1.
Simulate three nodes point-to-point networks with a duplex link between them. Set the
queue size and vary the bandwidth and find the number of packets dropped.
#Create simulator set ns [new Simulator]
set ntrace [open 1.tr w] $ns trace-all $ntrace set file2 [open out.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $file2 proc finish {} { global ns ntrace $ns flush-trace close $ntrace exit 0 } #create node set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node] set n2 [$ns node] #create link $ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 10Mb 10ms DropTail $ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 10Mb 10ms DropTail
#Set Queue Size
$ns queue-limit $n0 $n1 10 $ns queue-limit $n1 $n2 10
#setup tcp connection set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP] $ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0
#set sink to node
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink] $ns attach-agent $n2 $sink
#connect tcp src and sink $ns connect $tcp0 $sink
$tcp0 set window_ 1
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr attach-agent $tcp0
$cbr set type_ CBR $cbr set packetSize_ 100 $cbr set rate_ 0.1Mb $cbr set random_ false $ns at 0.0 "$cbr start" $ns at 5.0 "finish" $ns run
---2. Apply TCP agent between n0 to n3 and UDP n1 to n3. Apply relevant applications
over TCP and UDP agents changing the parameters and determine the number of
packets sent by TCP/UDP.
set ns [new Simulator]
# Open the Trace file set ntrace [open out.tr w] $ns trace-all $ntrace # Finish procedure proc finish {} { global ns ntrace $ns flush-trace close $ntrace exit 0 }
# Create four nodes set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node] set n2 [$ns node] set n3 [$ns node]
# Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail $ns simplex-link $n2 $n3 0.07Mb 20ms DropTail $ns simplex-link $n3 $n2 0.07Mb 20ms DropTail
# Set Queue Size of link (n2-n3) to 10 $ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 10
# Monitor the queue for link (n2-n3) $ns simplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5
# Setup a TCP connection
set tcp [new Agent/TCP/Newreno] $ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck] $ns attach-agent $n3 $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink $tcp set fid_ 1
# Setup a FTP over TCP connection set ftp [new Application/FTP] $ftp attach-agent $tcp $ftp set type_ FTP
# Setup a UDP connection set udp [new Agent/UDP] $ns attach-agent $n1 $udp set null [new Agent/Null] $ns attach-agent $n3 $null $ns connect $udp $null $udp set fid_ 2
# Setup a CBR over UDP connection set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set type_ CBR $cbr set packetSize_ 1000 $cbr set rate_ 0.01Mb $cbr set random_ false
$ns at 0.1 "$cbr start" $ns at 1.0 "$ftp start" $ns at 24.0 "$ftp stop" $ns at 24.5 "$cbr stop" $ns at 25.5.0 "finish" $ns run
3.Simulate the different type of internet traffic such as FTP
and TELNET over a network and analyze the throughput.
#Create Simulator
set ns [new Simulator]
#Open Trace and NAM Trace File
set ntrace [open prog3.tr w]
$ns trace-all $ntrace
set namfile [open prog3.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
#Finish Procedure
proc Finish {} {
global ns ntrace namfile
#Dump all trace data and close the files
$ns flush-trace
close $ntrace
close $namfile
exec nam prog3.nam &
#Calculate throughput = (number of packets received/time taken for
simulation)
set numTcp [exec grep "^r" prog3.tr | grep "tcp" | tail -n 1 | cut -d " " -f
6]
set TcpSize [exec grep "^r" prog3.tr | grep -c "tcp"]
set tcpTime 24.0
set numUdp [exec grep "^r" prog3.tr | grep "udp" | tail -n 1 | cut -d " "
-f 6]
set UdpSize [exec grep "^r" prog3.tr | grep -c "udp"]
set udpTime 23.9
puts "The throughput of FTP is "
puts "[expr ($numTcp*$TcpSize)/$tcpTime] bytes per second"
puts "The throughput of Telnet is "
puts "[expr ($numUdp*$UdpSize)/$udpTime] bytes per second"
exit 0
}
#Create four nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
#Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns simplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns simplex-link $n3 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail
#Set queue size and Monitor the queue
$ns queue-limit $n0 $n2 10
$ns simplex-link-op $n0 $n2 queuePos 0.5
#Set TCP Connection between n0 and n3
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp0
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
#Attach FTP Application over TCP
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ftp0 set type_ FTP
#Set UDP Connection between n1 and n3
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp0
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $null0
$ns connect $udp0 $null0
#Attach Telnet Application over UDP
set telnet [new Application/Telnet]
$telnet attach-agent $udp0
$telnet set type_ Telnet
#Schedule Events
$ns at 0.1 "$telnet start"
$ns at 0.5 "$ftp0 start"
$ns at 24.0 "$telnet stop"
$ns at 24.5 "$ftp0 stop"
$ns at 25.0 "Finish"
#Run Simulation
$ns run
4. Simulate a transmission of ping message over a network topology
consisting of 6 nodes and find the number of packets dropped due to
congestion.
#Create a simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
#Open a trace file
set nf [open exp4.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
set nd [open exp4.tr w]
$ns trace-all $nd
$ns color 1 Red
$ns color 2 Green
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns nf nd
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
close $nd
exec nam exp4.nam &
exit 0
#Create six nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]
set n4 [$ns node]
set n5 [$ns node]
#Connect the nodes with two links
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 0.1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 0.1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 0.1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 0.1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n4 $n5 0.1Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient down
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n4 orient left
$ns duplex-link-op $n4 $n5 orient left
#Define a 'recv' function for the class 'Agent/Ping'
Agent/Ping instproc recv {from rtt} {
$self instvar node_
puts "node [$node_ id] received ping answer from \
#$from with round-trip-time $rtt ms."
}
#Create two ping agents and attach them to the nodes n0 and n2
set p0 [new Agent/Ping]
$ns attach-agent $n0 $p0
$p0 set fid_ 1
$ns attach-agent $n5 $p1
$p1 set fid_ 2
#Connect the two agents
$ns connect $p0 $p1
#Schedule events
$ns at 0.2 "$p0 send"
$ns at 0.4 "$p1 send"
$ns at 0.6 "$p0 send"
$ns at 0.8 "$p1 send"
$ns at 1.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
5.Simulate an Ethernet LAN using n nodes (6 ), change error rate and
data rate and compare the throughput.
#Create Simulator set ns [new Simulator]
#Use colors to differentiate the traffic $ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red
#Open trace and NAM trace file set ntrace [open prog5.tr w]
$ns trace-all $ntrace
set namfile [open prog5.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $namfile
#Finish Procedure proc Finish {} {
global ns ntrace namfile
#Dump all trace data and close the files $ns flush-trace
close $ntrace close $namfile
#Execute the nam animation file exec nam prog5.nam &
#Calculate the throughput = (number of packets received/time taken for simulation) set TcpSize [exec grep "^r" prog5.tr | grep "tcp" | tail -n 1 | cut -d " " -f 6]
set numTcp [exec grep "^r" prog5.tr | grep -c "tcp"] set tcpTime 123.0
set UdpSize [exec grep "^r" prog5.tr | grep "cbr" | tail -n 1 | cut -d " " -f 6] set numUdp [exec grep "^r" prog5.tr | grep -c "cbr"]
set udpTime 124.4
puts "The throughput of FTP is"
puts "[expr ($numTcp*$TcpSize)/$tcpTime] bytes per second" puts "The throughput of CBR is"
puts "[expr ($numUdp*$UdpSize)/$udpTime] bytes per second" exit 0
}
#Create 6 nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < 6} {incr i} { set n($i) [$ns node]
}
#Create duplex links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail $ns duplex-link $n(1) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail $ns simplex-link $n(2) $n(3) 0.3Mb 100ms DropTail $ns simplex-link $n(3) $n(2) 0.3Mb 100ms DropTail
#Node n(3), n(4) and n(5) are considered in a LAN
set lan [$ns newLan "$n(3) $n(4) $n(5)" 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/DropTail MAC/802_3 Channel]
#Orientation to the nodes
$ns duplex-link-op $n(0) $n(2) orient right-down $ns duplex-link-op $n(1) $n(2) orient right-up $ns simplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) orient right
#Setup queue between n(2) and n(3) and monitor the queue $ns queue-limit $n(2) $n(3) 20
$ns simplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) queuePos 0.5
#Set error model on link n(2) and n(3) and insert the error model set loss_module [new ErrorModel]
$loss_module ranvar [new RandomVariable/Uniform] $loss_module drop-target [new Agent/Null]
$ns lossmodel $loss_module $n(2) $n(3)
#Setup TCP Connection between n(0) and n(4) set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$tcp0 set fid_ 1
$tcp0 set window_ 8000 $tcp0 set packetSize_ 552 $ns attach-agent $n(0) $tcp0
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck] $ns attach-agent $n(4) $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
#Apply FTP Application over TCP set ftp0 [new Application/FTP] $ftp0 set type_ FTP
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
#Setup UDP Connection between n(1) and n(5) set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$udp0 set fid_ 2
$ns attach-agent $n(1) $udp0 set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n(5) $null0 $ns connect $udp0 $null0
#Apply CBR Traffic over UDP
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr0 set type_ CBR
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 1000 $cbr0 set rate_ 0.1Mb $cbr0 set random_ false $cbr0 attach-agent $udp0 #Schedule events $ns at 0.1 "$cbr0 start" $ns at 1.0 "$ftp0 start" $ns at 124.0 "$ftp0 stop" $ns at 124.5 "$cbr0 stop" $ns at 125.0 "Finish" #Run Simulation $ns run Output: #ns prog5.tcl The throughput of FTP is
72556.097560975613 bytes per second The throughput of CBR is
37363.34405144694 bytes per second
6. Simulate an Ethernet LAN using n nodes and set multiple traffic
nodes and determine the collision across different nodes.
#Create Simualator
set ns [new Simulator]
#Use colors to differentiate the traffics
$ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red
#Open trace and NAM trace file
set ntrace [open prog6.tr w]
$ns trace-all $ntrace
set namfile [open prog6.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $namfile
#Finish Procedure
proc Finish {} {
global ns ntrace namfile
#Dump all trace data and close the files
$ns flush-trace
close $ntrace
close $namfile
#Execute the NAM animation file
exec nam prog6.nam &
#Calculate the number of packets dropped due to collision
puts "The number of packet drops due to collision is"
exec grep "^d" prog6.tr | cut -d " " -f 4 | grep -c "3" &
exit 0
}
#Create 6 nodes
for {set i 0} {$i < 6} {incr i} {
set n($i) [$ns node]
}
#Create duplex links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(1) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n(2) $n(3) 0.2Mb 100ms DropTail
#Nodes n(3), n(4) and n(5) are considered in a LAN
set lan0 [$ns newLan "$n(3) $n(4) $n(5)" 0.5Mb 40ms LL
Queue/DropTail MAC/802_3 Channel]
#Orientation to the nodes
$ns duplex-link-op $n(0) $n(2) orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n(1) $n(2) orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) orient right
#Set up queue between n(2) and n(3) and monitor the queue
$ns queue-limit $n(2) $n(3) 20
$ns simplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) queuePos 0.5
#Setup TCP connection between n(0) and n(4)
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$ns attach-agent $n(0) $tcp0
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]
$ns attach-agent $n(4) $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
$tcp0 set fid_ 1
$tcp0 set window_ 8000
$tcp0 set packetSize_ 552
#Apply FTP application over TCP
set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0
$ftp0 set type_ FTP
#Setup another TCP connection between n(5) and n(1)
set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$ns attach-agent $n(5) $tcp1
set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck]
$ns attach-agent $n(1) $sink1
$ns connect $tcp1 $sink1
$tcp1 set fid_ 2
$tcp1 set window_ 8000
$tcp1 set packetSize_ 552
#Apply FTP application over TCP
set ftp1 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1
$ftp1 set type_ FTP
#Schedule the events
$ns at 0.1 "$ftp0 start"
$ns at 0.2 "$ftp1 start"
$ns at 24.8 "$ftp0 stop"
$ns at 24.9 "$ftp1 stop"
$ns at 25.0 "Finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
7. Simulate an Ethernet LAN using n nodes and set multiple traffic
nodes and plot congestion window for different source/destination
#Create Simulator set ns [new Simulator]
#Use colors to differentiate the traffics $ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red
#Open trace and NAM trace file set ntrace [open prog7.tr w]
$ns trace-all $ntrace
set namfile [open prog7.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $namfile
#Use some flat file to create congestion graph windows set winFile0 [open WinFile0 w]
set winFile1 [open WinFile1 w]
#Finish Procedure proc Finish {} {
#Dump all trace data and Close the files global ns ntrace namfile
$ns flush-trace close $ntrace close $namfile
#Execute the NAM animation file exec nam prog7.nam &
Plot the Congestion Window graph using xgraph exec xgraph WinFile0 WinFile1 &
exit 0 }
#Plot Window Procedure
proc PlotWindow {tcpSource file} { global ns
set time 0.1
set now [$ns now]
set cwnd [$tcpSource set cwnd_] puts $file "$now $cwnd"
$ns at [expr $now+$time] "PlotWindow $tcpSource $file" }
#Create 6 nodes
for {set i 0} {$i<6} {incr i} { set n($i) [$ns node]
}
$ns duplex-link $n(0) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail $ns duplex-link $n(1) $n(2) 2Mb 10ms DropTail $ns duplex-link $n(2) $n(3) 0.6Mb 100ms DropTail
#Nodes n(3) , n(4) and n(5) are considered in a LAN
set lan [$ns newLan "$n(3) $n(4) $n(5)" 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/DropTail MAC/802_3 Channel]
#Orientation to the nodes
$ns duplex-link-op $n(0) $n(2) orient right-down $ns duplex-link-op $n(1) $n(2) orient right-up $ns duplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) orient right
#Setup queue between n(2) and n(3) and monitor the queue $ns queue-limit $n(2) $n(3) 20
$ns duplex-link-op $n(2) $n(3) queuePos 0.5
#Set error model on link n(2) to n(3) set loss_module [new ErrorModel]
$loss_module ranvar [new RandomVariable/Uniform] $loss_module drop-target [new Agent/Null]
$ns lossmodel $loss_module $n(2) $n(3)
#Set up the TCP connection between n(0) and n(4) set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$tcp0 set fid_ 1
$tcp0 set window_ 8000 $tcp0 set packetSize_ 552 $ns attach-agent $n(0) $tcp0
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck] $ns attach-agent $n(4) $sink0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
#Apply FTP Application over TCP set ftp0 [new Application/FTP] $ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0 $ftp0 set type_ FTP
#Set up another TCP connection between n(5) and n(1) set tcp1 [new Agent/TCP/Newreno]
$tcp1 set fid_ 2
$tcp1 set window_ 8000 $tcp1 set packetSize_ 552 $ns attach-agent $n(5) $tcp1
set sink1 [new Agent/TCPSink/DelAck] $ns attach-agent $n(1) $sink1
$ns connect $tcp1 $sink1
#Apply FTP application over TCP set ftp1 [new Application/FTP] $ftp1 attach-agent $tcp1 $ftp1 set type_ FTP #Schedule Events $ns at 0.1 "$ftp0 start" $ns at 0.1 "PlotWindow $tcp0 $winFile0" $ns at 0.5 "$ftp1 start" $ns at 0.5 "PlotWindow $tcp1 $winFile1" $ns at 25.0 "$ftp0 stop" $ns at 25.1 "$ftp1 stop" $ns at 25.2 "Finish"
#Run the simulation $ns run
X
PART B
1. Write a program for error detecting code using CRC-CCITT (16bit)
char m[50],g[50],r[50],q[50],temp[50]; void caltrans(int); void crc(int); void calram(); void shiftl(); int main() { int n,i=0; char ch,flag=0;
printf("Enter the frame bits:"); while((ch=getc(stdin))!='\n') m[i++]=ch; n=i; for(i=0;i<16;i++) m[n++]='0'; m[n]='\0';
printf("Message after appending 16 zeros:%s",m); for(i=0;i<=16;i++) g[i]='0'; g[0]=g[4]=g[11]=g[16]='1';g[17]='\0'; printf("\ngenerator:%s\n",g); crc(n); printf("\n\nquotient:%s",q); caltrans(n); printf("\ntransmitted frame:%s",m); printf("\nEnter transmitted freme:"); scanf("\n%s",m); printf("CRC checking\n"); crc(n); printf("\n\nlast remainder:%s",r); for(i=0;i<16;i++) if(r[i]!='0') flag=1; else continue; if(flag==1)
printf("Error during transmission"); else
} void crc(int n) { int i,j; for(i=0;i temp[i]=m[i]; for(i=0;i<16;i++) r[i]=m[i]; printf("\nintermediate remainder\n"); for(i=0;i { if(r[0]=='1') { q[i]='1'; calram(); } else { q[i]='0'; shiftl(); } r[16]=m[17+i]; r[17]='\0'; printf("\nremainder %d:%s",i+1,r); for(j=0;j<=17;j++) temp[j]=r[j]; } q[n-16]='\0'; } void calram() { int i,j; for(i=1;i<=16;i++) r[i-1]=((int)temp[i]-48)^((int)g[i]-48)+48; } void shiftl() { int i; for(i=1;i<=16;i++) r[i-1]=r[i];
} void caltrans(int n) { int i,k=0; for(i=n-16;i m[i]=((int)m[i]-48)^((int)r[k++]-48)+48; m[i]='\0'; }
2. Write a program for frame sorting technique used in buffer
#include struct frame { int fslno; char finfo[20]; };
struct frame arr[10]; int n;
void sort() {
int i,j,ex;
struct frame temp; for(i=0;i { ex=0; for(j=0;j if(arr[j].fslno>arr[j+1].fslno) { temp=arr[j]; arr[j]=arr[j+1]; arr[j+1]=temp; ex++; } if(ex==0)
break; } } int main() { int i; system("clear"); printf("enter no of frames\n"); scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter frame sequence no and frame contents\n"); for(i=0;i scanf("%d%s",&arr[i].fslno,&arr[i].finfo); sort(); printf("frames in sequence\n"); for(i=0;i { printf("01111110 %d lt %s 01111110\n",arr[i].fslno,arr[i].finfo); } }
3. Write a program for distance vector algorithm to find suitable path
for transmission
#include #define nul 1000 #define nodes 10 int no; struct node { int a[nodes][4]; }router[nodes];void init(int r) { int i; for(i=1;i<=no;i++) { router[r].a[i][1]=i; router[r].a[i][2]=999; router[r].a[i][3]=nul; } router[r].a[r][2]=0; router[r].a[r][3]=r; } void inp(int r) { int i;
printf("\nEnter dist from the node %d to other nodes",r); printf("\nPls enter 999 if there is no direct route\n",r); for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
{ if(i!=r) {
printf("\nEnter dist to the node %d:",i); scanf("%d",&router[r].a[i][2]); router[r].a[i][3]=i; } } } void display(int r) { int i,j;
printf("\n\nThe routing table for node %d is as follows:",r); for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
{
if(router[r].a[i][2]>=999)
printf("\n\t\t\t %d \t no link \t no hop",router[r].a[i][1]); else
printf("\n\t\t\t %d \t %d \t\t d",router[r].a[i][1],router[r].a[i] [2],router[r].a[i][3]);
} } void dv_algo(int r) { int i,j,z; for(i=1;i<=no;i++) {
if(router[r].a[i][2]!=999 && router[r].a[i][2]!=0) { for(j=1;j<=no;j++) { z=router[r].a[i][2]+router[i].a[j][2]; if(router[r].a[j][2]>z) { router[r].a[j][2]=z; router[r].a[j][3]=i; } } } } } int main() { int i,j,x,y; char choice;
printf("Enter the no. of nodes required (less than 10 pls):"); scanf("%d",&no); for(i=1;i<=no;i++) { init(i); inp(i); }
printf("\nThe configuration of the nodes after initialization is as follows:"); for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
display(i);
for(i=1;i<=no;i++) dv_algo(i);
for(i=1;i<=no;i++) display(i);
while(1) {
printf("\n\nWanna continue (y/n):"); scanf("%c",&choice);
if(choice=='n') break;
printf("\nEnter the nodes btn which shortest path is to be found:\n"); scanf("%d %d",&x,&y);
printf("\nThe length of the shortest path is %d",router[x].a[y][2]); }
}
4. Write a program for spanning tree algorithm to find loop less path
#include #include
#define MAX 20
#define INFINITY 999 enum boolean {false,true};
void prim(int c[][MAX],int t[MAX],int n); int mincost=0;
int main() {
int n,c[MAX][MAX],t[2*(MAX-1)]; int i,j;
printf("this pgm implements prim's algom\n"); printf("how many nodes does the graph have?\n"); scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter cost adjacency matrix\n"); printf("999 indicates no connection\n"); for(i=0;i
for(j=0;j
prim(c,t,n); printf("spanning tree\n"); for(i=0;i<2*(n-1);i+=2) printf("%d%d\n",t[i]+1,t[i+1]+1); printf("mincost=%d",mincost); return 0; }
void prim(int c[][MAX],int t[MAX],int n) {
int i,j;
enum boolean v[MAX]; int u,s,min,v1,v2; for(i=0;i v[i]=false; v[0]=true; u=0; t[u]=1; s=0; u++; while(u { min=INFINITY; for(i=0;i for(j=1;j if(v[i]==true&&v[j]==false&&c[i][j] { min=c[i][j]; v1=i; v2=j; } mincost=mincost+min; if(min==INFINITY) {
printf("graph disconnected:spanning tree impossible\n"); exit(1); } v[v2]=true; u++; t[s++]=v1; t[s++]=v2; } }
client send the name of a file and server to send back the contents of
the requested file if present.
Client Side: #include #include #include #include #include
int main(int argc,char *argv[]) {
int sockfd,newsockfd,portno,len,n; char buffer[256],c[20000];
struct sockaddr_in serv,cli; FILE *fd;
if(argc<2) {
printf("Err:no port no.\nusage:\n./client portno\n ex:./client 7777\n"); exit(1); } sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); bzero((char *)&serv,sizeof(serv)); portno=atoi(argv[1]); serv.sin_family=AF_INET; serv.sin_port=htons(portno);
if(connect(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&serv,sizeof(serv))<0) {
printf("server not responding..\n\n\n\ti am to terminate\n"); exit(1);
}
printf("Enter the file with complete path\n"); scanf("%s",&buffer);
if(write(sockfd,buffer,strlen(buffer))<0) printf("Err writing to socket..\n");
bzero(c,2000);
printf("Reading..\n..\n"); if(read(sockfd,c,1999)<0) printf("error: read error\n");
fputs(c,stdout); printf("\n..\n"); return 0; } Server Side: #include #include #include #include #include
int main(int argc,char *argv[]) {
int sockfd,newsockfd,portno,len,n; char buffer[256],c[2000],cc[20000]; struct sockaddr_in serv,cli;
FILE *fd; if(argc<2) {
printf("erroe:no port no\n usage:\n/server port no\n"); exit(1); } sockfd=socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0); portno=atoi(argv[1]); serv.sin_family=AF_INET; serv.sin_addr.s_addr=INADDR_ANY; serv.sin_port=htons(portno);
bind(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&serv,sizeof(serv)); listen(sockfd,10);
len=sizeof(cli);
printf("serve:\nwaiting for connection\n");
newsockfd=accept(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&cli,&len); bzero(buffer,255);
n=read(newsockfd,buffer,255); printf("\nserver recv:%s\n",buffer); if((fd=fopen(buffer,"r"))!=NULL) {
printf("server:%s found\n opening and reading..\n",buffer); printf("reading..\n..reading complete"); fgets(cc,2000,fd); while(!feof(fd)) { fgets(c,2000,fd); strcat(cc,c); } n=write(newsockfd,cc,strlen(cc)); if(n<0)
printf("error writing to socket"); printf("\ntransfer complete\n"); }
else {
printf("server:file not found\n");
n=write(newsockfd,"file not foung",15); if(n<0)
printf("error: writing to socket..\n"); }
return 0; }
mplement the above program using as Message queue or FIFOs as IPC
channel.
Server Side:
#include #include #include
#define fifo1 "fifo1" #define fifo2 "fifo2" int main()
{
int fd1,fd2,fd,i; for(i=0;i<100;i++) c[i]=p[i]='\0';
mknod(fifo1,S_IFIFO|0777,0); mknod(fifo2,S_IFIFO|0777,0);
printf("server online\n waiting for request...\n"); fd1=open(fifo1,O_RDONLY);
read(fd1,p,100);
if((fd=open(p,O_RDONLY))<0) {
printf("\n server:file %s not found\n",p); exit(1);
}
printf("\n server:%s found!\n transfering the content"); read(fd,c,1000); fd2=open(fifo2,O_WRONLY); write(fd2,c,strlen(c)); printf("server:transfer completed\n"); }
Client Side:
#include #include #include#define fifo1 "fifo1" #define fifo2 "fifo2"
int main() { char p[100],c[100],ch; int fd1,fd2,fd,i; for(i=0;i<100;i++) c[i]=p[i]='\0'; mknod(fifo1,S_IFIFO|0777,0); mknod(fifo2,S_IFIFO|0777,0); printf("waiting for server"); fd1=open(fifo1,O_WRONLY);
printf("server is online\n client enter the path"); i=0; while(1) { ch=getchar(); if(ch=='\n') break; p[i++]=ch; } p[i]='\0'; write(fd1,p,strlen(p)); if((fd=open(p,O_RDONLY))<0) {
printf("error file not found!enter valid path name\n\n",p); exit(1);
}
fd2=open(fifo2,O_RDONLY); read(fd2,c,1000);
printf("File Recieved:Display Contents"); fputs(c,stdout);
printf("\n\n"); }
7. Write a program for simple RSA algorithm to encrypt and decrypt
the data
#include #include #include #include
unsigned long modexp(unsigned long msg,unsigned long exp,unsigned long n) {
unsigned long i,k=1; for(i=0;i k=(k*msg)%n; return k; } int main() {
unsigned long p,q,e,d,n,z,i,C,M; int len;
char data[100]; system("clear");
printf("Enter the value of P and Q (such that p*q>255 and p not equal to q)\n"); scanf("%lu%lu",&p,&q); n=p*q; z=(p-1)*(q-1); for(i=1;i { if((z%i)==0) continue; else break; } e=i;
printf("\nEncryption key is :%lu",e); for(i=1;i
if(((e*i-1)%z)==0) break;
d=i;
printf("\ndecryption key is :%lu",d); printf("\npls enter the message:"); scanf("%s",data); len=strlen(data); for(i=0;i { M=(unsigned long)data[i]; C=modexp(M,e,n);
M=modexp(C,d,n);
printf("\ndecrypted value and its char representation:%lu\t%c\n",M,M); }
return 0; }
8. Write a program for hamming code generation for error
detection/correction
Encoding.
#include #include #include int gmatrix[4][7]={0,1,1,1,0,0,0, 1,0,1,0,1,0,0, 1,1,1,0,0,1,0, 1,1,1,0,0,0,1}; char data[5]; int encode[8]; int con(char x); int main() { int i,j; system("clear");printf("Enter the Hamming code\n"); scanf("%s",&data); for(i=0;i<7;i++) for(j=0;j<4;j++) encode[i]=encode[i]+con(data[j])*gmatrix[j][i]; puts(" ENCODE"); for(i=0;i<7;i++) {
encode[i]=encode[i]%2; printf("%i",encode[i]); } puts(" "); return 0; } int con(char x) { if(x == '1') return 1; else return 0; } Decoding #include #include #include int hmatrix[3][7]={1,0,0,0,1,1,1, 0,1,0,1,0,1,1, 0,0,1,1,1,0,1}; char edata[8]; int syndrome[3]; int errdig; int con(char x) { if(x=='1') return 1; else return 0; } int main()
{
int i,j,err;
system("system");
printf("\nEnter the encoded bit\n"); scanf("%s",edata); for(i=0;i<3;i++) for(j=0;j<7;j++) syndrome[i]=syndrome[i]+con(edata[j])*hmatrix[i][j]; for(i=0;i<3;i++) syndrome[i]=syndrome[i]%2; err=4*syndrome[0]+2*syndrome[1]+1*syndrome[2]; printf("\nhi...%d\n",err); if(0==err)
printf("\nError free data\n"); else { switch(err) { case 4:errdig=1; break; case 3:errdig=4; break; case 1:errdig=3; break; default:errdig=err; }
printf("\nError in bit %d----%c",errdig,edata[errdig]); errdig--; if('1'==edata[errdig]) edata[errdig]='0'; else edata[errdig]='1'; }
printf("\nThe data is:"); for(i=3;i<7;i++)
printf("%c",edata[i]); puts(" ");
9. Write a program for congestion control using Leaky Bucket
algorithm
#include #define buffersize 10 struct buff { int pno;struct buff *link; };
struct buff *front,*rear,*temp;
main() { front=NULL; rear=NULL; int n=0,i,timer=0,npacks=0; for(i=1;i<=buffersize;i++) { n++; insert(n); npacks++; } while(n<20) { n++; if(timer==5) { delete(); npacks--; if(npacks<=10) insert(n); timer=0; } else
{ printf("\nPacket %d is discarded..\n",n); timer++; sleep(1); } } } insert(int n) {
struct buff *temp; if(front==NULL) {
printf("\nPacket %d is queued..\n",n);
temp=(struct buff*)malloc(sizeof(struct buff)); temp->pno=n; temp->link=NULL; front=temp; rear=temp; } else { printf("\npacket %d queued..\n",n);
temp=(struct buff*)malloc(sizeof(struct buff)); temp->pno=n; temp->link=NULL; rear->link=temp; rear=temp; } } delete() {
struct buff *temp; if(front==NULL) printf("\nBuffer is empty..\n"); else { temp=front; printf("\nPacket %d id deleted",temp->pno); front=front->link; free(temp);
} }
