Agenda

(1)

Agenda

► Questions from 1999

Questions from 1999

► Dates brainstorm

Dates brainstorm

► Selected topics lecture

Selected topics lecture

► Cartoon analysis

Cartoon analysis

(2)

Dates: Create “Webs”

►

On scratch paper, connect events and groups

to center date

►

Dates

(3)

Northern Renaissance…

►

Art: Very detailed, religious rather than classical

►

Christian humanists champion education of the

individual to change society, reform but not

withdrawal from the RC…

 _{Erasmus: daily piety, not just external forms}_{Erasmus: daily piety, not just external forms}

 _{More: Utopia}_More:Utopia_{(cooperation and reason rather than}_{(cooperation and reason rather than}

power, communal ownership)

►

Other writers used humanist satire, emphasized

human choice, and tried to reflect real world issues

(Rabelais, Shakespeare, Cervantes

(4)

Calvinism

►

Tenets: predestination and the Elect,

“Protestant work ethic”

►

Geneva



_{No licentious behavior (singing, dancing,}

gambling, etc.)



Extremely tough policing

_{Extremely tough policing}

►

Spread:



French Huguenots, Dutch Reform, Scottish

_{French Huguenots, Dutch Reform, Scottish}

Presbyterian, English Puritan

(5)

►

Peasant’s War, 1524/25

►

Münster’s New Jerusalem

 End of world_{End of world}

 Communal ownership_{Communal ownership}

 John of Leiden_{John of Leiden}

►

Menno Simons

 Nonviolent evangelism_{Nonviolent evangelism}

 Separation and simplicity_{Separation and simplicity}

New Concepts… the

Anabaptist “left”

(6)

The Social Impact of the Protestant

Reformation

(7)

Social Impacts

Family Life

►

Protestantism eliminated

monasticism and celibate

clergy

►

Women’s status in

society did not improve;

expected to obey

husband

(8)

►

Luther and Melanchthon promoted

state education for all

►

Women to read and write to help

children, convent education

eliminated

►

Catholic response



Example of mystic St. Theresa of

_{Example of mystic St. Theresa of}

Avila



Ursuline order established to educate

_{Ursuline order established to educate}

girls

Education

(9)

► Abolished indulgences, relics, pilgrimages,

Abolished indulgences, relics, pilgrimages,

and saints

► Fewer religious holidays, ceremonies, and

Fewer religious holidays, ceremonies, and

celebrations

► Calvinists: No taverns, drama, dancing

Calvinists: No taverns, drama, dancing

► Few old traditions, private prayer, family

Few old traditions, private prayer, family

worship

Religious Practice

(10)

Council of Trent

From 1545 -1563, 3 Major

Sessions

►

Moderate Catholics hoped for

compromise; conservative

strongly opposed

►

Outcome:

 Sacraments upheld_{Sacraments upheld}

 Scripture and traditions were Scripture and traditions were

equal, but the church alone could equal, but the church alone could

interpret scripture interpret scripture

(11)

Economic Change in the 1500s

•

Price Revolution

– Possible causes:Possible causes:

• New foods increased populationNew foods increased population • Influx of American gold and silverInflux of American gold and silver

– Negative effectsNegative effects

• Wages did not increase at same rate (due to more Wages did not increase at same rate (due to more workers), creating poverty

workers), creating poverty

• Governments had to borrow and to taxGovernments had to borrow and to tax

– Positive effectsPositive effects

• ““Landed” nobles saw more profit from goods and Landed” nobles saw more profit from goods and rents

rents

• Merchants saw more profit from goods and cheap Merchants saw more profit from goods and cheap labor: cloth, mining, printing, shipbuilding,

labor: cloth, mining, printing, shipbuilding,

armaments

(12)

16

thth

and 17

thth

Century Commercial

Capitalism



Exploration, colonization and plantation set-up

needed start-up money



Joint-stock companies such as Dutch East India

Company (later English and French versions)

 Sugar, tea, rice, tobacco, cocoaSugar, tea, rice, tobacco, cocoa



Shifts in Banking

 Mining and shipbuilding tied to family banking (de Medici and Mining and shipbuilding tied to family banking (de Medici and

Fuggers) Fuggers)

 Dutch innovations: Bank of Amsterdam and Amsterdam Dutch innovations: Bank of Amsterdam and Amsterdam

Bourse (Stock Exchange) both concentrated money for Bourse (Stock Exchange) both concentrated money for investment

(13)

17

th

-Century Mercantilism

•

Competition among nation-states to have the most

money: only so much to go around…

•

Favorable balance of trade needed, governments

should ensure it happens

– Trade monopolies to encourage risksTrade monopolies to encourage risks

– ““Protective” tariffs (taxes to make sure foreign Protective” tariffs (taxes to make sure foreign

competition is too expensive to buy) and subsidies competition is too expensive to buy) and subsidies paired with gov’t. regulation to make sure quality of paired with gov’t. regulation to make sure quality of homegrown is good

homegrown is good

– Improve transportation networksImprove transportation networks

– Get colonies for raw materials and to have new Get colonies for raw materials and to have new markets for finished goods

(14)

The Thirty Years’ War

 Causes: Augsburg not protecting Calvinists, HRE and Causes: Augsburg not protecting Calvinists, HRE and

Spain want Catholicism Spain want Catholicism  PhasesPhases

 Bohemian: Protestant vs. HRE and SpainBohemian: Protestant vs. HRE and Spain

 Danish: Protestant Denmark vs. WallensteinDanish: Protestant Denmark vs. Wallenstein

 Swedish: Protestant Adolphus Swedish: Protestant Adolphus

 Swedish-French: Richelieu vs. Hapsburg SpainSwedish-French: Richelieu vs. Hapsburg Spain

 ResultsResults

 Military RevolutionMilitary Revolution

(15)

The English Civil War

(16)

16

• Upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I, James VI of Scotland was crowned as James I of England.

• Hampton Court Meeting with Puritans, 1604

– Rejects ideas

– King James Bible

• Parliament in 1614 dismissed • 1621 Great Protestation,

(17)

17

• Charles I (1625-1649) ,age of 25. • He summoned Parliament shortly

after being crowned to ask for

revenues and they gave him 1/7 of the amount that he requested.

• 1626, his request was refused • 1628: Petition of Right

• Laud appointed, anti-Puritan • 1633-38, tries to force Scotland

into Anglican practice

• 1640 calls Long Parliament for funds

– Every 3 yrs, may not dissolve, no taxation without consent,

(18)

18

• Cromwell created a strictly

disciplined, efficiently run

military machine (New

Model Army) whose

leader believed that God

was on his side.

(19)

19

• The second stage of the English Civil War (1648-49) : a

majority that desired a limited constitutional monarchy and a few radical Independents led by Cromwell that wanted to abolish the monarchy.

(20)

Late 1600s: Absolutism and

Republics…

(21)

The Dutch Republic

-the

wealthiest republic in

Europe

• Amsterdam became the

commercial and banking

capital of Europe

(22)

Emergence of Austria

• Habsburg empire a polyglot

land of 15 major languages.

• Leopold I (1658-1705)

– Turkish invasion and siege of Vienna 1683

(23)

Prussian Absolutism

• Hohenzollern

dynasty gained

control of Brandenburg-Prussia

• Frederick William the Great

Elector

(1640-1688)

– Junkers became service nobility – Army-increased to

40,000-General War Commissariat

(24)