Benjamin BOILLOT. Research Engineer

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Benjamin BOILLOT

Research Engineer [email protected]

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Contents

• PV MARKET

– French context : Government policy and strategy

– Market and incentives

– BIPV policy

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“Changing era” : title of a well attended

Conference and Exhibition on energy efficiency

and renewables, Paris, November 2008

• Going from centralized to decentralized

• Everybody can be an actor of CO2-free energy

production

• CEA changed its name : “alternative energies”

added

Today’s electricity production in France:

•

Nuclear 80 %

•

Hydroelectricity 15 %

•

Other 5 %

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French energy policy context : decisions favourable to RES

• Energy framework Law (2005) and ‘Grenelle of Environment’

law (2009)

• Renewables will contribute to energy mix

• ADEME Agency is in charge of implementing government

policy

• Regional and departmental Councils are active in promotion

and development

National objectives :

• 5 400 MW

of PV installed by 2020

• 120 million m²

potential area of public sector buildings to

be equipped with PV

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Government strategy for photovoltaics

• focus upon building applications

• make PV a common place construction element of

every building in the long term

– In relation to “positive energy building” concept

• allow deployment through stimulation measures

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The French market : 3 to 400 MW grid-connected so far

• A very difficult context until 2006,

• A take-off in 2008, …

25 MW

269 MW

69 MW

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Evolution of type of applications 1992-2009

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Grid-connected Off-grid

Percentages of grid-connected and off-grid PV power in France

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‘Feed-in’ tariffs to promote PV applications (1/2)

Application category Feed-in tariff (EUR/kWh) BASE: Any application (including

ground-based PV plants)

0,276

0,331

_0,370

BIPV existing large area

industrial/agricultural buildings

0,440

BIPV private dwellings P < 3 kW P > 3 kW, homes, schools, hospitals…

0,580

0,510

Table 1 – Photovoltaic purchase tariffs 2010-09-01 (continental France)

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‘Feed-in’ tariffs to promote PV applications (2/2)

• contract established for 20 years by ERDF. Tariff adjusted

annually for inflation

• from 2012-01-01 tariffs for new projects will decrease 10

% per year

• financed through CSPE. A financial contribution paid by

electricity consumers and collected by EDF

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Tax credits to promote residential PV < 3 kW

• Private income tax payers are untitled to tax credit and

feed-in tariffs

• 25 % of equipment cost tax deductible (installation labour

costs not taken into account) (max 16 000 EUR for a

couple)

• Low VAT on equipment: 5,5 % (instead of 19,6 %)

• No VAT and no income tax on PV electricity sales by

private PV owner (< 3 kW)

• Some Regional councils may add other type of support

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Impact of market stimulation measures

on annual installation volume (MW per year)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Introduction base PV tariff + tax credit 40 % + tax credit 50 % + BIPV

BIPV fully applies

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Impact of market stimulation measures in 2010

Source: ADEME, AC 2536 197 3131 271 2812 422 3550 614 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 31 Décembre 2009

31 mars 2010 30 juin 2010 30 septembre 2010 file d'attente de raccordement (MW)

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The breakdown per size

• Most installations < 3kW (tax credits) • Few large power plants > 3MW

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 1 2 3 6 18 36 120 250 500 1000 3000 5000 7500 10000 12000 402 17528 79302 3775 _{1930 2256} 870 340 17 31 18 5 2 3 1 N o mb re Puissance kW

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The breakdown per size

• Most installations < 3kW (tax credits) • Few large power plants > 3MW

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• a BIPV module is a construction element which produces electricity and carries out another function

• a BIPV element will become cheaper than a standard PV module on top of existing roof

• innovation is on-going to develop new products: 80 “BIPV” products available on French market

• 55 products are, so far, assessed suitable for use in building by CSTB (see below)

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BIPV or not BIPV? That’s the question…

Newly formed

CEIAB Committee

Committee for the assessment of access to BIPV tariffs

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BIPV or BIPV Simplified ?

BIPV “Simplified” : 36 ct€/KWh

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BIPV tariff applies

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BIPV “simplified” tariff applies

PV System on a sport centre in Challes-les-Eaux (Savoie Department) – 203 kW (Courtesy: Edisun Power)

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Parking lot of a shopping centre: 1,15 MW, Saint-Aunès (concept Sunvie.eu)

PV in the built environment triggers creativity

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Positive effects of Government policy

• Since 2006, in addition to historical actors new operators are emerging

• From 3 to 10 PV module manufacturers

• From 10 to 150 PV companies

• Jobs increased to 8 500 (+ 80 %/ 2008)

• Utilities EDF ENR, Poweo, Solaire Direct, Juwi,

Séchilienne Sidec, etc. are operating large warehouse roofs and ground-based PV plants

• 60 MW of ground based PV plant so far

Source: ADEME national survey report for IEA PVPS www.iea-pvps.org

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Actors of photovoltaics in France (1/2)

• Institutional

– Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable development and the Sea (MEEDDM)

– ADEME Agency, ANR Agency, OSEO Agency

– Regional councils and Departmental councils (local authorities) • Industry

– Manufacturers of PV materials, PV components, PV systems, equipments – Developers, implementers, installers, roofers, utilities, …

– Professional associations …

• Research and technological development • Certification bodies and testing labs

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The French industrial companies involved in PV :

Some are big players worldwide

Silicon Ingots Wafers Cells Modules Systems Installation

Ferropem ECM FEE Solarezo Emix Tenesol Photowatt Solaire Direct Sillia Energie Vesuvius Air Liquide : 50% Solems Cyberstar PV Alliance First Solar EDF St Gobain : 30% Schneider Sun Land 21 Adixen Sunnco Carbonne Lorraine Apex BP Solar

Arkema : 30% Total GDF Suez

Soprema Clipsol Urbasolar

8500 jobs, 150 enterprises, 5000 installers :

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Quality Policy

CSTB Technical Assessment Certificate for PV elements

‘QualiPV’ label for PV installers

‘Consuel’ safety conformity control

Useful references:

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Partners of quality policy for PV applications in buildings

• ADEME

implements the government Environment policy in

energy efficiency and Renewables including Photovoltaics

• CSTB

brings its know-how in quality assessment to assist the

construction sector

• CERTISOLIS (CSTB, LNE) and

BV-LCIE test and certify PV

modules and components

• INES (Institute for solar energy) performs component testing

and R&D

• professional associations SER/SOLER, Quali’PV, etc. are

partners of quality policy

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CSTB’s Technical Assessment (ATec) and Pass’Innovation

• Technical assessment

(ATec) and Pass’innovation

assess suitability of PV

modules for use in buildings

– voluntary procedure. Validity is time limited

• these certificates give confidence to building sector, users and

insurance companies

– 8 PV ATec and 47 PV Pass’Innovation issued (as of September 2010)

– Some products are developed in partnership with Chinese PV cells/laminates (Suntech, Trina, Yingli, …)

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QUALI PV Label

• QUALI PV

: quality label for PV

installers

• A branch initiative, provided by SER professional

Association

• Qualiphoton platform for training technicians

• Commitment of installers to respect the 10-point Charter

• More than 5 600 installation companies have received the

label

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Conclusion on PV

• Political support essential to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources

• Government policy has:

- Created a dynamic market;

- Structured industrial and professional offerings; - Created skilled jobs.

• The recent readjustments of tariffs and tax measures could create a crisis of investor confidence

• BIPV applications

– Make PV modules a standard construction element – Contribute to higher environmental quality buildings – Stimulate innovation in PV industry and building sector

• CSTB’s PV Technical Assessment Certificate (ATec) is recommended to reach building sector and give confidence to insurance companies

• Quality of components, PV systems and installation a prerequisite to sustainable and successful business.

33 0 1 000 000 2 000 000 3 000 000 4 000 000 5 000 000 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 S u rf ace d e cap teu rs i n st al lés an n u el lem en t ( m ²) AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GR HU IE IT LT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK UK

34 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 S u rf ace d e cap teu rs ( m ²) 0 35000 70000 105000 140000 175000 210000 245000 Co llect o r ar ea ( kW ) CESI SSC Collectif

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• Market Increase :

– x 4 between 2000 and 2008

– x 2 between 2005 and 2008

• But …

– Decrease in France and Germany in 2009

• PV Market ?

• International Crisis ?

– In 2010 in France, it’s not good

36 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Ma rc hé a nnue l (Mi ll ion de m ²) Collectif Individuel

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