.
{I-1.3} Creating And Attaching Loads To Beam Element
By default STRUDS will consider self-weight but in this problem it is not required to consider it, for that,
Click ‘Property’ option. Click ‘Create’ option. Click ‘Load’ option. Click ‘Self Wt.’ Option.
Click ‘Elemental load’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Load Definition’ dialog box.
Click drop down arrow of load types. Select load type. [ Full UDL]
- When you select this option, STRUDS asks you to provide W - intensity of Load
Angle of Load at which it is acting on the element. When the angle is 90 degrees it indicates that the load is normal to the axis of element.
Please note that while providing input downward load should be given as positive. The program however internally assigns -ve sign to all downward loads automatically. Key in load value 2 kN/m in the ‘W’ field appeared.
Click ‘Save’ button.
The selected load type is listed as G1. Click ‘Close’ button.
Click ‘Property’ menu. Select ‘Attach’ option. Click ‘Load’ sub-option.
Select Load Group, G1. Click ‘Locate’ button.
Click on the element with box cursor. Click ‘Close’ button.
{I-1.4} Attaching Material To The Beam Element
Click ‘Property’ menu. Select ‘Attach’ option. Click ‘Material’ sub-option.
Select Grade of concrete from dropdown arrow, M15. Click ‘Locate’ button.
Click on the element with the box cursor. Click ‘Close’.
{I-1.5} Defining Support Condition
Click 'Constraint' menu.
Click ‘support’ option to define the support conditions. STRUDS displays the window for support conditions.
Click ‘Define Group’.
STRUDS displays the ‘Boundary Group Define’ dialog box. Select support conditions, i.e. simple support (second option) Click ‘OK’ button.
Click ‘Define Group’ again.
STRUDS displays the ‘Boundary Group Define’ dialog box. Select support conditions, i.e. Hinge support (third option) Click ‘OK’ button.
Select boundary group BG1 by clicking the drop down arrow of Boundary Group list. Click ‘Add Node’.
Click on the Node 1 with box cursor.
Select boundary group BG2 by clicking the drop down arrow of Boundary Group list. Click ‘Add Node’.
Click on the Node 2 with box cursor. Click ‘Close’.
This option allows you to verify the input for any discrepancy before saving the data files for analysis of plane frame. When you select this option STRUDS check the input data you have given and if any deficiency or discrepancy is found, it points out the same in a
window message box. Click ‘OK’.
If any discrepancy occurs then rectify it and proceed further.
{I-1.7} Saving The Building File
Click ‘Building’ menu option. Click ‘Save’ option.
Select the drive on which Strudwin is loaded. Select ‘Strudwin’ folder.
Create a new folder as ‘data’.
Key in the file name and click ‘Save’ button. Click ‘Plane Frame’ menu option.
Select ‘Analysis Files’ option. Click ‘All’.
Click ‘Save’.
Click ‘Building’ menu option. Click ‘Exit’.
Here we have completed the ‘PRE PROCESSOR’ part of the ‘STRUDS '
{I-2} ANALYSIS
This menu allows you to perform the analysis of an element/structure.
{I-2.1} Analysing The Beam
Click ‘Analysis’ from control menu of STRUDS. Open the building file.
Click ‘Analysis’ from control menu. Click ‘Plane Frame’ option.
Click ‘Add All’. Click ‘OK’.
STRUDS displays a message ‘Analysis completed successfully’. Click ‘OK’.
Now the analysis part is over, we can see the analysis results of the given beam in the Postprocessor.
{I-3} POSTPROCESSOR
This module of STRUDS allows you to visualize and store the graphical and text representation of analysis results of the structure to understand its behavior.
{I-3.1} Selecting the Structure Type
Click ‘Post Processor’ from control menu. Click ‘Default’ option of the Postprocessor.
Select ‘Structure Type’ option.
As we are working on PLANE FRAME method select the same option. Click ‘OK’.
By default STRUDS divides every element into 16 parts for displaying and preparing the analysis results. You can reduce these divisions to any other number less than 20 and more than 2 to visualize and prepare the results of analysis.
Select 15 divisions. Click ‘OK’
Select ‘Floor/ Level’ option.
When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.
By default STRUDS always displays the analysis results of first floor and first level by Plane grid method. In case you want to select any other floor for display of results, overwrite the floor no. and the level no. in the above window and click on the OK button. Click ‘Project’ menu.
Click ‘Open’ option and open the building file.
Click ‘OK’ button on the dialog box appeared on the screen. Click on the element with box cursor.
{I-3.2} Vector Diagram Display
Click ‘Vector Diagram’ menu, to see vector diagram of the beam.
STRUDS displays vector diagram of the beam.
{I-3.3} Creating New Load Combination
If you want to create a new load combination, then click ‘Load combination’ menu. For example,
Select ‘DL’ from load cases; click on ‘New’. Click on ‘Load case factor’ and fill up the value; 1 Click ‘Add’ button of dialog box.
Click ‘Close’ button.
Here the load combination created as 1.0DL gets saved. (We have created this load to follow the evaluation of problem otherwise the software will consider the default load combination as 1.5DL+1.5LL. If you want to delete this load combination, select it from right side dialog box & press the ‘Delete’ button of the dialog box.)
Click ‘Close’.
Click ‘Control’ option.
Click ‘Load combination’ option. Select 1.0DL
Note that if you have not deleted the load combination 1.5DL+1.5LL previously, then both the load combinations will be present (i. e.1.5DL+1.5LL AND 1.0 DL) so if you have not selected 1.0DL then by default the1.5DL+1.5LL will be taken by the computer.
To view the results and diagrams of shear force diagram, bending moment diagram, deflected shape of the beam and respective deflection values, free body diagram of the beam, reactions at the supports, click on the respective menu option of the Struds Post Processor window. We can also view the analysis report of the beam by clicking the ‘Report’ menu option.
{I-3.4} Displaying Shear Force Diagram.
Click ‘Sfd’.
Here the drop-down menu of Sfd will display the various options as follows.
Full –By clicking this option SFD of the beam will appear on the screen.
On right side distances and the corresponding values of shear forces are displayed. As we have defined 15Divisions the same can be seen in the results.
{I-3.5} Using The Control Option
In earlier steps we have used the two options i.e. ‘No.Of Divisions’ and ‘Load Combinations’. Now we will see the next required options.
Value - By clicking this option a dialog box will be displayed. If you want to see the maximum and the minimum values of the sfd, bmd, etc., you can click on the corresponding check boxes. Distance – By clicking this option a dialog box will be displayed. If you want to see the distances for the corresponding values for maximum, minimum and zero sfd / bmd /deflection, etc., click on the corresponding check boxes.
Precision – By clicking this option a dialog box will be displayed. Two types of precision are available, Value Precision and Distance precision. Default setting for both is 3. It means that the values will be displayed as three digits after the decimal point. You can change any type of precision if you want. Note that you can give the value upto 5 only.
Scale Factor – By clicking this option a dialog box will be displayed. Default setting is 1. You can change the value so as to view the various diagrams as per your desire.
Font – By clicking this option you can change the properties of display of various factors.i.e. You can change Font / font style / size / colour etc.
{I-3.6} Displaying Bending Moment Diagram.
Click ‘Bmd’ option of the PostProcessor menu. You can click the following options.
Full – By clicking this option you can see the full Bmd of the beam.
Element – By clicking this option you can see the Bmd as well as the B.M. values and the corresponding distances from the left node of the beam element.
Selection Set – By clicking this option you can see the Bmd of selected elements from the geometry. To define the Selection Set use the options CONTROL- DEFINE SELECTION SET from the menu.
Grid – By clicking this option you can view the bmd of a grid.
{I-3.7}Displaying Deflection Diagram.
Click ‘DefShape’ option of the Postprocessor menu. Here two options are available.
Element – To view deflected shape of the element. Node – to view deflected shape of the node. Select the ‘Element’ option.
Click ‘Full’ (To view the full-deflected shape of the beam.)
Click ‘Element’ (To view the deflected shape of the beam as well as the values of deflection and the corresponding distances.)
For this example the max. deflection occurs at 1.5 m and its value is -0.00006 m.
{I-3.8} Displaying Free body diagram of the beam element.
Click ‘Fbd’ option of the Postprocessor menu.
A dialog box showing the element no. will appear on the screen. As we have only one element i.e.1.
The free body diagram will be displayed on the left side, and it shows the S.F., B.M., AXIAL FORCES values on RHS.
{I-3.9} Displaying Reactions
Click ‘Reaction’ option of the PostProcessor menu. Click ‘Full’ option.
To view the individual support reactions, Click ‘Node’ option.
{II} - TO ANALYSE A FIXED BEAM
Calculate the shear force, bending moment & deflection for fixed beam of 3m. C/c
span having UDL of 2KN/m over its whole span.
{II-1} PREPROCESSOR
The steps to solve this problem are same as that of previous problem except the steps to provide supports condition.
For that,
Click ‘constraint’ menu option of preprocessor. STRUDS displays window for support conditions. Click ‘Define Group’ button.
It displays the ‘Boundary Group Define’ dialog box.
Select support conditions; select Fixed support. i.e. the first option. Click ‘Add Node’ button.
Click on the nodes with box cursor. Click ‘close’ button.
Click ‘Close’ menu option of the window.
The steps for Analysis and Postprocessor are the same as described in the 1st problem.
{III} TO ANALYSE CONTINUOUS BEAM WITH OVERHANG
Analyze the continuous beam shown in the figure.
All the steps to solve this problem will be the same as in the previous problem except the construction of beam, creating/attaching supports & loads in the preprocessor.
{III-1} PREPROCESSOR
{III-1.1} Creating Beam Element
Click ‘Create’ menu. Select ‘Beam’ option.
Click ‘Two Point Method’ sub option. STRUDS displays command,
‘Enter first point of Element’: 5 5
Press ‘Enter’ key.
‘Enter second point of Element’:6 5
Press ‘Enter’ key.
Click right button of the mouse, select ‘Node’ option. Click the second node / type 2
‘Enter second point of Element’: 15 5 Press ‘Enter’ key.
Again click the right button of the mouse; select ‘Node’ option. Click the fourth node / type 4.
‘Enter second point of Element’: 16.5 5
Press ‘Enter’ key.
{III-1.2} Defining Support Conditions
Click ‘Constraint’ menu option of preprocessor. Click ‘Support’ option.
STRUDS displays Boundary condition window. Click ‘Define Group’ button.
It displays ‘Define Boundary Group’ dialog box.
Click on the hinged support icon i.e. the second icon. Click ‘OK’ button.
The selected boundary group is listed as ‘BG1’ in the list box. Again click ‘Define Group’ button.
Click on the roller support icon; i.e. third icon. Click ‘OK’ button.
The selected boundary group is listed as ‘BG2’in the list box. Select the boundary group ‘BG1’.
Click ‘Add Node’ button.
Click on Node no. 3 with the box cursor. Select the boundary group ‘BG2’. CLICK ‘Add Node’ button.
Click on node no. 2 & 4 with the box cursor. Click ‘Close’ button.
{III-1.3} Creating and Attaching Loads To The Beam Element
Click ‘Property’ menu option. Select ‘Create’ option.
Select ‘Load’ option.
Click ‘Elemental Load’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Define Load’ dialog box. Click drop down arrow of load types. Select load type; Point Load.
Key in load value 25 KN in the W-field appeared. Also key in the offset 0 m. in the A-field.
In the angle field, key in the value of angle of application of the load. In this case the load is vertical hence the angle is 90Deg. If we don’t change it STRUDS will take it, by default as
Select load type; Full UDL
Key in load value 20 kN/m in the field appeared. Click ‘Save’ button.
The selected load type is listed as G2 in the list box. Click drop down arrow of load types again. Select load type; ‘Wedge_R Load’.
Key in load value 40kN in the W-field. Key in offset from the left support; A=0. Also key in the span; L=3.
Click ‘Save’ button.
The selected load type is listed as G3. Select load type; ‘Wedge_L Load’. Key in load value 40kN in the W-field. Key in offset from the left support; A=3. Also key in the span; L=3.
Click ‘Save’ button.
The selected load type is listed as G4.
Click ‘Drop down arrow’ of load types again. Select load type ‘Point load’.
Click ‘Property’ menu. Select ‘Attach’ option. Click ‘Load’ sub-option.
STRUDS displays ‘Attach to Element’ dialog box. Select Load Group, G1.
Click ‘Locate’ button.
Click on the first element with box cursor. Select load group; G2.
Click on the second element with the box cursor. Select Load Group, G3.
Click ‘Locate’ button.
Click on the third element with box cursor. Select load group; G4.
Click on the third element with the box cursor.
A message appears as ‘Element Already Loaded Under Some Category! Attach Load
Again?’
Click ‘Yes’ button. Select load group; G5.
Click on the fourth element with the box cursor. Click ‘Close’ button.
The rest of the steps are same as the previous problem.
{IV} ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE PORTAL FRAME
Analyze the portal frame shown in fig. The end A is fixed and D is hinged. Draw the bmd and deflected shape of the frame.
{IV-1.1} Creation Of The Portal Frame
All the previous steps are the same as given in the 1st problem except the construction procedure. Click ‘Create’ menu.
Select ‘Column’ option. Click ‘Two point’ option.
‘Enter first point of Element’: 3 2
Press ‘Enter’ key.
‘Enter second point of Element’: 3 6
Press ‘Enter’ key.
‘Enter first point of Element’: 7 2
Press ‘Enter’ key.
‘Enter second point of Element’: 7 6
Press ‘Enter’ key. Click ‘Create’ menu. Select ‘Beam’ option.
Click ‘Two Point Method’ sub option. STRUDS displays command,
‘Enter first point of Element’: 3 6
Press ‘Enter’ key.
‘Enter second point of Element’: 7 6
Press ‘Enter’ key.
{IV-1.2} Defining The Support Conditions
Click ‘Constraint’ menu option of preprocessor. Click ‘Support’ option.
Click ‘Define Group’ button.
It displays ‘Boundary Define Group’ dialog box.
Click on the fixed support icon i.e. the first one. Click ‘OK’ button.
The selected boundary group is listed as ‘BG1’ in the list box.
Click ‘Define Group’ button again.
Click on the hinged support icon i.e. the second icon. The selected boundary group is listed as ‘BG2’ in the list box. Click ‘OK’ button.
Click ‘Add Node’ button.
Click on Node no. 2 with the box cursor. Select the boundary group; ‘BG2’. Click ‘Add Node’ button.
Click on Node no.4 with the box cursor. Click ‘Close’ button.
{IV-1.3} Creating and Attaching The Section
Click ‘Property’ menu option. Select ‘Create’ option.
Select ‘Section’ option.
Create Rectangular section of 230 x 300 mm. Attach section to all elements.
{IV-1.4} Creating And Attaching The Loads
Click ‘Property’ menu option. Select ‘Create’ option.
Select ‘Load’ option. Click ‘Nodal Load’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Nodal Load Define’ dialog box.
Select ‘Load’ option. Click ‘Self Weight’ option.
This deactivates the self-weight consideration. Click ‘Property’ menu.
Select ‘Attach’ option.
Click ‘Nodal Load’ sub-option.
STRUDS displays ‘Attach to Node’ dialog box.
Select Load Group, N1. Click ‘Locate’ button.
Click on the second node with box cursor. Click ‘Close’ button.
The rest of the steps for the preprocessor, Analysis and PostProcessor are the same as described in the previous example.
{V} ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAME
Analyse the rigid frame shown in figure.
All the steps to solve this problem will be the same as in the previous problem except the construction of frame &creating/attaching supports, loads in the preprocessor.
{V-1} PREPROCESSOR
{V-1.1} Creating Beam Element
Click ‘Create’ menu. Select ‘Beam’ option.
Click ‘Two Point Method’ sub option. STRUDS displays command,
‘Enter first point of Element’: 6 6
Press ‘Enter’ key.
‘Enter second point of Element’: 12 6
Press ‘Enter’ key.
Click right button of the mouse; select ‘Node’ option. Click the second node / type 2
‘Enter second point of Element’: 16 6
Press ‘Enter’ key.
Click ‘Create’ menu option. Select ‘Column’ option. Click ‘Two point’ option.
‘Enter first point of Element’: 12 3
Press ‘Enter’ key.
‘Enter second point of Element’: 12 6
Click ‘Constraint’ menu option of preprocessor. Click ‘Support’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Boundary condition window’. Click ‘Define Group’ button.
It displays ‘Define Boundary Group’ dialog box.
Click on the fixed support icon i.e. the first one. Click ‘OK’ button.
The selected boundary group is listed as ‘BG1’ in the list box. Click ‘Define Group’ button again.
Click on the hinged support icon i.e. the second icon. Click ‘OK’ button.
Select the boundary group; ‘BG2’. Click ‘Add Node’ button.
Click on Node no.3 with the box cursor. Click ‘Close’ button.
{V-1.3} Creating and Attaching Section to the Elements.
Click ‘Property’ menu option. Select ‘Create’ option.
Click ‘Section’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Section Define’ dialog box. Click drop down arrow of ‘Section Type’.
Select ‘Rectangular’ section.
Key in dimensions of beam section in the field appeared. (b=230mm & d=450mm) Click ‘Save’.
The created beam section is listed as ‘Sec1’. Click ‘Close’.
Click ‘Property’ menu. Select ‘Attach’ option. Click ‘Section’ suboption.
STRUDS displays ‘Attach section’ dialog box. Click ‘All’ button of the dialog box.
Here the section gets attached to all the elements.
{V-1.4} Creating and Attaching Loads To The Beam Element
By default system will consider self-weight but in this problem we do not require to consider it, for that,
Click on the check box so that the tick mark will disappear.
Click ‘Property’ menu option. Select ‘Create’ option.
Select ‘Load’ option.
Click ‘Elemental Load’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Load Define’ dialog box.
Click ‘Drop down arrow’ of load types. Select load type; Full UDL
Click ‘Save’ button.
The selected load type is listed as G1.
Click ‘Drop down arrow’ of load types again. Select load type; Point Load.
Key in load value 60 kN in the W-field appeared. Also key in the offset 2m in the A-field.
Click ‘Close’ button. Click ‘Property’ menu. Select ‘Attach’ option. Click ‘Load’ sub-option.
STRUDS displays ‘Attach to Element’ dialog box. Select Load Group, G1.
Click ‘Locate’ button.
Click on the first element with box cursor. Select load group; G2.
Click on the second element with the box cursor. Click ‘Close’ button.
The rest of the steps to solve this problem are same as the previous problem of simply supported beam.
INDIVIDUAL DESIGN MODULE
{VI} DESIGN OF ONE – WAY SLAB
Design a Simply Supported Slab Of 3m X 6m c/c.
To design this slab we will use the individual module of design. For this, select the ‘Design’ option of the STRUDS control menu. Click ‘Stand Alone Design’ option.
STRUDS displays a design option window for individual design of slab / beam / column.
Click the Slab option. Click ‘NEW’ option.
STRUDS displays a window for ‘USER SLAB PROPERTIES.’
Click the drop-down list box of ‘Type of Slab.’ Select ‘One Way Rectangular Slab’ option.
Press ‘Tab’ key to fill up the slab dimensions boxes for x and y. (Say, X=3, Y=6)
Use ‘Tab’ key to give Thickness / Material density / Dead Load / Live Load / Floor Finish etc. [Here we are not changing any of the mentioned properties.]
At the top of the right side of the ‘USER SLAB PROPERTIES’ window, ‘Slab Design
Parameters’ button is present. By clicking this button you can change the grade of concrete, grade of steel.
Also in ‘SLAB DESIGN PARAMETERS’ window, at the right top ‘Reinforcement Parameters’ button is present. Clicking this button you can change the clear, minimum and maximum spacing of main / distribution reinforcement, type of reinforcement i.e. bent-up / curtailment, minimum diameter for main and Other span.
Click ‘OK’. Click ‘OK’.
Select the Load Transfer Type. [i.e. second option for one way slab.]
Click ‘OK’ button of ‘USER SLAB PROPERTIES’ window. STRUDS displays Individual Design Window Application-[:2]
{VI-1.2} Designing The Slab
Click ‘Design’ option.
On windows a screen for ‘Deflection Check Fails’ will appear. As we have given the slab thickness as 100 mm. The thickness required is approximately140 mm.
Click ‘Change Thickness’ button.
Now the ‘Thickness (Total) box’ will get activated. Click ‘OK’ button.
Now the ‘Deflection Check Fail’ window will disappear it means the design is over.
Click on the floppy option to save the design. Save the design in strudwin / data folder, by giving a file name.
{VI-1.3} Displaying Design Results
Click ‘Report’ option of Individual Design Window Application.
Click ‘Moment’ option to see the moments acting on the slab. The colour conventions are displayed on right side of the window, which enables us to know the type of moment acting. Click ‘Schedule Report’ to see the slab design schedule.
Click ‘Detail’ option to see the reinforcement details and the detail data reinforcement window.
Click ‘Design Sketch’ option to see the design sketch of reinforcement on the slab plan.
Click ‘Quantity’ option to see the concrete / steel quantities.
{VII} DESIGN OF BEAM
Design a singly reinforced beam of length 4m, carrying a UDL of 15kN.
Select ‘Stand Alone Design’ option of the Design menu from the STRUDS main window. STRUDS displays Individual Design Window Application.
{VII-1.1} Inputting Beam Geometry
Click ‘Beam’ menu option Click ‘File’ menu option. Click ‘New’ option.
Click ‘Define’ option of Individual Design Window menu. Select ‘Geometry’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Define User Beam’ window.
The window displays grid name; ‘Grid1’ and beam identity number; ‘ID: 1'. Key in level height: 3m.
Click ‘Add’ button of span.
STRUDS displays another window ‘Input element data’. Key in beam span 4m in the ‘Element Span’.
Click ‘OK’.
Now this beam is listed as ‘B1’ in the span list of ‘Define User Beam’ window. Click ‘OK’ button of the ‘Define User Beam’ window.
The beam element ‘B1’ will be displayed on the screen.
{VII-1.2} Defining The Beam Supports
Click ‘Define’ option. Select ‘Support’ option.
Select ‘Beam’ option of support type.
A message ‘Give support data for node number: 1', displayed at the window bottom.
Key in the beam sizes 230 mm X 300mm. Click ‘Save and Next’ button.
A message ‘Give support data for node number: 2', displayed at the window bottom.
Keep the same values as 230 mm X 300 mm. Click ‘Save and Next’ button.
Now you can see the generated nodal supports.
{VII-1.3} Creating And Attaching Load
Click ‘Loads’ option of the ‘Individual Design Window Application.’ Struds displays ‘User Beam Load Define Dialog Box.’
Click ‘Full Udl’ load condition from drop-down window. Key in the value 15 kN for W.
Click ‘ Save’.
The load will be listed as ‘G1’. Click ‘Close’ option.
Click ‘Attach’ option.
Select ‘G1’ option. Click ‘All’ button. Click ‘Close’ button.
Make sure that the self-wt option is active in the main menu of ‘Loads.’
{VII-1.4} Creating And Attaching Beam Section
Click ‘Section’ option of the ‘Individual Design Window Application.’ Click ‘ Define’ option.
Struds displays ‘User Beam Section Define Dialog Box.’ Select section type, i.e. ‘Rectangular.’
Key in values for width and depth as 230mm and 300mm respectively. Click ‘Save’ option.
Now the beam section is listed as ‘Sec1’ in the list box. Click ‘Close’ option.
Now we have to attach the section created to the element. Click ‘Section’ option.
Select ‘Attach’ option.
Struds displays ‘Attach section’ dialog box. Select section ‘Sec1’, Beam name: B1. Click ‘All’ button.
Here the selected section gets attached to the selected element Click ‘Close’ option.
{VII-1.5} Attaching Material To The Beam
Select material grade, M15. Select beam name, B1. Click ‘All’ button. Click close button.
{VII-1.6} Analysing The Beam
Click ‘Analysis’ menu option and wait till the message appears,
Click ‘OK’ button.
{VII-1.7} Designing The Beam
Click ‘Design’ option of main menu.
Select load combination, 1.5DL+1.5LL. Click ‘OK’ button.
STRUDS displays ‘Individual Design Window Application-[:2]’ with a gridline diagram. Click 'Analysis Results'
This option allows you to visualize the analysis results of the beam graphically. It has following options.
Click ‘Analysis’ menu option. Click ‘Load Combination’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Select Load Combination’ dialog box.
Select any of the load combinations from the list to see the analysis results. Click ‘SF Diagram’ option from ‘Analysis Results’ menu option.
STRUDS displays the Shear Force Diagram & the corresponding values for the beam. Click ‘BM Diagram’ option from the ‘View Results’ menu option.
STRUDS displays the SF Diagram/BM Diagram for the beam considering all the beams as
simply supported.
Click ‘Def diagram’ from the ‘View Results’ menu option. STRUDS displays the deflected shape diagram for the beam. Click ‘Tor Diagram’ from the ‘View Results’ menu option. STRUDS displays the Torsional diagram for the beam. Click ‘Loads’ option from the ‘View Results’ menu option.
STRUDS displays the various loads acting on the beam in graphical form with values. Click ‘Redist’ option from the ‘View Results’ menu option.
STRUDS displays the ‘Redistribution’ window. Select the beam in the ‘Beam ID’ field.
Key in the values of ‘Redistribution Factor’ for the left &right support. Click ‘Redistribute’ button.
STRUDS displays the values of redistributed moments in the right part of the window.
{VII-1.9} Displaying Design Results
Click 'Design Results'
This option allows you to see the design results in graphics and text form of the selected grid. You can also change some parameters to redesign the selected beam. This menu has again following options.
Design Results – Dsg loadcombi
This option allows you to select the load combination to redesign the selected grid. You may have selected say 1.5DL+1.5LL for the beam while setting initial parameters, but now you may want to see the design results of a particular beam for some other load combination, say for in such case, Worst Load Combination you can select the load combination and STRUDS will redesign the beam for the selected load combination.
This window displays the list of all defined load combinations. Select the load combination for which you want to redesign the beams in the grid and click on the OK button. STRUDS redesigns the beam and the corresponding design results shall be displayed in the graphics and text reports. Design Results – Settings
This option allows you to change the settings for the selected grid that you had specified for design of all the beams. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.
This window at the left displays the beam cross section and the conventions used for various parameters like cover, grade of concrete, grade of steel and maximum aggregate size. At the right are the drop down menus and fields where you can specify the parameters by overwriting default values.
Concrete (fck):
At the right top is a drop down menu, which shows the various grades of concrete. Select the grade of concrete that you want to use for redesigning the beams.
Main Steel (fy):
The second drop down menu indicates the grades of steel available such as Fe250 – Mild Steel, Fe415 – Tor Steel, Fe500 – High Strength Tor Steel. Select the grade of steel that you want to use for the main reinforcement i.e. the longitudinal reinforcement at the top and bottom of beam from
Below the drop down menus are three fields for specifying concrete covers. Tension (Ct):
In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for bottom bars in the beam. Compression (Cb):
In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for top bars in the beam. Side (Cs):
In this field type the value of clear cover you want to provide for stirrups along the side face of the beam.
Max Agg SIZE:
This field denotes the maximum size of coarse aggregates in concrete that will decide the minimum spacing between bars.
No. Of DIVISIONS:
This field denotes the no. Of divisions in an element at which the design results are to be
displayed. For analysis, STRUDS divides each element into 16 parts. For design you can consider the divisions equal to or less than 16. While preparing the reports for design, STRUDS will display the results as per the number of divisions specified by you.
Reinforcement Parameters
At the left is a button by this title which enables you to decide the basic pattern of providing reinforcement in the beams. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.
There are three drop down menus. The first drop down menu has the grade of steel that you can select for stirrups.
From the second drop down menu you can select the bar diameter to be used if the spacing is less than specified.
From the third drop down menu you can specify the number of legs that should be used if the spacing is less than specified.
At the right are two options for design considerations. The check marks before these options denote whether they are active or not. By default both these options are active.
Design as Doubly?
When this option is active, STRUDS will design a beam as doubly reinforced if the available depth is not sufficient to design as singly reinforced. If you deactivate this option by removing the check mark from the box, and continue the design, STRUDS displays a message if the available depth for beam is not sufficient for singly reinforced design.
You can then click on the `Yes’ button to design the beam as doubly reinforced. If you want to change the properties of beam, click on the `No’ button. STRUDS displays following window.
You can then click on the `Yes’ button to design the beam as doubly reinforced. If you want to change the properties of beam, click on the `No’ button. STRUDS displays following window.
This window shows the beam number, its span, section, current grade of concrete and grade of steel. There are also two drop down menus for grade of concrete and steel. You can change the grade of concrete by selecting a higher grade from the drop down menu and select `SAVE’ and `CLOSE’ options. STRUDS will then redesign the beam. The change of grade of concrete, grade of steel or section can be done for the current beam or all the beams in the floor. If you want to change the size of beam, click on the `CHANGE’ button. STRUDS displays following window.
In this window you can ask the program to increase the width, depth or both by providing the increment value. Click on the option for width, depth or both and overwrite the value of increment in the field given below.
If the section is a T section or L section, the options at the down portion of window become active and you can type the dimensions of section in the fields to redesign the beam.
Select `CLOSE’ button to save & close the window. Now the previous window of `Change Beam Properties’ is again active. Select the buttons `SAVE’ and `CLOSE’. STRUDS will redesign the beam for the revised section.
Torsion Effect in Design
When this option is active, STRUDS will design the beams for torsional moments. If you put off this option, STRUDS will not consider the effect of torsion on beams while designing. If you do not want to consider the torsional moment in analysis, while providing the sections, you can change the torsional constant of section as zero by overwriting the value in the window for section define by selecting the `Properties’ button for a particular section.
Design Results - Properties
This option allows you to change the sectional and material properties of the beams in the
This window has two drop down menus at left top to specify the material properties of concrete and steel for the beams in the grid. You can select the beam in the grid to which these properties are to be applied by selecting the beam number from the menu list at top right of the window. Section Geometry
By clicking on this button, you can change the sectional properties of a selected beam. When you select this option STRUDS displays following window.
This window displays the beam number and its section Ids at the top in two fields. Below this is a checkbox for `Apply to all Beams’ option. You can click on this check box to apply the new section to all the beams in the selected grid.
Detail Data
This option allows you to change the bar-detailing pattern of the selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
You can select the detailing type of bars as Bent Up, Curtailed or none of these by selecting the corresponding options in this window. If you select `None’ options; STRUDS will provide the maximum required steel at top and bottom uniformly without curtailing the bars.
The window also has options for design considerations that can be put on off by selecting their check boxes.
Click on the OK button to save the detailing type and proceed for design. Select Cancel button if you want to consider the default detailing for design.
Steel Diagram
This option allows you to see the graphical representation of steel areas required at different places in the selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following screen.
This screen displays the gridline at top and the diagrammatic representation of areas of steel required at top and bottom of the selected grid below it.
At the top of the screen STRUDS shows the load combination for which the Steel Diagram is displayed and the span of beam of which the text description of steel areas are displayed at the right side in two vertical columns.
You can select the beam in the gridline form the list menu below the text columns to see the corresponding areas of steel.
Detailing
This option allows you to see the detailing of reinforcement for the selected grid. it has following sub-options.
BottomBars
This option allows you to see the detailing for bottom reinforcement in the selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see the bottom bar detailing. The span of the beam and its section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS also displays the grade of concrete and steel used for the design of this beam.
Below this STRUDS shows the minimum steel area required for the selected beam in the gridline as per code provisions and the name of the design load combination.
The detailing of bottom bars is displayed at the bottom of this window. STRUDS shows two rows for two different bar dia and their numbers / types. The area of each bar type is calculated by STRUDS and displayed at the end of the row. The sum of areas due to both the bar dias is displayed at the bottom. STRUDS also displays the surplus area i.e. the difference between the provided and required area of steel.
You can change the detailing provided by STRUDS by overwriting the dia and number of bars in their respective fields and clicking the `SAVE’ button. STRUDS will recalculate the steel area provided. If this area is less than the theoretically required area, STRUDS displays a message. You can then click on the OK button to provide your own steel area. These changes will automatically be reflected in design schedule and quantity reports by STRUDS.
At the right side of window STRUDS displays the text values for the areas of steel required at eleven different places in the selected beam. Below it are two buttons for BM VALUES and TOP AREA.
BM VALUES
When you select this button, STRUDS displays the bending moment values for the selected beam at eleven places.
select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see the top bar detailing. The span of the beam and its section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS also displays the grade of concrete and steel used for the design of this beam.
Below this STRUDS shows the minimum steel area required for the selected beam in the gridline as per code provisions and the name of the design load combination.
Below this STRUDS shows the detailing of top bars in three rows. In the first row, the dia of anchor bars, numbers, length and total steel area provided are shown in different fields. Below this the extra bars provided at top and bottom at left and right support are displayed in different fields.
At the bottom of the window STRUDS shows the provided area of steel at top at both the supports and at midspan. The outstand area or surplus area i.e. the difference between provided and required area of steel are also displayed in the window.
You can change the detailing provided by STRUDS by overwriting the dia and number of bars in their respective fields and clicking the `SAVE’ button. STRUDS will recalculate the steel area
BM VALUES
When you select this button, STRUDS displays the bending moment values for the selected beam at eleven places.
BOTTOM AREA
When you select this button, STRUDS displays the values of area of steel required at bottom for the selected beam at eleven places
Shear
This option allows you to see the detailing for shear reinforcement in the selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see its shear bar detailing. The span of the beam and its section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS also displays the grade of concrete used for the design of this beam. The maximum allowed stirrup spacing for the selected beam in the gridline as per code provisions and the name of the design load combination are also shown by STRUDS.
SF VALUE
When you click on this button, STRUDS shows the shear force values for the selected beam. The following window is displayed on screen.
This window at the top has a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see its shear force values. Below the list menu STRUDS displays the span of the selected beam. The values of area are shown in a text column. Select `CLOSE’ button to close this window. STRUDS displays the shear force diagram for the selected beam. The beam is divided in three zones depending upon the required stirrup spacing. The length of these zones is shown in the diagram.
Below this STRUDS shows the shear detailing in the form of dia of bars, number of legs of the stirrups, grade of steel, number of stirrups, spacing of stirrups and the shear capacity of provided stirrups in three rows. The first, second and third rows denote the shear detailing for left zone, middle zone and right zone in the beam respectively.
You can change the detailing provided by STRUDS by overwriting the values of bar dia, stirrup legs or grade of steel and clicking on the SAVE button. STRUDS will recalculate the stirrup spacing and stirrup numbers. The change in detailing will automatically be reflected in design schedules, quantity reports and section drawing.
At the right side STRUDS displays a column of text values for theoretically computed stirrup spacing at eleven points in the selected beam.
SAVE
Select this button to save the changes, if any, you have made in the detailing. Unless you use this option, your changes will not be reflected in design schedules & quantity reports.
CLOSE
Select this button to close the window of shear bars detailing. SideBars
This option allows you to see the detailing for side reinforcement provided in the selected beam. As per IS: 456, sidebars are to be provided in case the depth of beam is more than 750 mm. When
This window shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top. Below this at left is a list menu from which you can select the beam number to see the side bar detailing. The span of the beam and its section type / section dimensions are displayed in front of the beam list menu. STRUDS also displays the grade of concrete and steel used for the design of this beam.
Below this STRUDS shows the design load combination. The detailing of sidebars along both the faces – left and right is shown in two rows. STRUDS displays the bar dia, number, spacing, required steel area, provided steel area and outstanding /surplus steel area for the side reinforcement of selected beam.
SAVE
Select this button to save the changes, if any, you have made in the detailing. Unless you use this option, your changes will not be reflected in design schedules & quantity reports.
CLOSE
Select this button to close the window of sidebars detailing.
Combined
This option allows you to see the combined detailing for bottom bars, top bars and stirrups for all the beams in the selected grid. When you select this option, STRUDS displays a window which Shows the geometry of the selected grid at the top with beam labels. Below this a text table is shown describing the detailing. This table shows the beam numbers (Ids), Span of beam (L), Width of beam section (B), Depth of Beam Section (D), bottom steel in the form of dia and number of bars, top steel at left/right/middle and stirrup spacing as per the zones.
You can not make any changes in this table. It is displayed for viewing purpose only. Section Graphics
This screen displays the longitudinal section of the selected gridline of beams in the top half portion. The section diagram shows the bars at top, bottom and stirrups for all the beams in the selected grid. The span of each beam and the zones for shear steel are also shown. The dia and number of bars as provided are also indicated in this drawing.
In the bottom half portion, the cross sections of first beam in the selected grid at midspan, left support and right support are displayed. If you want to see the cross section of other beams, select CROSS SECTION – NEXT options from the menu bar.
At the top of this screen, STRUDS displays a menu-bar with several menu options to visualise the sectional graphics.
Cross Section
This option allows you to choose the display of cross section diagram of beams on the screen. It has further two options.
NEXT
When you click on this option, STRUDS will display the cross sections of the next beam in the grid.
PREVIOUS
When you click on this option, STRUDS will display the cross sections of the previous beam in the grid.
WINDOW
When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select the portion that you want to enlarge by creating a window with the cursor. STRUDS will display the portion in an enlarged manner on the screen.
ALL
Select this option to see the entire full section graphics when you have already used the ZOOM – WINDOW or PAN options.
PREVIOUS
Select this option to return to the previous zoom status of the diagram. Pan
This option allows you to move the graphics on the screen in any direction for better
visualization. When you select this option, a box cursor appears on the screen. Select the starting point and the destination point by cursor to shift the sectional diagrams on the screen.
Flushing
This option allows you to modify the detailing and longitudinal section diagram of the beams in the grid if the beams are positioned at different levels. When you select this option, STRUDS displays following window.
The flushing of beams can be of three types. TOP
The default flushing while displaying the longitudinal section is TOP. Which means that the top level of all beams in the selected grid is same.
Bottom
If you select this option the longitudinal section will be displayed in such a manner that the bottom level of beams remains same.
Center
If you select this option the longitudinal section will be displayed in such a manner that the centre level of beams remains same.
{VIII} INDIVIDUAL COLUMN DESIGN
Design a rectangular column of 3m length carrying an axial load of 76 KN.
Click ‘Design’ option of the control menu of Struds window.Click ‘Standalone design’ option.
Click ‘Geometry’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Define Column’ dialog box.
Key in value for ‘Element span’, 3m. Click ‘OK’ button.
Click ‘OK’ button of ‘Define Column’ dialog box.
{VIII-1.2} Creating A New Load Combination
Click ‘Define’ menu option. Select ‘Load Combination’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Load Combination’ dialog box.
You can create new load combinations using this dialog box as follows.
(Optional) Click ‘DL’ from the load cases. Click ‘New’ button of load combination section.
Click ‘Add’ button of ‘Load Case’ section. Click ‘Close’ button.
The created load combination is listed in the ‘Load Combination’ list box. Click ‘Close’ button.
Click ‘Define’ menu option. Select ‘Load’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Column Load’ dialog box.
You can enter the values of axial load, Mx & My. Key in axial load value for DL, 76kN.
Click ‘Save’ button. Click ‘Next’ button.
(Optional) Key in values for load case LL. Click ‘Save’ button.
Click ‘Close’ button Click ‘Section’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Column Section’ dialog box.
(Optional) you can change the width & depth of the column. Click ‘Save’ button.
Click ‘Close’ button
Click ‘Close’ button of ‘Column Section’ dialog box. Click ‘Material’ menu option.
STRUDS displays ‘Change material for floor’ dialog box.
(Optional) Click the check box of ‘change material’ to change the grade of concrete or steel. Click ‘Save’ button.
Click OK’ button.
{VIII-1.3} Designing The Column
Click ‘Design’ menu option. Click ‘New’ option.
Click ‘Axial’ suboption. Click ‘Design’ menu option.
Click ‘Save’ option & save the design in strudwin / data, folder. Click ‘View’ menu option.
Click ‘Load Combination’ option.
STRUDS displays ‘Select Load Combination’ dialog box.
Select the appropriate load combination, here select 1.5DL+1.5LL. Click ‘View’ menu option.
Click ‘Column Loads’ option to view total load on column resulted due to the selected load combination.