Sensation Perception Consciousness

Sensation,

Sensation

• _{A physical feeling or perception resulting}

OUR SENSES

• _{Body Senses}

Stimulus

• _{A thing or event that causes a specific}

Absolute Threshold

•

The lowest level of stimulation

Difference Threshold

•

The minimum

amount of

difference that

can be detected

between two

Signal Detection Theory

• _{Distinguishing sensory}

stimuli that takes into account not only their strengths but also other elements.

• _{Ex. Setting, your mood,}

Sensory Adaptation

• _{Process where we become more sensitive}

The amount of light that enters the eye

is determined by size of the opening in

the colored part of the eye.

•

Opening

After light enters the eye, it

encounters the lens

• _{Adjusts to the}

distance of objects by changing its

thickness

• _{Squinting is}

adjusting the

Photoreceptors

• _{Sensitive to light}

• _{Once light hits them, a nerve carries the visual}

Blind Spot

Visual

Acuity

•

Sharpness of

vision

•

Ex. Snellen

The Color Circle

• _{The colors of the}

spectrum bent into a circle

• _{Colors across from each}

other are

complementary- if you

mix them, they form gray.

Color-Blindness

• _{People who are}

completely color blind see the world like a

black and white TV screen.

• _{People who are}

partially color blind

Pitch- how

high or low a

sound is

•

Determined

Loudness-

determined

by the height,

or amplitude,

of sound

Cochlea

• _{Bony tube that}

contains fluids as well as

neurons that move in

•

Movement by

the Cochlea

generates

impulses to

Conductive

Deafness

•

Damage to the

middle ear

•

Can be helped

Sensorineural Deafness

• _{Caused by damage}

to inner ear

• _{Damage to the}

auditory nerve

• _{Through disease or}

Smell

• _{Smell affects the}

way people taste things.

• _{Receptors send}

information about the odors to the brain through the

Taste

• _{Four basic taste}

qualities– sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

• _{Taste is sensed}

Skin Senses or Touch

•

Combination of pressure,

Pressure

receptors

located around hair on your

body.

• _{Different parts}

Temperature

• _Temperature

sensations are

relative (up to your interpretation)

• _{We adapt to}

Pain

• _{Also relative}

• _{Motivates you to do something to stop it} • _{Not all parts of the body are equally}

Gate Theory

•

Only a certain amount of information

can be processed by the nervous

Vestibular Sense

• _{Enables you to keep your balance}

• _{Ex. Tells you whether you’re physically}

Kinesthesis

•

Informs people about the position and

motion of their bodies

Perception

•

Process where we organize

Rules of

Organization-

What

people use to make

sense of sensory

Closure

• _{Objects grouped}

Figure-Ground

Perception

•

Perception of

Consciousness- the state of being

awake and aware of one's

Selective attention- paying attention to

a particular stimulus

• _http://

www.youtube.com/

1- Preconscious- ideas that are not

in your awareness right now, but

you could recall them if you had to.

Unconscious (subconscious)- unavailable to awareness. This information is hidden.

Nonconscious

•

Basic

biological

functions

•

Ex. Fingernails

Altered States of Consciousness

•

Sense of self or

sense of the

world changes

•

Ex. Sleep,

drugs,

Circadian Rhythms

• _{Biological Clocks}

• _{How people, plants, and animals function.}

REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)

•

Stage of sleep

•

Eyes are

moving

rapidly

•

Linked to

Why do we sleep??

• _{Revive the body}

• _{Build up a resistance to}

infection

• _{Serves important}

psychological functions

• _{Ex. Helps the body deal}

Freudian View

• _{Said dreams}

reflected a person’s unconscious wishes and urges

• _{Cinderella “a dream}

Biopsychological Approach

• _{Dreams begin with}

biological not

psychological activity

• _{Ex- Events that took}

place earlier in the

Nightmares and Night

Terrors

• _{Night terrors}

Narcolepsy

•

Very rare

•

People suddenly fall asleep no matter

where they are or what they are

Meditation

•

Used to

narrow

consciousness

so stresses of

the outside

Meditation focuses on peaceful and repetitive environments to suspend planning and worrying

Hypnosis

• _{Artificially induced state}

of relaxation and

concentration in which deeper parts of the mind become more accessible

• _{Used to reduce reaction}

Losing yourself in a good book

• _Daydreaming • _{Fully conscious} • _Alert

• _{Tuning out what is going on}

Free Association

How are people hypnotized?

• _{Focus on something}

specific

• _{Suggest that people’s}

arms and legs are getting warm

• _{The word “sleep”}

Is hypnosis effective?

• _{To jog memories of witnesses at a crime scene} • _{Surgery without anesthesia}

• _{Posthypnotic suggestion- using hypnosis to help}

Addiction

•

If someone takes a drug for a

Depressants

- slow the

activity of

the nervous

1. Alcohol

2. Narcotics- addictive depressants

that have been used to relieve pain

and induce sleep

Many Narcotics are

Stimulants

• _{Contrast depressants}

1. Nicotine

2.Amphetamines

•

Known for

helping people

stay awake and

reducing

appetite

•

Ex. Speed and

3. Cocaine

• _Reduces

hunger,

deadens pain

• _{Was formerly}

used as a painkiller

• _{Crack Cocaine}

Hallucinogens-

drug that

produces

hallucinations

Treatments for Drug Abuse

• _{Detoxification-}

removal of the

substance from all parts of the body

• _Maintenance

Programs

• _Counseling

SIGMUND FREUD HISTORICAL HEAD

• _{You will draw the outline of a skull to fill in with}

pictures that would represent aspects of Freud’s life.

• _{Inside the skull, you will need AT LEAST 5 pictures}

representing Freud. These pictures can be

depictions of something Freud would be thinking, doing, or things that would be important to them.

• _{On the outside or the back, you will need to include}