ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ شور زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا
ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ
يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ شزﻮﻣآ رد
:
يروﺮﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
،ﻲﻨﺴﺤﻟاﻮﺑاﻼﻬﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻘﺣﺎﺒﻳﺮﻓ ٭
هﺪﻴﻜﭼ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ : ﺳ ﻢﺘﺴﻴ ﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑتﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻲ ﻧﺎﻣرد ﻲ ﻧ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﻴ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺪﺟاونارﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻞﺣ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺖﺳاقﻼﺧ ﺮﻜﻔﺗو . اﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻦﻳ رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘشزﻮﻣآﺖﻬﺟ ي ﺎﺑ ﺪﻳ شور زا ﻲﻳﺎﻫ دﻮﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ا ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳ ترﺎﻬﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ردار ﺎﻫ ﺪﻫد شروﺮﭘ . ا ﻦﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ شور ﻪﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗﺐﺟﻮﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ رد رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ شزﻮﻣآ ي ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ . ا ﻦﻳ ﺳرﺮﺑ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ شورزا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺮﺛا يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ شزﻮﻣآ رد ي تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ روﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﺷمﺎﺠﻧاﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ . شور ﺎﻫ : ارد ﻦﻳ ﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻠﻛ تﺎﻤﻠﻛزا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎ يﺪﻴ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ شزﻮﻣآ ، ،ي ﺤﻣ ﻂﻴ ﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻴ لﺎﺳ زا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣمﺎﻤﺗ 2000 ﺎﺗ 2010 ﻻﺪﻣ ردﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟﺎﺑ ،ﻦﻳ proquest و ovid ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا . ﺎﻋرﺮﻈﻧ زا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﺲﭙﺳ ﺖﻳ ﺎﻫمﺎﮔ ي يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﻛﺪ 18 ﺷبﺎﺨﺘﻧاﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪ . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ : ﺳرﺮﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ ﺖﺒﺜﻣتاﺮﺛا زا هﺪﺷ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻟﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآرد ﻲﻨﻴ ﺮﻈﻧ و ي رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ي ﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﻳ ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ . ﺎﺘﻧ ﺞﻳ ا ﻦﻳ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻛﺎﺣ ﻲ ﺖﺒﺜﻣتاﺮﺛازا يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ءﺎﻘﺗراﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ترﺎﻬﻣو ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻈﻧ ﺮﻴ دﺎﻘﺘﻧاﺮﻜﻔﺗ ي دﻮﺑضرﺎﻌﺗﻞﺣو . ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﮔ يﺮﻴ : ﻪﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ ﺎﺘﻧ ﺞﻳ ﺳرﺮﺑتﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ ﺻﻮﺗهﺪﺷ ﻪﻴ ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﺎﺳاﻪﻛدﻮﺷ ﺪﻴ ﺮﻈﻧسورد ي ﻟﺎﺑو ﻲﻨﻴ ازا ﻦﻳ رﺪﺗﺖﻬﺟشور ﺲﻳ ﺪﻨﻨﻛهدﺎﻔﺘﺳا . ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻦﻴ ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﻴ ﺎﻫهﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ي رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ي ﺎﺑ ﺪﻳ اﺮﺷ ﻂﻳ امﺎﺠﻧا ﻦﻳ رﺪﺗشور ﺲﻳ ﺪﻨﻨﻛﻢﻫاﺮﻓار . هژاو يﺪﻴﻠﻛيﺎﻫ : يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘشزﻮﻣآ، ،ي ﺤﻣ ﻂﻴ ﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻴ ﻲﻧاﺮﻳا ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘمﻮﻠﻋردشزﻮﻣآ ) هﮋﻳو شزﻮﻣآﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗﻪﻣﺎﻧ / ( نﺎﺘﺴﻣز 1389 ؛ 10 ) 5 :( 699 ﺎﺗ 706
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
رد 20 ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣﻞﺑﺎﻗتاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗﺮﻴﺧالﺎﺳ دﺎﺠﻳاﺎﻣيﺎﻴﻧدرديا تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ،ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺶﻧاد ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ هﺪﺷ ﺖﺳا هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ تﺎﻓﺎﺸﺘﻛا و ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻨﻜﺗ . تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻦﻳا * لوﺆﺴﻣهﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ : ﺮﻓﺮﺘﻛد ﺎﺒﻳ ﻧﺎﻔﺣ ﻲ ) دﺎﺘﺳا رﺎﻳ ( ﻜﺷﺰﭘشزﻮﻣآهوﺮﮔ، ،ﻲ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻘﺤﺗ تﺎﻘﻴ ﻜﺷﺰﭘمﻮﻠﻋشزﻮﻣآ ،ﻲ ﻜﺷﺰﭘمﻮﻠﻋهﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲ ناﺮﻳا،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا . [email protected] ﻼﻬﺷ ﻨﺴﺤﻟاﻮﺑا ،ﻲ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ي ﺮﺘﻛد ي رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ،ي رﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘهﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ي ﺎﻣﺎﻣو ﻲﻳ ، مﻮﻠﻋهﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻲ ا،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا اﺮﻳ ن .) [email protected] (. ﺦﻳرﺎﺗردﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣﻦﻳا 22 / 10 / 89 ﺦﻳرﺎﺗرد،هﺪﻴﺳرﻪﻠﺠﻣﺮﺘﻓدﻪﺑ 29 / 11 / 89 وهﺪﺷحﻼﺻا د ﺦﻳرﺎﺗر 1 / 12 / 89 ﺖﺳاهﺪﻳدﺮﮔشﺮﻳﺬﭘ . ﻲﺗﻻاﻮﺳ دﺎﺠﻳا ﺚﻋﺎﺑ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ رد و ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ سراﺪﻣ و ﺎﻫ ) 1 .( شزﻮﻣآ ﺎﺗﺪﻫد ﻖﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗﻦﻳاﺎﺑ اردﻮﺧ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧيرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﻳﺎﺷزا هزﻮﺣرد نارﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ يﺎﻫ ﻞﺣ،يدﺎﻘﺘﻧاﺮﻜﻔﺗ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﺖﻴﻗﻼﺧ و ) 2 .( تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ ﭘ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ يﺎﻫ ياراد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻲﻧارﺎﺘﺳﺮ قﻼﺧ ﺮﻜﻔﺗ و ناﺰﻴﻣ ترﺎﻬﻣ زا ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ يرﺎﺘﻔﮔ يﺎﻫ و ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ يرﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ آ رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ زاﻪﺘﺳد ن ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ دراﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳاﻞﺣ هار ﻪﻧﻮﮔﺮﻫ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ار ﻞﺣ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ) 3 .( ﻞﺣ ترﺎﻬﻣ يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ يﺪﻴﻠﻛ ءﺰﺟ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ رد ﺖﺳا
ﻮﺗ نارﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ مﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧراﺪﻧ ار درﻮﻣ ﻦﻳا يﺪﻨﻤﻧا ﻞﺣ ار ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ رد ﻪﻬﺟاﻮﻣ درﻮﻣ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ردﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . شورﻦﻳاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻞﺣرد هﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳيﺪﻨﻤﻧاﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗيﺎﻫ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺖﺳاﻢﻬﻣرﺎﻴﺴﺑ ) 4 .( ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻞﺣ ي ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ هﻮﺤﻧ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا ي ﻲﻣ ﺐﺴﻛ تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ درﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . درﻮﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﻣا ﻦﻳا ﻮﺗ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ شور ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ رد ، ﺖﺳاﻪﺘﺸﮔﺮﻴﺧالﺎﺳ . ﺮﺑدﺎﻘﺘﻋااﺮﻳز شورﻦﻳاﻪﻛﺖﺳاﻦﻳا ﻲﮔﺪﻧز لﻮﻃ مﺎﻤﺗ رد ﻪﻧاﺮﻜﻔﺘﻣ و قﻼﺧ ،لﺎﻌﻓ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﺑ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ و هدﺮﻛ ﻚﻤﻛ يرﺎﻜﻤﻫ ،ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺎﻫ دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزرا دﻮﺧ و ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ ) 3 .( ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ اﺪﺘﺑا ﻳﺎﭘ ﻪ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ادﺎﻧﺎﻛ ﺮﺘﺴﻣ ﻚﻣ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد زا يﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ دراو ﻲﺘﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ) 5 .( ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ شور ﻦﻳا تﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ندﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا رﻮﺤﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻚﻳﺮﺤﺗ و هﺰﻴﮕﻧا دﺎﺠﻳا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ و هدﻮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ياﺮﺑ . ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺸﻧاور نﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ و ﺖﺳا ﻲﺘ نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛشزادﺮﭘﻪﻜﻠﺑﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧﺶﻧاد لﺎﻌﻓﺮﻴﻏهﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا لﺎﻌﻓ . ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳزﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻞﻤﻋ رد ﺶﻧاد ﺮﺘﻧﺎﺳآ ﺪﻨﻛ . ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣﻞﻤﻋويرﻮﺌﺗ دﻮﺷ . ترﺎﻬﻣدﺎﺠﻳاﻪﺑﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻣﻪﻛﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ترﺎﻬﻣوﻲﻫوﺮﮔرﺎﻛﺮﻴﻈﻧﺪﺑﺎﻳ لﺎﻘﺘﻧاﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻤﻋ لﻮﻃ رد يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ) 6 ( ترﺎﻬﻣ ،ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ،يدﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ، ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺷزرا دﻮﺧ و طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺪﻨﻛ ) 7 .( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻲﻣدﺎﻳنﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧادﻪﻛﺖﺳاﻲﺷزﻮﻣآيدﺮﻜﻳور ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ هوﺮﮔ رد ﻲﺘﻛرﺎﺸﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ وﺪﻧﺮﻴﮕﺑدﺎﻳ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻧد ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ رﺎﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻞﺣ هار لﺎﺒ ) 8 .( ﻂﺳﻮﺗ شور ﻦﻳا شور ﻞﻤﻜﻣ شور ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ﺪﻴﺗﺎﺳا ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳاهﺪﺷﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷرﻮﺤﻣﻢﻠﻌﻣوﻲﺘﻨﺳ ) 9 .( شور ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ رﻮﺤﻣ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ يﺎﻫ ترﺎﻬﻣ و يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ فﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ،نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يﺎﻫ دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد تﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ روﺮﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺪﺷمﺎﺠﻧايرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘشزﻮﻣآرد .
شور
ﺎﻫ
يﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﻳﺎﭘ رد يﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻣﺎﻛ يﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا رد ﻞﻣﺎﺷﻲﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا proquest, pubmed و ovid هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳيﺪﻴﻠﻛ تﺎﻤﻠﻛزا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ) problem based learning ( يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ شزﻮﻣآ ، ) nursing education ( و ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ) clinical setting ( عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ لﺎﺳزا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ 2000 ﺎﺗ 2010 ﺪﻧﺪﺷبﺎﺨﺘﻧا . ﻞﻛﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳيﺎﻫمﺎﮔﺖﻳﺎﻋرﺮﻈﻧزاارﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟدرﻮﻣتﻻﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ دﻮﻤﻧﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ رد هﺪﺷحﺮﻄﻣ . تﻻﺎﻘﻣ مﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑهدﻮﻤﻧﺖﻳﺎﻋرارﺎﻫمﺎﮔﻦﻳاهﺪﺷبﺎﺨﺘﻧا . ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧرد 18 ﺪﻧﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ . 1 تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ،ﻲﻔﻴﻛحﺮﻃﺎﺑﻲﺳرﺮﺑدرﻮﻣ 1 وﻲﻔﻴﻛوﻲﻤﻛحﺮﻃﺎﺑﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗﻪﻤﻴﻧحﺮﻃﺎﺑتﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻪﻴﻘﺑ .
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ زاهدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑﻪﻨﻴﻣز رد يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ تاﺮﺛا ماﺪﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ي ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ يور ﺮﺑ ار هدﺎﻔﺘﺳاﺎﺑوﺪﻴﺗﺎﺳاونﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧادبرﺎﺠﺗﺎﻳ ،ﺶﻧاد،يدﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ود ﺮﻫ زا ﻲﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺎﻳ و ﻲﻔﻴﻛ و ﻲﻤﻛ يﺎﻫ حﺮﻃ زا ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ . ناﺮﻳا ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا يداﺪﻌﺗ ) 5 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ( و ﺖﺳاﺮﮕﻳديﺎﻫرﻮﺸﻛﻪﺑطﻮﺑﺮﻣيداﺪﻌﺗ . رد ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ تاﺮﺛا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ رد ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ) 3 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ( سورد رد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺶﻧاد ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ، يرﻮﺌﺗ ) 4 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ( يدﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺮﻜﻔﺗ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺑ ، ) 2 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ( ﺮﺑ ، ترﺎﻬﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يﺎﻫ ) 2 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ( رد نآ دﺮﺑرﺎﻛ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ، گرﺰﺑ يﺎﻫ سﻼﻛ ) 1 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ( رد شور ﻦﻳا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا و ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻜﺗ تﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ و ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ هرود ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ
يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ) 2 ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ( دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ . رد ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ 3 ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳدرﻮﻣ رد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧادتاﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ دﻮﺑﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗﻲﺳرﺮﺑدرﻮﻣ . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد يراﻮﻴﺗ ﻪﻛ يا ) Tiwari ( ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ) 2006 ( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا ،ﺪﻧداد مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ار يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧﻲﺳرﺮﺑﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑشزﻮﻣآرديرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘنﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد . رد زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ و ﻞﺒﻗ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ حﺮﻃ زا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا وﻲﻘﻤﻋ وﻲﺤﻄﺳ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺢﻄﺳﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد برﺎﺠﺗ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ هوﺮﮔ ﺪﺷ . ﺮﻫ ﻞﺻاﻮﻓ رد و ﻪﻴﻬﺗ دﺎﺘﺳا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻮﻳرﺎﻨﺳ ﺢﻄﺳوﻮﻳرﺎﻨﺳﻲﮔﺪﻴﭽﻴﭘﻪﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑرﺎﺑﻚﻳﻪﺘﻔﻫودﺎﻳﻪﺘﻔﻫ نآ رﺎﻴﺘﺧا رد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ هداد راﺮﻗ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ . ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺶﺨﺑ شزﻮﻣآقﺎﺗارد ﻲﻣ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﺮﻫ و ﺪﺷ 5 / 1 ﺎﺗ 2 ﻲﻣ لﻮﻃ ﺖﻋﺎﺳ ﺪﻴﺸﻛ . ﺖﺸﻫ ﻲﻣ ترﺎﻈﻧ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ دﺎﺘﺳا ﻚﻳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﻄﻣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﻘﻤﻋ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻲﺤﻄﺳ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻲﻟو دﻮﺑ ﻞﺒﻗ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ يراد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ يراد . ﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا 28 زا ﺮﻔﻧ ياﺮﺑ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا ﻢﺗ رﺎﻬﭼ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد و لﺎﻌﻓ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ رد ﻲﺘﻳاﺪﻫ دﻮﺧ ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ندﻮﺑرﻮﺤﻣﻮﺠﺸﻧاد دﻮﺑنآزاندﺮﺑتﺬﻟويﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ) 10 .( گﺮﺒﻧﺮﻫا ) (Ehrenberg ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫو ) 2007 ( ار ياﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ دﺮﺑرﺎﻛدرﻮﻣ رد ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآ رد ﺪﻧداد مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﺋﻮﺳ رد . برﺎﺠﺗ ﻒﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا فﺪﻫ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑنﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛونﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ) Preceptors ( يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳزا ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ و دﻮﺑﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑترﺎﻈﻧﺪﻳﺪﺟلﺪﻣ . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻦﻳارد 45 ﺪﻧدﺮﻛﺖﻛﺮﺷمودلﺎﺳيﻮﺠﺸﻧاد . ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآهرود تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺣاﺮﺟ و ﻲﻠﺧاد ﺶﺨﺑ رد 15 دﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ . 30 وﺮﻫﺎﻣسﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ 4 سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛﺮﺳ ) Head preceptor ( رد ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ﺶﻘﻧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ترﺎﻈﻧ . زا ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ترﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﻬﺟ ،سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛﺮﺳ ،ﺮﻫﺎﻣ سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﻣ وﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﻣ ﺪﺷهدﺎﻔﺘﺳاﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗﺎﺑ . ﺮﻫﺎﻣسﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛﻚﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧادﺮﻫياﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺮﻣ و سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳد ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد و ﺪﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺖﺷاد ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ . ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗﻚﭼﻮﻛ هوﺮﮔتﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺮﻫ ﺪﺷ . يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ صﺎﺧ تﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ،تﺎﺴﻠﺟ رد دﻮﺑ ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ ﻞﺜﻣ . ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد زا ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ 2 ﻞﺤﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ زا ار ﻲﻳﻮﻳرﺎﻨﺳ رﺎﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ زا ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ويرﻮﺌﺗ ﺶﻧاد ﻖﻴﻔﻠﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧروﺎﻴﺑيزﻮﻣآرﺎﻛ نآ ﻲﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ . ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺷادهرودﻦﻳازاﻲﺘﺒﺜﻣﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗنﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛونﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد . نآ يدازآ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ نﺎﻴﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ر ﺎﻫ ا نآ و داد ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ياﺮﺑ يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد . ﻞﻣﺎﺷ دﻮﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻠﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ درﻮﻣ رد ﺶﻧاد ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ سﺎﻜﻌﻧا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ، ) Reflection ( ترﺎﻈﻧ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻲﻳﺎﻧاﻮﺗ و يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺑ دﻮﺑنﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ) 11 .( يراآ ) Aari ( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳﻲﻫوﺮﮔ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ رد ار لﻮﻃ 4 تﺪﻣزارد ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣ هرود رد ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ دﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ترﺎﻈﻧﻪﺴﻠﺟودﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﻛدﻮﻤﻧاﺮﺟا يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘنﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد رﺎﻛ ﺮﻇﺎﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻠﻌﻣ و ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ سﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ دﻮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ . ﻪﺴﻠﺟﺮﻫ 2 هوﺮﮔﺮﻫردوﺪﻴﺸﻛلﻮﻃﺖﻋﺎﺳ 8 ﺎﺗ 9 ﺪﻧدﻮﺑﻮﺠﺸﻧاد . 40 ﺪﻧدﺮﻛﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻦﻳارد ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد . ﺪﺷ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ياﺮﺟا زا ﺪﻌﺑ و ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زاﺪﻌﺑ وﻞﺒﻗ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳيﺎﻫ يراد ﻲﻨﻌﻣ يرﺎﻣآ توﺎﻔﺗﻦﺴﻣ نارﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺎﺑﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺖﺷاددﻮﺟو . ﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣرد رﺎﻛﻪﺑﻪﻗﻼﻋدراﻮﻣتاﺮﻤﻧﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺶﻳاﺰﻓاتﺪﻣزاردﺖﺒﻗاﺮﻣﻪﺑشﺮﮕﻧوتﺪﻣزارد ) 8 .( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ تاﺮﺛا ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪﻨﭼرد ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺮﺑ ار ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ يرﻮﺌﺗ سورد رد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺶﻧاد ﺢﻄﺳ . ﮓﻧاﻮﻫ ) Hwang ( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ سرد شزﻮﻣآ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ ﺎﺑ ار يﺎﻫ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﻌﺑ و ﻞﺒﻗ ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ حﺮﻃ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺲﻔﻨﺗ
ﺮﻛ ﺪﻧد . 71 ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗ هوﺮﮔودرد ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد . يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳهوﺮﮔ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ لﺎﺳ رد 2002 لﺎﺳ رد ﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ هوﺮﮔ و 2003 دراو ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ نرﻮﺗﺎﻫ ﺮﺛا زا يﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . 7 ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ هدﺎﻣآ دﺎﺘﺳا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﺷ . ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ هوﺮﮔ ﺶﻧاد ﺢﻄﺳ ﻪﻛداد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺴﻣ ﻪﻟﺄ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ هوﺮﮔ زا 32 سرد زا لاﻮﺳ ﻲﻨﻌﻣرﻮﻃﻪﺑﺲﻔﻨﺗيرﺎﻤﻴﺑيرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ دﻮﺑﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑيراد ) 12 .( ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫورﻮﭘ ﻦﺴﺣ ) 2008 ( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳﺮﺛا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ و شﺮﮕﻧ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ شور ﺎﺑ ار ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻦﻳارد 40 ﺖﻛﺮﺷنﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧادزاﺮﻔﻧ دﺮﻛ ﻲﻓدﺎﺼﺗرﻮﻃ ﻪﺑﻪﻛﺪﻧ 20 ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳهوﺮﮔرد ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ و 20 ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔراﺮﻗﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳهوﺮﮔردﺮﻔﻧ . ﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ زاﺲﭘﻪﻛهﺪﺷعوﺮﺷﻮﻳرﺎﻨﺳﻚﻳ زاهدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ هوﺮﮔ رد ﺚﺤﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ فاﺪﻫا ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ و ﻚﭼﻮﻛ يﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ رد ﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ رد و ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻲﻣ مﺎﺠﻧاﺚﺤ ﺪﺷ . لﺎﺴﻤﻴﻧﻚﻳ تﺪﻣﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻦﻳا ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﺣاﺮﺟﻲﻠﺧاديرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘسردياﺮﺑﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ ،ﺖﻴﻟوﺮﺘﻜﻟا و بآ اﺮﺟا يراردا يرﺎﺠﻣ و ﻪﻴﻠﻛ يﺎﻫ ﺪﺷ . هداديروآدﺮﮔﺖﻬﺟ زاﺎﻫ 3 ﻲﺳرﺮﺑﻞﻣﺎﺷﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ و ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﻚﭼ ،شﺮﮕﻧ ) ﺎﺑ 45 رد زا لاﻮﺳ ﻲﺣاﺮﺟ ﻲﻠﺧاد س ( ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳهوﺮﮔردشﺮﮕﻧوﺶﻧادﺢﻄﺳﻪﻛدادنﺎﺸﻧﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ هوﺮﮔ زايراد دﻮﺑ ) 13 .( ﻦﻴﻳآ ) 2006 ( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا ﻢﻫ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ شزﻮﻣآ ﺮﺑ ار ﻪﻛدﻮﻤﻧﻲﺳرﺮﺑلﺎﻔﻃايرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ 60 ﻪﺑيرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘيﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺗ رﻮﻃ ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ هوﺮﮔ ود ﻪﺑ ﻲﻓدﺎﺼ ) 30 هوﺮﮔ ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ و 30 ﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ هوﺮﮔ ﺮﻔﻧ .( ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ تاﺮﻤﻧ لﺎﻔﻃا يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ سرد ﻲﻧﺎﻳﺎﭘ تﻻاﻮﺳ زا يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد ) 14 .( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻘﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ رد ار 29 يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺳﺮﭘ مﺮﺗ يرﺎﺘ 4 ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﺖﺷر ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد دﻮﻤﻧ . ﻲﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻦﻴﺑ يراد ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳوﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳهوﺮﮔ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳدرﻮﻣرد ﺖﺷاﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يراددﺎﻳ و . دﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ مﺎﺠﻧامﺮﺗلواﻪﻤﻴﻧردوﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑداﺪﻌﺗﺎﺑﺶﻫوﮋﭘﻦﻳاﻪﻛدﺮﻛ ﺷ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا مﺮﺗمود ﻪﻤﻴﻧ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳا ﻞﻴﻟدﻪﺑ دﻮ تﺎﻧﺎﺤﺘﻣا ياﺮﺑ ار دﻮﺧ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد نﺎﻣز ﻦﻳا رد و دﻮﺑ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ يرﺎﻣآ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﻴﻟد ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺷ و ﺪﻧزﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ هدﺎﻣآ ﺖﺷاﺪﻧدﻮﺟوهوﺮﮔودﻦﻴﺑيراد ) 3 .( رد 3 ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ درﻮﻣ رد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد تاﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ دﻮﺑهﺪﺷﻲﺳرﺮﺑ . ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و يﺮﮔداد ) 2008 ( ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ يور ﺮﺑ ار يا 31 نآ تاﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑﺖﻬﺟ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ شور درﻮﻣ رد ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ يرﺎﻤﻴﺑ يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ سرد رد يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧدادمﺎﺠﻧادوﺮﻫﺎﺷﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘمﻮﻠﻋهﺎﮕﺸﻧادردﻲﺴﻔﻨﺗ . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا و ﻞﻳﺎﻤﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻫ و ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد سرد يدﺮﺑرﺎﻛ و ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ يﺎ 4 / 77 ﺪﺻرد ﺪﻨﺘﺷادﺖﻳﺎﺿرﺲﻳرﺪﺗشورﻦﻳازانﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ) 15 .( نوﺎﺘﺳا ) Staun ( ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ) 2010 ( ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد ار يا و يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد و ﻞﻨﺳﺮﭘ كاردا درﻮﻣ رد ﺪﺋﻮﺳ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ شور ﺎﺑ شزﻮﻣآ زا ﺖﻳﺎﺿر ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺪﻧداد . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻦﻳارد ﺪﺷهدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﻔﻴﻛوﻲﻤﻛشورودزا . ﻦﻳا زا ﻞﻨﺳﺮﭘ و نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ هدﺮﻛ ﺖﻳﺎﺿر سﺎﺴﺣا شور . سﺎﺴﺣا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑشزﻮﻣآنﺎﻣزﻪﻛﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﻲﻣهدﺎﻔﺘﺳاﻲﺑﻮﺧﻪﺑنﺎﺷ دﻮﺷ ) 16 .( ورﺎﺑ ) Barrow ( ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳزاهدﺎﻔﺘﺳا تاﺮﺛا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ار هدﺎﻔﺘﺳاﺎﺑ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣوهﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ،ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ هوﺮﮔ،ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا دﺮﻛ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ . ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد مﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ زا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺷاد . زا يرﺎﻴﺴﺑ
سﺮﺘﺳا اﺪﺘﺑا رد شور ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ نﺎﻴﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد از ﻂﺳﻮﺗيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳزﺎﻴﻧوﻮﻳرﺎﻨﺳﻢﻬﺒﻣﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣﻞﻴﻟدﻪﺑﻪﻛهدﻮﺑ ﺸﻧاد دﻮﺧ دﻮﺑ ﻮﺠ . ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا هﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﻢﺗ ﺎﻫ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ : ندﺮﺑ تﺬﻟ،ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ رﺎﻛ رد ﺖﻛﺮﺷ و ﺚﺤﺑ ،فﺎﺸﺘﻛا ترﺎﻬﻣ ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ياﺮﺑ هﺰﻴﮕﻧا ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ زا لﻻﺪﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳدويﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳرد ﻲﺘﻳاﺪﻫ دﻮﺧ،ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺷزرا وﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ دﻮﺑﻖﻴﻤﻋيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ) 17 .( ﺷرﺎﻛ هرود رد شور ﻦﻳا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا يداﺪﻌﺗ رد و ﻲﺳﺎﻨ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻜﺗ تﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ . ﻦﻣﺎﻛﻮﻛ (Kocaman) هرود ﺎﺑ يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ رﺎﻬﭼ شزﻮﻣآ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ دﻮﺧ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺑ ار ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣﺞﻨﭘردﺮﮕﺘﻳاﺪﻫ ) مﺎﻤﺗاوﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗلﺎﺳﺮﻫعوﺮﺷرد ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ( دﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ . ﺎﻳ هﺮﻤﻧ لﺎﺳ رد ﺮﮕﺘﻳاﺪﻫ دﻮﺧ يﺮﻴﮔد لﺎﺳزاﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑيرادﻲﻨﻌﻣرﻮﻃﻪﺑمرﺎﻬﭼ دﻮﺑﻞﺒﻗيﺎﻫ ) 18 ( . ﻞﺴﻴﻟرﺎﻛ ) Carlisle ( ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳزاﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫو ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻜﺗتﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗنﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧادﻪﺑﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗشورشزﻮﻣآياﺮﺑ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا . تﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ 20 رد ﻪﻛﺪﻴﺸﻛ لﻮﻃ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ تﺎﺴﻠﺟ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﺮﻫ 2 ﺘﻋﺎﺳ ﺪﺷ راﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﻪ . 5 يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ماﺪﻛﺮﻫ ﻪﻛﺪﺷﻲﺣاﺮﻃ 4 وﺪﻴﺸﻛلﻮﻃ ﻪﺘﻔﻫ ﻲﻣ ﺶﺷﻮﭘار ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ صﺎﺧ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻚﻳ داد . ﻪﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد 7 هوﺮﮔ 7 ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ هﺮﻔﻧ . ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا ﻦﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﺮﻫ زا ﺪﻌﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺷزرا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﺟ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ شور ﻦﻳا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ سﺎﺴﺣا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ و دﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ نﺎﻧآ ياﺮﺑ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ نﺪﺷ نآ ياﺮﺑ هﺪﺷ ﺐﺴﻛ ﺶﻧاد يرﺎﮔﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﺎﻫ . ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ﻲﻫوﺮﮔ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳاﺮﻓ زا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد كرد ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ) 19 .( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ود ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻣ ﺮﺑ ار ترﺎﻬ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ يدﺎﻘﺘﻧاﺮﻜﻔﺗ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ . ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫ ورﻮﭘ ﻦﺴﺣ ) 2006 ( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ﺮﺑ ار ﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ و ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد يدﺎﻘﺘﻧا CCTDI
(California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory ( ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ . ﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ هوﺮﮔ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ زا يﺮﺘﻬﺑ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﺪﻨﺘﺷادﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳهوﺮﮔﻪﺑﺖﺒﺴﻧيدﺎﻘﺘﻧاﺮﻜﻔﺗ ) 20 .( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا ﮓﻨﻛ ﮓﻨﻫ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد رد ﺰﻴﻧ يراﻮﻴﺗ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ يدﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ﺮﺑ ار ﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳ و 79 ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد دﻮﻤﻧ . ﺎﻘﺘﻧاﺮﻜﻔﺗﻞﺒﻗتاﺮﻤﻧﻪﻛدادنﺎﺸﻧﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻦﻳاﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ يد ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳوﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳهوﺮﮔ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻲﻟوﺖﺷاﺪﻧتوﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳهوﺮﮔ رد ﺪﻌﺑ تاﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ -دﻮﺑﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑيراد ) 21 .( ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺮﺑ ار يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد . نﺮﺳ ) (Seren ﺶﻧارﺎﻜﻤﻫ و ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻬﺟار ضرﺎﻌﺗﻞﺣترﺎﻬﻣﻲﺳرﺮﺑﺖ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاديرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺮﻴﻣزا ولﻮﺒﻧﺎﺘﺳايﺎﻫ ﺪﻧدﺮﻛ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا . ترﺎﻬﻣ ﻞﻛ هﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣﺮﻳز وضرﺎﻌﺗ شﻮﮔ ترﺎﻬﻣ ،ﻲﻟﺪﻤﻫ ﺮﻴﻈﻧنآ يﺎﻫ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳهوﺮﮔ رد ﻢﺸﺧ ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﻣوﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ،نداد ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺳهوﺮﮔزاﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ دﻮﺑﻲﺘﻨ ) 22 .( ﻮﻴﺳ ) (siu ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑيﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳﺮﺛاﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺮﺑارﻲﻧاﺮﻨﺨﺳو دﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻲﻧاور و يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ترﺪﻗ . ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺷادﻲﻧاورويرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳترﺪﻗزايﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑتاﺮﻤﻧ ) 23 .( ﻚﻳﺮﻴﺘﺳﺎﭘ ) Pastirik ( ﮔدﺎﻳدﺮﺑرﺎﻛﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑ يﺮﻴ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ مود لﺎﺳ يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد گرﺰﺑ سﻼﻛ ياﺮﺑ ار هوﺮﮔمﺎﻤﺗ ياﺮﺑﺮﻇﺎﻧﻚﻳزا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا دﺮﻛﻲﺳرﺮﺑﺎﻫ . واﻞﻴﻟد ﺪﻨﭼ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ندﻮﺒﻧ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ نﺎﻜﻣا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا مﺎﺠﻧا ياﺮﺑ دﻮﺑ ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ياﺮﺑ ﺮﻇﺎﻧ . يﺎﻳاﺰﻣ درﻮﻣ رد ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ زا گرﺰﺑ سﻼﻛ رد يﺎﻫزاﺪﻧا ﻢﺸﭼ ﺎﺑ نﺪﺷ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد هﺎﮔﺪﻳد ولﻼﻘﺘﺳا ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ،ﻮﻳرﺎﻨﺳ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑرد نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد توﺎﻔﺘﻣ
ترﺎﻬﻣ ﺶﻳاﺰﻓا ،يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ يﺎﻫ گرﺰﺑ هوﺮﮔ و ﻚﭼﻮﻛ يﺎﻫ هوﺮﮔ رد طﺎﺒﺗرا ) سﻼﻛ ﻞﻛ ( ، ﻮﺑﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑﻂﻴﺤﻣﻪﺑسﻼﻛزاﺶﻧادلﺎﻘﺘﻧاﺶﻳاﺰﻓا د ) 9 .( ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ يﺮﻴﮔ شور ﺖﺒﺜﻣ تاﺮﺛا زا ﻲﻛﺎﺣ هﺪﺷ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ لﺎﻌﻓ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺖﺳا يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ شزﻮﻣآ رد . ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺛا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ﺮﺑ ار ترﺎﻬﻣ و ﻲﻘﻤﻋ و ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﻞﺣ و يدﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻣ زايداﺪﻌﺗ رد و ﺪﻧدﻮﻤﻧ ﻲﺳرﺮﺑ ترﺪﻗ و ضرﺎﻌﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄ ﺪﺷﻲﺳرﺮﺑﺲﻳرﺪﺗشور ﻦﻳادرﻮﻣ ردنﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد تاﺮﻈﻧ . ﺎﺑﻪﻛﺪﺷمﺎﺠﻧا ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑﻂﻴﺤﻣ رد تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣزايدوﺪﻌﻣداﺪﻌﺗ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣﻪﻛدﻮﺷﻲﻣﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑشزﻮﻣآﺖﻴﻤﻫا ﻪﺑﻪﺟﻮﺗ دﻮﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ رد يﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ . تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺜﻛا رد ﺛاﻪﺑﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗوهﺪﺷﻲﺳرﺮﺑشورﻦﻳاتﺪﻣهﺎﺗﻮﻛتاﺮﺛا تاﺮ ﻦﻳا،دﻮﺷﻲﻣﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗﻪﻛﺖﺳاهﺪﺸﻧنآتﺪﻣزارد ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻢﻫ دﺮﻴﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ يﺪﻌﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ رد . تاﺮﺛا ﻢﻏﺮﻴﻠﻋ ﻦﻳا را ترﺪﻧ ﻪﺑ يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ﺪﻴﺗﺎﺳا ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ شور ﻦﻳا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻲﻣهدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ ﺖﻬﺟشور ﻲﻣﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑوﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑﺪﺳر زاشزﻮﻣآﺖﻬﺟشورﻦﻳادﺮﺑرﺎﻛﻊﻧاﻮﻣدرﻮﻣردﻲﺗﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ د دﻮﺷمﺎﺠﻧاﻦﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣونﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد،ﺪﻴﺗﺎﺳاهﺎﮔﺪﻳ . ﻲﻣ ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ شور ﻦﻳا ﺖﺒﺜﻣ تاﺮﺛا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ هرود دﻮﺷ ياﺮﺟاهﻮﺤﻧدرﻮﻣ رديرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘﺪﻴﺗﺎﺳا ياﺮﺑﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ يﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ﻦﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ و دﻮﺷ راﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ شور ﻦﻳا شزﻮﻣآ رد ار ﺲﻳرﺪﺗ شور ﻦﻳا ياﺮﺟا ﻪﻨﻴﻣز يرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ﻫاﺮﻓ يرﻮﺌﺗ و ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ هرود ﻲﺘﺣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗرﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻢ دﻮﺷهدادﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗدﺮﻜﻳورﻦﻳاسﺎﺳاﺮﺑيرﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ .
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Problem-based Learning in Nursing Education: A Review Article
Shahla Abolhasani
1,Fariba Haghani
2Abstract
Introduction: Public health services system needs nurses with problem solving and critical thinking skills. Thus,
teaching methods must be applied to nurture these skills in students. This issue has led to attention toward Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in nursing. This study was done to investigate the effect of PBL in nursing through reviewing the related literature.
Methods: Using the key words PBL, nursing education, and clinical environment, all the related studies done
between 2000 and 2010 were selected on Medline, Proquest, and Ovid. The studies were then assessed based on learning stages occurring in PBL and 18 researches were selected.
Results: The researches supported the positive effects of PBL method in theoretical and clinical nursing
education. This study suggested that PBL promotes learning, critical thinking and conflict resolution skills.
Conclusion: Considering the findings of the studied research papers, it is suggested that PBL be applied in
teaching theoretical and clinical courses of nursing. Also nursing schools administrators should provide the proper conditions for applying this teaching method.
Key words: Problem-based learning, nursing education, clinical environment. Addresses:
1
Ph.D Student in Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan university of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
2 (
) Assistant Professor, Medical Education Research Center, Department of Medical Education, Isfahan university of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:[email protected]
