Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution Notes European History

_________________________, 1700–1900

The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain, spreads to other countries, and has a strong impact on economics, politics, and

society.

Section 1

A. _______________________________

a. The Industrial Revolution starts ___________________

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B. The Beginnings of Industrialization

a. Industrial Revolution __________________

i. New Ways of Working

1. Industrial Revolution—

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ii. Revolution begins in

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C. The ____________________________ Paves the Way a. ___________________—large farm fields enclosed

by fences or hedges

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods

b. Rotating Crops

i. Crop rotation—

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ii. Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed,

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D. Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England a. ______________________—

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i. Britain has natural resources—

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ii. Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment

1. ___________________________________

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E. __________________________________

a. Changes in the Textile Industry

i. Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies

ii. Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels

iii. Power loom, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality

b. Factories—

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i. __________________ boosts American cotton production to meet British demand

F. ___________________________________

a. Watt’s Steam Engine

i. _______________________________________

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ii. James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton

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1. Boulton an ________________—

organizes, manages, takes business risks b. Water Transportation

i. Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807

1. ___________________________________

_______________________

c. Road Transportation

i. British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads

G. The Railway Age Begins

a. ______________________________

i. In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam- driven locomotive

ii. In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line

b. __________________________________

i. _______________________________________

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1. Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive (1829)

H. Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

a. _______________________________________

b. ____________________________________________

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Section 2

I. Industrialization (CASE STUDY: Manchester)

a. ____________________________________________

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J. Industrialization Changes Life a. Factory Work

i. _______________________________________

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b. Industrial Cities Rise

i. _____________________—city-building and movement of people to cities

ii. _______________________________________

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iii. British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool

c. Living Conditions

i. _______________________________________

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1. Life span in one large city is ______________

ii. Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in _____________________________________

iii. Rapidly growing cities ______________________

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1. Cities also without adequate housing, education, police protection

d. Working Conditions

i. Average working day

_______________________

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_

1. ___________________________________

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2. Many coal miners killed by coal dust

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K. Class Tensions Grow a. __________________

i. Middle class—

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ii. Emerging middle class looked down on by ___________________________

1. Middle class has comfortable standard of living

b. _________________________

i. Laborers’ lives not improved;

________________

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ii. Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work

iii. _______________________________________

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L. _________________________ of the Industrial Revolution

a. _______________________________

i. Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress

ii. _______________________________________

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iii. Workers eventually win _____________________

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b. ________________________________

i. Improved living and working conditions still evident today

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ii. _______________________________________

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M. The Mills of Manchester

a. Manchester and the Industrial Revolution

i. _______________________________________

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ii. Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment

1. ___________________________________

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iii. Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some

b. Children in Manchester Factories

i. Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured

1. ___________________________________

__

ii. _______________________________________

1. Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth Section 3

N. _____________________________

a. The industrialization that begins in Great Britain spreads to other parts of the world.

O. Industrial Development in the United States

a. ______________________________________

i. _______________________________________

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1. Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S.

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2. Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820

ii. _______________________________________

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iii. Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills

1. ___________________________________

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b. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry

i. _______________________________________

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1. Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on railroad lines

ii. _______________________________________

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c. The Rise of Corporations i. Stock—

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ii. Corporation—

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1. Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can

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P. Continental Europe Industrializes a. Troubles in Continental Europe

i. _______________________________________

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b. Beginnings in Belgium

i. Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation ii. British workers smuggle in machine plans, start

companies (1799) c. Germany Industrializes

i. _______________________________________

__

d. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe

i. Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk textiles

ii. Industrialization in France more measured;

agriculture remains strong

Q. The Impact of Industrialization

a. _____________________________

i. _______________________________________

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ii. European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources

1. Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets

b. Transformation of Society

i. _______________________________________

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ii. African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts

iii. _______________________________________

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Section 4

R. Reforming the Industrial World

a. ____________________________________________

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S. The Philosophers of Industrialization

a. ______________________________________

i. ___________________—economic policy of not interfering with businesses

ii. Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers

1. __________________—defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations

a. ______________________________

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2. Economic natural laws—

_________________

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b. The Economists of Capitalism

i. Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez- faire capitalism

ii. ___________________—system of privately owned businesses seeking profits

1. Malthus thinks populations grow faster than food supply

a. ______________________________

______________________________

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2. Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor

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T. The Rise of Socialism a. Utilitarianism

i. Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism—judge things by their usefulness

ii. John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth

b. Utopian Ideas

i. Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap housing

ii. In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana

c. Socialism

i. Socialism—factors of production owned by, operated for the people

1. Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality

U. Marxism: Radical Socialism

a. __________________________

i. __________________—German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism

ii. Friedrich Engels—German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill

b. ____________________________

i. Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring classes

ii. _______________________________________

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1. Hurts “have-nots,” the workers known as the _______________

iii. _______________________________________

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V. The Future According to Marx

a. ____________________________________________

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i. _______________________________________

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b. Communism—

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i. Marx’s ideas later

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c. Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone

W. Labor Unions and Reform Laws Unionization

a. ________________—associations formed by laborers to work for change

i. _______________________________________

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1. Sometimes they ___________—call a work stoppage—to pressure owners ii. ________________________________

1. Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form unions

iii. _______________________________________

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X. Reform Laws

a. ____________________________________________

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i. 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children

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ii. In 1847, workday for women, children limited to 10 hours in Britain

iii. U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904

Y. The Reform Movement Spreads

a. __________________________________________

i. In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire

1. ___________________________________

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b. The Fight for Women’s Rights

i. Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848

1. International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership

c. Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life

i. _______________________________________

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1. ___________________________________

__; prison reform also sought

Notes: